Individual Travel Cost Research Articles

Estimating the recreational use value of Tis-Abay Waterfall in the upstream of the Blue Nile River, North-West Ethiopia

Tis-Abay Waterfall is a famous tourist destination in northern Ethiopia, attracting both domestic and international visitors. Although the site's recreation and tourism potential are enormous, the value of the waterfall remains underestimated; an application of economic valuation methods can provide information to better utilize the resource. This study estimates the recreational value of Tis-Abay Waterfall and analyzes the consumer characteristics associated with recreational demand. Drawing on data from 1044 on-site surveys, the study uses the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) with a Zero-Truncated Poisson (ZTP) regression model. Results of the ZTP regression suggest that visitors' age, monthly income, and interest in alternative recreation sites like Lake Tana and Gondar Fasiledes Royal Castle are variables significantly and positively related with recreational demand for the Tis-Abay Waterfall. However, visitors' recreational demand is negatively associated with respondents' distance from the site, leisure time, and total cost of site access. The appraisal suggests that the Tis-Abay Waterfall has a significant annual recreational value of $9.5 million. But it also shows that the waterfall's value would increase significantly, up to $17.3 million, with hypothetical quality improvements in the waterfall settings. The value attachment suggests that estimating the recreation value for Tis-Abay Waterfall is a central component in the sustainable use and management of the resource. However, the presence of unfavorable trade-offs with the electric power plant and the inadequate infrastructure and services for reaching the site are major concerns that require immediate attention to make better use of Tis-Abay Waterfall's recreational services.

Economic valuation of the Curiak Island area on the development of tourism of special interest of wetlands in Barito Kuala District, South Kalimantan

One of the problems faced in the development of natural tourism is that until now it is not widely known how much recreation value is in a tourist area, such as on Curiak Island. In addition, in the context of making decisions for the development of the use of a tourist area, the value of the big and small of an economy. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the function of visitor demand to Curiak Island and the economic value of the Curiak Island tourist attraction, Barito Kuala Regency. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews and questionnaires. The data processed using descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression, and also using the consumer surplus formula. From the results of the study, there are two factors that effect demand function for ecotourism in Curiak Island, namely income and travel costs. From the calculation results, it can be seen that the consumer surplus based on the individual travel cost method is IDR 251,690.46 per individual in per visit and the economic value of Curiak Island is IDR 520,999,252 per year.

ECONOMIC VALUE OF WILDLIFE SANCTUARY: A CASE STUDY FROM THE WESTERN GHATS IN KARNATAKA, INDIA

Goods and services of the ecosystem provided by the natural environment have not been considered in terms of their economic value. There are a number of studies that have estimated the economic value of forest ecosystem services in India, but very few studies have estimated these economic values of other important ecosystem services. Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary (BRTWLS) is a unique place as a bridge between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats in Karnataka, India. There are 12,500 Soligas (tribal community) living in this area. Non-timber forest products constitute more than 60% of the Soliga household income. A number of studies have been conducted in the BRTWLS. However, there is a lack of studies on the economic value. The primary objective of this study is to estimate the value of ecosystem services provided by BRTWLS. This study has used the market price methods for estimating the value of provisioning services and individual travel cost method for estimating the value of recreation services, while the value of carbon sequestration and soil erosion prevention has been estimated based on secondary data. This study has estimated the total annual value of provisioning, regulating and cultural services of BRTWLS at Rs 23.9 million y-1. The findings of the study will be helpful to the local policy makers to increase the entry fee at the BRTWLS, as it provides valuable ecosystem services and reinvests the same in natural capital to achieve environmental sustainability at the local level.

Economic Valuation of Marine Tourism Based on Bio-Ecoregion (Case Study in Batukaras Beach, Pangandaran District, West Java Province, Indonesia)

The COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on all economic sectors and the order of life in society, including the marine tourism sector. As in the Batukaras Beach tourism area, West Java Province. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the level of tourist visits marine tourism area of Batukaras Beach and the economic value of marine tourism. The research conducted in May 2021 – June 2022. The data used primary and secondary data, using purposive sampling as many as 106 respondents using multiple linear regression and travel cost method. Based on the results of the research, the factors that influence marine tourism visits are variables X1 natural conditions of marine tourism, X2 types of marine tourism attractions, X3 distance traveled, X4 length of time for tourism activities, X5 level of education, X6 income level, X7 age, X8 travel cost. Based on this research it was obtained economic value of the marine tourism environment based on travel expenses in Batukaras Beach is IDR 79,795,000. Consumer surplus or tourists' willingness to pay based on the individual travel cost method is IDR 2,975.08/individual/visiting and economic value of marine tourism based on willingness to pay in Batukaras Beach IDR 1,039,130,027.

