Indo-Australian Plate Research Articles

PENYULUHAN PENTINGNYA KOMUNIKASI SAAT TERJADI BENCANA GEMPA BUMI DI LINGKUNGAN SEKOLAH

Indonesia is located between the world's large plates, the Indo-Australian, Eurasian, Pacific, and Philippine plates. The interactions that often occur on these plates produce natural phenomena in the form of earthquakes. Earthquake natural phenomena can often be declared a disaster if the earthquake threatens and has the potential to cause harm to humans, both material and non-material. Earthquakes cannot be predicted with certainty when they will occur and earthquakes come suddenly without any sign from nature. Therefore, we must always be prepared if an earthquake occurs at any time. We must know what to do when an earthquake occurs wherever we are. This aims to get safety from earthquake disasters and reduce the risk of disasters. So counseling is needed about the importance of communication when an earthquake occurs. The benefits of the importance of communication in disasters, especially earthquake disasters, include: 1) Reducing the impact, especially for residents, 2) As a basis (guidelines) for development planning, 3) Increasing public knowledge in dealing with and reducing the impact/risk of disasters so that people can live and work safely. The Education Unit is the unit with the most potential for holding counseling on the importance of communication during a disaster. This is due to a large number of resources, both human resources and asset resources owned by the education unit.

Provenance and transport mechanism of gravity core sediments in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Reconstructing the role of provenance and transport mechanism of sediments deposited in deep-water environments is often complex because of myriad of factors such as variability in sediment sources, tectonics, bottom morphology, climatic changes and sea level fluctuations as well as current regime. The South China Sea (SCS) is situated at the tectonic intersection of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Indo-Australian plates, and provides an excellent natural laboratory for understanding source-to-sink transport processes of fluvial sediments. The Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB) is located in the northern part of the SCS, and the deep-water area (>300 m) of the QDNB has a good hydrocarbon source and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions with a tremendous thickness since the late Miocene-Quaternary. However, the complex sources and transport mechanisms of sediments in the QDNB are undefined. In previous study QDNB may have a major provenance or a mixture of sources. In this paper, the sediments of two cores from the deep-water area of QDNB have been analyzed using several sedimentological and geochemical approaches, including measurements of grain size distribution(433 samples), the occurrence of minerals, and trace element geochemistry(37 samples)as well as strontium and neodymium isotopes(20 samples).The granularity analysis results first show that the 19S37 core can be divided into three stages while the 19S40 core is divided into two stages by clear vertical variations in grain size characteristics. Chlorite (62.0%) and Muscovite (33.6%) appear to be the predominant minerals in the 19S37 core, while the mineral assemblage of sediments from 19S40 mainly consists of kaolinite (37.4%), muscovite (29.2%) and chlorite (27.1%). The primitive mantle standardization curves and chondrite standardized distribution patterns of 19S37 and 19S40 are consistent and display enrichments in Th, U, Pb, and Nd and depletions in Ba, Nb, Sr, and Eu. In addition, the content of Sr fluctuates greatly with depth, which should reflect the influences of sea level changes and the relative proportion of various provenance components. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios and εNd values of the sediments from 19S37 are higher than those of the sediments from 19S40, and all the εNd values show narrow variations and range from −10.085 to −11.080. We conclude that the sediments of the deep-water area in the upper Pleistocene-Holocene were mainly from the sources of the Red River, Taiwan, Pearl River, Hainan Island, and Vietnam. The transport mechanism of the sediments from Hainan Island can be explained by the short distance between the source region and the sedimentary site, while the large amounts of terrigenous sediment inputs derived from the Red River and advantageous morphology make the Red River the largest sediment source to cores 19S37 and 19S40. The transport distance and amount of Deep Water Current could be even more powerful to make Taiwan be the second largest source of modern sediments in QDNB.

Determination of Earthquake Insurance Premium Based on Great Physical and Economic Loss Using the Bayesian Method

Indonesia is an area prone to earthquakes because it is traversed by the meeting point of 3 tectonic plates, namely: the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate. An earthquake is an event where the earth vibrates due to a sudden restraint of energy in the earth which is characterized by the breaking of rock layers in the earth's crust. Almost all regions in Indonesia are at risk of being exposed to earthquakes. To anticipate the risk of natural disasters, earthquakes are advised to join the insurance program provided by the insurance company. This study aims to determine earthquake insurance premiums based on large physical and economic losses. The method used is the Bayesian method. This method produces each estimated loss value which is then used to calculate the combined estimated loss value. After that, the combined estimated loss value is used to calculate the premium value. The result of this research is the premium which is calculated based on the principle of expected value and standard deviation principle. The premium resulting from the expected value principle is lower than the premium resulting from the standard deviation principle.