Camili Biyosfer Rezerv Alanının rekreasyonel amaçlı kullanımının ekonomik değerinin tahmini

Bu çalışmada, ülkemizin ilk ve tek biyosfer rezerv alanı olan Camili Biyosfer Rezerv Alanı örneğinden hareketle, ormanların işlevlerden biri olan rekreasyon işlevinin ekonomik değerinin tahmini amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada seyahat maliyeti yöntemi ve koşullu değer belirleme yönteminden birlikte istifade edilmiştir. Alanda rekreasyon etkinliği gerçekleştiren 96 ziyaretçi ile 2016 yılında anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Seyahat maliyeti yöntemi bulgularına göre; ziyaretçilerin ortalama bireysel seyahat maliyeti ise 201.57 TL, bireysel tüketici rantı 697.16 TL ve toplam tüketici rantı ise 12200300 TL olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Koşullu değer belirleme yöntemi kapsamında ise ziyaretçilere rekreasyon hizmetlerine yönelik bir projeyi konu alan kuramsal senaryo sunulmuş ve buna bağlı olarak ziyaretçilerin ortalama ve toplam ödeme eğilim değerleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna göre alanda yürütülen rekreasyon hizmetlerinin korunması ve geliştirilmesine yönelik ortalama ödeme eğilimi 186.48 TL, toplam ödeme eğilimi ise 3263400 TL olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kişilerin yaptıkları harcamadan daha az ödeme eğilimine sahip oldukları söylenebilir. Ayrıca alanın tanınırlığın artırılması ve yöre halkının rekreasyon faaliyetlerini çeşitlendirilebilmesi sayesinde ziyaretçi sayısı ve ziyaretçilerin alanda yaptıkları harcamalar artırılabilir ve alanın rekreasyon değeri daha da yüksek çıkabilir.

Valuing nature-based recreation in forest areas in Italy: An application of Travel Cost Method (TCM)

Nature-based recreation provides benefits facilitating social interactions and cohesion, creating job opportunities, and stimulating the local economy. The aim of this study was to assess the recreational economic value of different forest areas considering two aspects: stand features and proximity of the forest to urban areas. An individual Travel Cost Method (TCM) was applied in three study areas in Italy involving 603 visitors in the survey. The results show that in all three case studies the most important forest-based recreational activity carried out by visitors is hiking, followed by picnicking and mountain biking. The TCM estimates a consumer surplus between €7.33 and €17.37 per visit. The key points highlighted by the study are that: managed natural forests have a higher recreational economic value than unmanaged artificial forests; the peri-urban forests are characterized by a higher number of visitors but a lower value per visit than mountain forests.

Consumer surplus analysis using the Travel Cost Method (TCM) at the Petrus Kafiar Beach tourist attraction, Manokwari Regency, West Papua

This study aims to determine the economic value of tourism objects and whether there is a consumer surplus at the Petrus Kafiar beach based on the Travel Cost Method (TCM). The consumer surplus value is obtained by using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) approach and willingness to pay to calculate the willingness to pay of tourists visiting Petrus Kafiar Beach. The value of WTP obtained is Rp. 23,358.21 per person per visit. Meanwhile, the average WTP (willingness to pay) per year for one visit is only Rp. 5,491.23. The results of the integral calculation to find the consumer surplus of visitors to the Petrus beach tourism object, the consumer surplus is ranged from Rp. 5,201.5 to Rp. 10,403.91 per individual/visit.

Valuing Recreation in Italy's Protected Areas Using Spatial Big Data

Protected areas offer unique opportunities for recreation, but the non-market nature of these benefits presents a significant challenge when trying to represent value in the decision-making processes. The most common techniques to value recreation are based on resource-intensive primary surveys which are difficult to perform at a large scale or in remote locations. This is true in the case of Italy, where a large and diverse network of protected areas suffers from lack of data. Here, we offer an alternative data source for the valuation of recreation by integrating the metadata of geotagged photographs from social media into single-site, individual travel cost models for 67 Italian protected areas. Count data model results are generally consistent with standard economic and consumer demand theory for ordinary goods, with a zero-truncated Poisson model returning down sloping demand curves for 50 of 67 sites. A significant travel cost coefficient was returned for 33 sites (p-value <0.05) for which consumer surplus estimates were found in the range between €6.33 and €87.16, with a mean value per trip of €32.82. Although not without their own challenges, the results presented highlight the possibilities of new forms of spatial big data as a novel data source for environmental economists.