South Sulawesi Arm’s Evolution in the Past 50 million years and Its Impacts on the Geology and Geomorphology

ABSTRACT South Sulawesi Arm (SSA) is one of the four Celebes Island arms, geologically situated near the triple junction of Eurasia, India-Australia, and the Pacific Plate. This area has undergone unique geological history and evolution in the past 50 million years (m.y). SSA is distinct from the other Sulawesi arms as it is the only one attached to the Eurasian Plate, while others consist of ophiolite originating from the Philippines and Indo-Australian plates. This research aimed to explore the changes related to the geological evolution of SSA. It focused on explaining the following objectives: 1) Geological evolution of Sulawesi Island in sketch form since 50 m.y ago, divided into five intervals of 50–40, 40–35, 30–25, 20–15, and 10–5 million years, 2) uniqueness of SSA Evolution compared to other parts of Sulawesi Island and 3) geological and geomorphological conditions. Secondary data were collected from various literature reviews with ArcGIS Software 10.7 used to produce a model of SSA formation. The result showed that the evolution of SSA 50 m.y ago demonstrated the dynamics of geological changes due to the complex plate boundaries and formation from ophiolites of the Philippines Plate and the Indian-Australian Plate.

Comparative Analysis of Single Pile with Embedded Beam Row and Volume Pile Modeling under Seismic Load

Abstract Indonesia is located between the Eurasian, Pacific, Philippines, and Indo-Australian plates. Various tectonic processes in the world and collisions between large plates and several small plates trigger many earthquakes in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the response of bored piles in the Auditorium Building of Brawijaya University toward seismic loads through analytical and numerical approaches based on finite elements with 2D (embedded beam row) and 3D (volume pile) modeling, where the analysis approach of pile deformation and lateral resistance with numerical methods will depend on idealization of the model used. In addition, the lateral resistance was compared based on combination lateral loads, pile stiffness, and soil stiffness when the values were different. The 2D finite element analysis reduces lateral resistance but overestimated the deflection on the pile surface. This is because in the 2D finite element modeling with an embedded beam row that the friction factor represented by the spring can reduces the stiffness and the pile–soil is tangent, so that there is no slipping against each other. In addition, the 3D finite element analysis with volume pile modeling increases soil stiffness at greater depths and the friction factor (interface) can improve the interaction between the soil and pile.

Sunda subduction drives ongoing India-Asia convergence

The Himalaya and the Tibetan plateau, the highest mountain range on Earth, have been growing continuously for the last 55 Myr since India collided with Eurasia. The forces driving this protracted mountain building process are still not fully understood. Although subduction zones are considered the main driving force for plate tectonics, mantle flow and plate boundary migration, their role in driving the Indian indentation and the northward movement of the collisional plate boundary is yet to be tested with geodynamic models. Here, we use four-dimensional geodynamic physical models to show that active subduction of the Indo-Australian plate along the Sunda subduction zone is probably the main driver of the India-Asia convergence, Indian indentation, and the consequent growth of the Himalaya-Tibet mountains, and also the present-day eastward crustal displacement of southeast Asia. Our experiments show that at least 880 km of northward indentation of India would not have ensued in the absence of the lateral subduction zones. Our experiments with lateral subduction zones show that subduction of the Indian continental lithosphere is maximum close to the eastern and western syntaxes, which ranges between 450 and 500 km. Based on our model results we propose that the protracted growth of collisional mountains on Earth, like the Himalaya, is highly dependent on nearby active subduction zones.