Valuasi Ekonomi Ekowisata Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial (KEE) Pantai Taman Kili-Kili Kabupaten Trenggalek

Ecotourism KEE Kili-Kili beach, located in Trenggalek Regency, is rich in biodiversity and natural beauty. Valuation is needed to determine the use value or benefits of resources and the environment. Economic value of resources that offer natural beauty, in general, are non-market (does not have a market price) because they are public goods. This study aims to estimate the potential economic value of KEE ecotourism at Taman Kili-Kili beach, Trenggalek Regency. This study is a quantitative study with multiple linear regression analysis to determine the factors that influence the number of tourist visits. Meanwhile, to find out the economic value, the individual travel cost method (ITCM) is used. The results showed that only the motivation variable had a significant effect on the number of visits variable. The economic potential of ecotourism KEE at Taman Kili-Kili beach reaches Rp. 34,580,440,612/year. The magnitude of the value of the economic benefits of natural resources and the ecotourism environment of the Taman Kili-Kili KEE coast is expected by managers and related stakeholders to improve ecotourism management by adding tourist facilities and attractions to provide more satisfaction for visitors. In addition, the improvement of the access road to the location is very necessary in order to provide convenience and comfort in reaching the location.

Valuasi Nilai Ekonomi Agrowisata Bukit Waruwangi Menggunakan Metode Biaya Perjalanan

Bukit Waruwangi Agrotourism is a new tourist destination in Serang Regency, Banten Province that offers the experience of enjoying a farm with grassland surrounded by beautiful hillside views. A good understanding of the visitors perception, contributory factors of the visit demand, as well as the potential value of tourism activities are fundamental in formulating effective farm management policies. This paper used the individual travel cost method to estimates the recreational value of Bukit Waruwangi Agrotourism. In general, visitors have a good perception of the farm. However, parking facilities, road access, and visitor shelters need to be improved. Travel costs, education level, and distance significantly affect the recreational demand. The value of a single farm visit is estimated to be Rp 18,266.00 per person and estimated annually at Rp 2,465,900,000.

Application of Choice Experiment and Individual Travel Cost Methods in Recreational Value Evaluation

Application of Choice Experiment and Individual Travel Cost Methods in Recreational Value Evaluation

Economic Value of Recreational Benefits from the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India: An Individual Travel Cost Approach

The study reported in this article estimates the economic value of recreational benefits of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, and its determinants using the Individual Travel Cost Method. The tiger reserves in India account for more than a half of the world’s tiger population and are providing a variety of ecosystem services. Most of these services, recreational services in particular, are non-marketed in nature. Hence, the economic value of the recreation services needs to be measured so that the public’s scarce resources can be allocated efficiently for future protection, planning and managing the tiger reserves. Based on the information from primary surveys, our estimated result indicates that the annual recreational value of the MTR is equivalent to ₹114.26 million. The study also found that travel cost, respondent income, family size, gender and site quality are the most important determinants of demand for recreation at MTR. This implies that the recreational value generated by the MTR is significant and more investment in the reserve will enhance future recreational benefits as well as various other ecosystem benefits.

Determination of Tebing Keraton Recreation Demand Functions With Travel Cost Method

Forest recreation services as additional products that are intangible. It can not be quantified because it does not have a price on the normal market system. It underlies a study to determine the economic value of recreation, with case studies Tebing Keraton using the Individual Travel Cost Method. Analysis of data obtained from questionnaires using data processing equipment SPSS version 21 with multiple linear regression method to get the Tebing Keraton recreation demand functions. The variables that influence the number of visits are travel cost, total income, age, mileage, and gender. Coefficient values of variables determine the trend in increasing or decreasing the number of tourist visits. In this study, the demand functions divided into two recreational functions for students/scholar and for working people considering total income per month category. Based on the regression results, demand functions for students/scholar, is Y=-2.179–0.0000347X1+0.286X2+0.159X3-0.0000794X4-0.267X5, and for working people is Y=1.994–0.00000164X1+0.53X2-0.32X3-0.003X4-0.334X5. The regression result obtained a coefficient of determination (R2) that the percentage of the diversity of demand number of visits to Tebing Keraton which can be explained by the independent variables in the model. R2 value of model for students/scholar is 67.1%, which is more than 0.5, showing the moderate accuracy. While for working people, the value of R2 is 48.9%, which is in the range of 0.31 – 0.5, indicate the weak accuracy.