Distribution of seismicity hazard levels using PGA analysis with the PSHA method in the Ciletuh Geopark Area, Sukabumi, Indonesia

The regional structure in Java Island, Indonesia, was influenced by the collisional activity of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates, which resulted from mélange rocks outcrops in Ciletuh. Ciletuh is one of the geotourism conservation areas included in the UGG (UNESCO Global Geoparks). This area is in the path of the Cimandiri Fault and the Sunda Strait Megathrust, resulting in a unique geological diversity and a place where the oldest rocks are exposed in West Java. In addition, the potential impact of seismicity on the Ciletuh geopark area is quite significant. The potential for seismicity can be analyzed and calculated. In this study, PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) analysis on bedrock was conducted using the PSHA (Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis) method. The data used for the PSHA method is in the form of background, fault, and megathrust provided by the National Earthquake Study Center (PuSGeN). This research shows that the PGA value in the Ciletuh Geopark area is influenced by how close it is to the location of the earthquake source. Pelabuhanratu Subdistrict has the highest PGA value based on all earthquake sources when combined.

Probabilistic Analysis of the Tsunami Disaster on the Vulnerability Level of Buildings in Painan City, West Sumatra based on the Earthquake Ratio with the Logic Tree Method

Indonesia is an archipelagic country stretching from Sabang to Merauke and is located at the convergence of the most complex and active tectonic plates in the world, namely Eurasia, Indo-Australia, and the Pacific. One of the regions with a high probability of earthquakes and high tsunamis is the island of Sumatra, which lies between the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates. Painan city is located in West Sumatra Province, where it is surrounded by three megathrust zones: the Nias-Simeulue segment, Mentawai-Siberut segment, and Mentawai-Pagai segment. These three megathrust zones, namely Nias-Simeulue with an estimated earthquake magnitude of 8.7 Mw, Mentawai-Siberut with an earthquake magnitude of 8.9 Mw, and Mentawai-Pagai with an earthquake magnitude of 8.9 Mw, can potentially cause tsunamis that may reach Painan city. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of seismic activity level variables and the ratio between large and small earthquakes on tsunami wave height using the logic tree method, assess the tsunami hazard potential using Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA), and evaluate the vulnerability of existing buildings in Painan city. Tsunami simulations in this study were conducted using the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) program, which applies the Shallow Water Equation (SWE). Additionally, the Building Tsunami Vulnerability (BTV) equation was used to calculate the vulnerability index of buildings based on their conditions and tsunami wave heights. The calculation of the BTV value for the tsunami height parameter was modified using fragility curves that depict the relationship between force and the probability of tsunami wave damage. From the simulation results, the tsunami height was obtained, which in turn determines the probability of tsunami hazard on buildings with return periods of 1000 and 4000 years. After the simulations, the Building Tsunami Vulnerability (BTV) calculation was performed to determine the vulnerability level of buildings to tsunamis.

Tsunami Risk Assessment on Public Facilities in Southern Part of Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta

The southern part of Java Island is susceptible to tsunamis as its role as a subduction zone between Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. On July 17, 2006, a tsunami struck Java's south coast triggered by an earthquake and affected more than 300 km of shoreline, as well as claimed more than 730 casualties. It is important to assess the risk in the southern part of Java. This research aims to analyze tsunami risk assessments on public facilities in the southern part of Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. The Tsunami hazard map was created by using tsunami modeling from BMKG. Public facilities footprint such as health facilities, religious facilities and school were derived from data provided by Open Street Map (OSM). The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment (PTVA) model, specifically developed to estimate the relative vulnerability of buildings to tsunami hazards, is used to generate a building vulnerability map. A geographic information system (GIS) was utilized to calculate and visualize the hazard, vulnerability, and risk map. A total of 394 buildings were analyzed with the results that public facilities in three sub-districts, namely Srandakan, Sanden and Kretek, had varying levels of building vulnerability ranging from minor, moderate, average and high with RVI values ranging from 1.5 to 3.4. Additionally, tsunami risk assessment of public facilities indicates that buildings within Bantul Regency are categorized as having very high, high, moderate, or low levels of building risk.

Penerapan Business Intelligence Untuk Menganalisa Data Gempa Bumi di Indonesia Menggunakan Tableau Public

One of the natural disasters that often occurs in Indonesia is an earthquake. This is because Indonesia's geological position is between 3 important lithospheric plates, namely the Pacific, Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates. The forces between the plates are constantly changing, dampening disturbances both on land and at sea. This study aims to focus on visualizing earthquake data in Indonesia and implementing Business Intelligence to display earthquake area data, depth and magnitude. The method of this study uses the Tableau Public platform to process earthquake datasets in Indonesia obtained through www.kaggle.com for the period 01 January 2018 to 30 September 2022. This research produces a report in the form of a dashboard that contains data visualization for the earthquake area, depth and magnitude from various regions in Indonesia that can be used to assist in decisions to be taken. Various designs for dashboards can be used in Tableau to make data easier to read and understand.

Mapping of Destructive Tectonic Earthquakes in the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Region Based on the Zhao Attenuation Function

NTB is a group of small islands located between the earthquake zone, namely in the south there is a subduction zone of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates and in the north, there is a back-arc fault or Flores Thrust. Earthquakes in this area are very active in the form of shallow tectonic earthquakes of large magnitude, so the risk of disaster is very high. Based on this, our research aims to map the distribution of destructive earthquakes using the attenuation function Zhao, released in 2006. The Zhao attenuation function has been applied to earthquake sources in subduction zones which are inputs for seismic hazards in various parts of the world, because the distance uncertainty factor used has better accuracy. The distribution of earthquake epicenter points in the West Nusa Tenggara region is clustered in four places, namely the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate subduction zones in the sea south of the West Nusa Tenggara islands, the non-volcanic zone to the south of the West Nusa Tenggara islands, the volcanic zone to the east, and the Back Arc Thrust zone in the waters north of the NTB islands. Meanwhile, the hypocenter distribution is spread majorly on the Eurasian plate. Most of the islands of West Nusa Tenggara are characterized on the MMI VII-VIII intensity scale, and only a small part is characterized on the V-VI MMI intensity scale. The implications of the results of this research are useful in disaster mitigation, so it is hoped that there will be a reduction in disaster risk.

Analysis of Coulomb Stress Changes in Aceh Earthquake on Sibayak Volcano

Based on geological conditions, Indonesia is located between the Indo-Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, and the Pacific plate, making Indonesia prone to tectonic earthquakes. However, since the big earthquake that occurred in Aceh on December 26, 2004, the geological conditions in Sumatra have undergone significant changes marked by stressful situations in the western to southern regions of Sumatra, especially on Sibayak Volcano. This study used data from BMKG and Global CMT, which included magnitude (Mw), depth, earthquake coordinates (longitude and latitude), type of earthquake, strike, dip, and rake. From the analysis using Coulomb 3.3, the highest coulomb stress value of Sibayak Volcano was obtained in 2015 with an average change in coulomb stress of 0.235 bar, shear 0.1909 bar, normal 0.1106 bar. However, the lowest coulomb stress value occurs in 2021 with a moderate shift in coulomb stress of 0.0593 bar, shear 0.0251, normal 0.0849 bar.

PEMETAAN JALUR EVAKUASI TSUNAMI DI KOTA BENGKULU BERBASIS ARCGIS HUB

Bengkulu city is an area facing the Indo-Australian tectonic plate, resulting in frequent earthquakes above 5 on the Richter scale and triggering the potential for a tsunami. This research was conducted in 9 sub-districts of Bengkulu City and aimed to design a geographic information system for pre-disaster mitigation that provides a visual form of tsunami exposure and allows users to carry out analysis independently route point locations to evacuation sites. The method used is overlaying and scoring the map of distance from the coastline, distance from the river, elevation and slope, so as to obtain an exposure map that can be used as a reference in conducting network analyst closet facility. The data that has been analyzed is then uploaded to ArcGIS Online to be customized and configured as WebGIS. The results showed that there were 7 sub-districts that had high levels of exposure and had routed 58 incident points to 17 temporary evacuation sites.

Finite element modelling (FEM) of the asymmetric friction connection (AFC)

Earthquakes occur frequently in New Zealand as the country is situated in the collision zone between the Indo-Australian and Pacific tectonic plates, where many earthquakes and volcanic activities occur. The consequences of severe earthquakes are injury and loss of life of people, the costs of repair for the damage of the structures and contents, and the costs of disruption of business and other activities. In average, 10 000 people are killed in earthquakes every year. Moreover, the damage and disruption caused by earthquakes throughout the world can be considerable. To avoid these undesirable economic effects of earthquakes, the global tendency has been moving towards the development and implementation of low-damage seismic resisting systems. The low damage design philosophy aims to satisfy the well-accepted “life safety” mandate, and minimize the economic losses due to post-earthquake damage repair as well as the downtime. The Sliding Hinge Joint (SHJ) is a low-damage beam-column connection used in steel moment-resisting frames. It allows large beam-column rotation with minimal damage through sliding in asymmetric friction components (AFCs) that are located at the web bottom bolt and bottom flange levels. AFC is friction seismic energy dissipating component of the SHJ. Following a set of experiments and different analytical research carried out on the AFC, there are proposed modifications to improve the performance of the AFC, and in general the SHJ (Clifton et. al., 2007 & Ramhormozian, 2017). One of the key objectives of this project is to provide a complete literature review and background of the friction energy dissipators for seismic applications including the SHJ developments, and to create numerical models to be validated by the previous and ongoing experimental results of the AFC as well as the SHJ. This includes creating finite element model (FEM) of different sizes, capacities, and configurations of the AFC and those of the SHJ, using ABAQUS software.

ANALISIS MORFOTEKTONIK SESAR OPAK SEBAGAI APLIKASI MITIGASI BENCANA GEMPA BUMI YOGYAKARTA

The Special Region of Yogyakarta is an area with tectonic activity marked by earthquake. The tectonic activity is caused by the collision of Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate that occurs in the southern part of the island of Java. The 2006 earthquake that occurred in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and was the most destructive is thought to have been caused by the Opak Fault which experienced relative north-south shift. Further research on the activities of Opak Fault is needed to design appropriate mitigation measures to minimize the negative impacts that will be caused. The method used in this study is morphotectonic analysis to predict tectonicactivity by performing calculations and image analysis. Calculations and data processing by calculating the value of the Valley Floor, sinuosity mountain floor, and velocity shear 30 using Global Mapper, Arcgis, and Microsoft Excel software. Digital elevation model (DEM) images, google earth images, vs30 maps and shapefile data for the districts of Bantul, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta, Klaten and Gunungkidul as regional geological maps were used as primary data for the analysis. The result, geological structures and earthquakes contribute actively in shaping the appearance of area where there are active faults. The assessed morphotectonic analysis is method that is assessed and assesses the effectiveness of failure through a geomorphological approach. The research area,namely the Pleret and Segoroyoso areas, is included in area that has a high level of seismicity that causes alertness and appropriate mitigation measures against earthquake reactivation that can occur and trigger earthquakes again.

Preface

The UN4DRR International Symposium on Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Environmental Sciences (The 2022 UN4DRR Symposium), Bogor, 21st July 2022 Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Environmental Sciences towards New Era Widiatmaka Widiatmaka Indonesia is a country where natural resources are vulnerable to disaster. This relates to the fact that this country is located on the equator. It is an archipelagic country with a large population and with specific geological formations. Natural disasters in Indonesia may constitute geological disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic and tsunami eruptions, hydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, drought, erosions, and anthropogenic disasters such as conflict, terror, and epidemic.The high geological disasters are due to the fact that the territory of Indonesia is located above the geological plate, which is a meeting place for three tectonic plates, namely the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific plates. The collision between the plates is caused by high volcanic activity, which causes disaster events to occur often. The meeting point of the three plates forms a volcanic arc that stretches from Sumatra to Papua, characterized by a series of volcanic mountains scattered throughout the plate meeting zone. Although many articles have been written about geological disasters in Indonesia, its dynamic geological conditions are still interesting to be discussed. Moreover, various new analytical tools have been found.Indonesia is also a country with a high level of hydro-meteorological disasters. This is because this country has high rainfall with a monsoon climate. Based on data from the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), there were 6,528 natural disasters that claimed live 250,000 people in the period 1915-2010 (BNPB, 2015). The hydro-meteorological disaster is a dominant disaster in this country, with 80% of events. In terms of hydrometeorology, various articles are also widely discussed. However, the latest developments require an analysis in accordance with technological developments.In addition to hydro-meteorological and geological disasters, high population growth also causes vulnerability to disasters, both vulnerabilities caused by population pressure on natural resources and anthropogenic disasters. Human needs for food, clothing and housing have driven uncontrolled and destructive natural resources to be used, offsetting the balance of natural resources. Various data and studies show that most floods occur due to deforestation.The incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the whole world has generally improved the quality of the environment through decreased emissions and air pollution. However, this pandemic has also caused an increase in environmental pollution of waste generation, especially plastic waste and medical waste. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences said that domestic plastic waste increased from 1-5 to 5-10 grams per day per individual due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In addition, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry recorded an increase in the production of medical waste, currently as many as 290 tons of medical waste per day (idnfinancials.com, 8th June 2020).List of Committees, Proceeding Editorial Board, Documentation of The 2022 UN4DRR Symposium are available in this Pdf.

Management and vulnerability analysis of the existing built-up area in the Pangandaran coastal area to the tsunami disaster

The rapid development of the coastal area for settlement and commercial service could increase vulnerability to natural hazards. This study aimed to analyze the settlement development management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency of West Java toward tsunami disaster risk mitigation. This study is essential because Pangandaran coastal area faces directly toward the subduction zone between Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which lead to tsunami hazard. For vulnerability analysis, spatial analysis was done through existing buildings and spatial planning documents. Recommendation for future management and mitigation to minimize tsunami impact on residential areas was formulated. The results showed that commercial and service zone dominated the land use in Pangandaran coastal area, followed by low-density residential zone, community forests, and mixed-use zone. The spatial analysis also showed that the existing land-use and spatial planning document did not consider the tsunami disaster risk. Hence, our recommendation provided the possible design solution for every potential impact of tsunami and mitigation approach to reduce vulnerability.

Characteristics of Palu-Koro Fault based on Derivative Analysis and Euler Deconvolution Model of Gravity Data

Indonesia is located at the confluence of three plates, namely the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific plates which causes the formation of an active fault line. One of these active faults is the Palu-Koro fault, Sulawesi, with a shift rate of 30-44 mm/year. A geophysical method such as gravity determines the fault’s characteristics. Gravity data is processed by a derivative analysis process in the form of First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD), which is carried out to represent the type of fault, and the Euler Deconvolution method is used to determine the location and depth of the fault anomaly source. The results show that the Palu-Koro fault has a high anomaly value in the west of 0.00557-0.01087 mGal in the north-south direction on the FHD map and an anomaly value of 0 in the north-south direction on the SVD map. The source of the anomaly can be seen more clearly in the results of the Euler Deconvolution modelling at a depth of 50-400 m from the topography of the study area. The Palu-Koro fault is proven to have many structures at shallow depths with very active movements that can trigger earthquakes.

Peran Pemerintah Kabupaten Pandeglang dalam Edukasi Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami di Sekolah Pesisir Pantai Pandeglang - Banten

Indonesia is located between 3 tectonic plates, which are the Pacific plate, the Indo-Australian plate, and the Eurasian plate. These 3 plates can collide with each other and can cause earthquakes and tsunamis, based on BNPB data, and in the Indonesia Disaster Risk Index (known as IRBI), Banten province is included in the high-risk class for disasters, including tsunami disasters. The location of the current research was carried out at SMA Negeri 3 Pandeglang and SMA Negeri 15 Pandeglang which were on the coast that were prone to tsunami disasters. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between government and schools in tsunami disaster preparedness. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques consisted of observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the research results, it is known that the government could demonstrate its role in disaster management through 4 (four) ways, which were legislation, institutions, planning, and capacity building. The results showed that the Pandeglang Regency Government in this case the Pandeglang Regency BPBD was quite successful in Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Education at the Pandeglang Coastal School Banten. In carrying out disaster risk reduction efforts, the Pandeglang Regency Government had a legal basis and was also able to formulate disaster mitigation strategies in schools, which were the establishment of Disaster Resistant Schools (known as STB) and the formation of the Pandeglang Regency Regional Disaster Management Task Force (known as PBD.

Growth Rate Analysis Casuarina equisetifolia of The Case Study Pacitan and Samas Coast Area

The southern coast of Java is an area that is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because the area is a meeting of the Pacific plate and the Indo-Australian plate meeting the South American continental plate, and the North American plate meeting the Philippine plate. The tsunami disaster can cause significant loss of life and material and cause damage to infrastructure in coastal areas. Casuarina equisetifolia is one type of vegetation that can grow in the southern coastal area of Java, where the coastal morphology is dominated by sand-type material used for protection from wind waves. The primary survey carried out in this study was to obtain the dimensions of coastal forest plants. The results of the Casuarina measurements were the age of 2 to 4 years at the Samas Coast area and 1 to 9 years were made at Teleng Ria Coast area. The analyzing show that increasing logarithmic function of Casuarina the trend of increasing growth of Casuarina tree height. It ages the older the tree height will increase, but this does not apply to the thickness of the tree canopy that grows to the side, because influenced by the position of the shoreline and the plant spacing factor.