Economic Valuation of Ayutthaya Historical Park, Thailand

The objectives of this research were to study the general information of the tourists and the factors affecting the decision of tourists and to assess the economic valuation of the Ayutthaya Historical Park, Thailand. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 tourists. The general information of tourists was analyzed using the frequency and percentage. The relationship between the economic and social factors and the visiting ratio was analyzed, as well as the economic valuation assessment of the Ayutthaya Historical Park that was analyzed with the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM). The research results indicated that most traveled to experience the arts and culture and make merit. The tourists were impressed with the beautiful ancient remains, which were the arts of Ayutthaya and the peace of the Park. Furthermore, the most influential factors affecting the decision to visit the Ayutthaya Historical Park that had statistical significance were the travel cost and distance. The findings obtained from the economic valuation assessment of the Ayutthaya Historical Park applying the ITCM showed that the consumer surplus was 1,508.40 Baht/person/time, while the economic valuation of the Ayutthaya Historical Park was 1,999,500,930.91 Baht/year. The average visit was 2.61 times per year.&#x0D;

Assessment of Recreational and Cultural Ecosystem Services Value of Islands

With the gradual expansion of benefits provided by islands to human wellbeing, it has become increasingly important to quantify the cultural ecosystem service functions of islands. In this study, the zone travel cost method (ZTCM) and individual travel cost method (ITCM) are used to assess the recreational and cultural ecosystem services value of the island region of Changhai County, China, and the recreational value of Xiaochangshan, Dachangshan, and Guanglu Islands based on questionnaire survey data. The results are as follows: (1) The overall recreational and cultural ecosystem services value of Changhai County in 2019 was 533.14 million USD, including a traveling cost of 395.71 million USD and consumer surplus of 137.43 million USD. (2) Further, based on the choice and consumption behaviors of tourists, multiple recreational values of the county were also inferred: the aesthetic experience presented the greatest contribution, while educational knowledge accounted for a lower percentage. (3) The recreational and cultural ecosystem services value 294.16, 60.03, and 143.26 million USD for Xiaochangshan, Dachangshan, and Guanglu Islands, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, future research will focus on the planning and development of Xiaochangshan Island tourism to maximize consumer surplus.

Economic Valuation of Marina Beach, Bantaeng Regency

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the frequency of tourist visits and to determine the economic value of Marina Beach based on the analysis of travel costs using the Travel cost method. This research was carried out at Marina Beach, Bantaeng Regency from February to March 2021 with a sample of 38 people. The research location was chosen purposively with the consideration that Marina Beach is one of the tourism objects whose exact economic value is not known based on the Travel Cost Method, while the sampling is by non-random sampling or non-random sampling/non-probability sampling. Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression and analysis of economic value based on travel costs. Factors that have a significant influence on the intensity of visits at Marina Beach are the attractiveness of the beach, the location of the beach. While the factors that do not have a significant effect on the intensity of visits at Marina Beach are travel costs, facilities, accessibility, distance from houses, and the level of cleanliness of Marina Beach attractions. Meanwhile, based on the calculation results, it is known that the consumer surplus based on the individual travel cost method (Individual Travel Cost) is a minimum income of Rp. 42,570.65.- per individual per year, and then the economic value of the Marina Beach tourist attraction is Rp. 1,393,484,222 -/year.

Economic Valuation of Lejja Natural Tourism Park - Soppeng District, South Sulawesi Province

Lejja Natural Tourism Park (Lejja-NTP) is a conservation area managed by the South Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Agency. Lejja NTP is a natural tourist attractions located in Marioriawa Sub-District, Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The natural potential of Lejja NTP’s among others, as a hot springs, waterfall, flora-fauna, and the beauty of the natural panorama. The purpose of this study are (1) to determine the characteristics of visitors to Lejja NTP, (2)to identify the factors that influence the tourism demand, and (3) to calculate the economic value of environmental service-based tourism. Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) was used to estimate the potential economic value of tourism activity, and linear regression analysis was used to determine the influence factors of tourism demand. Sampling method was carried out by using a purposive convenience by interviewing visitors who came to the Lejja NTP. The results showed that the variable of travel costs, and distance of the residence from Lejja NTP had a significant effect on the level of tourist visits. The value of Lejja NTP for each visitors per year was Rp..464.476.00 and the total benefits derived by were Rp.838.232.00. The economic value of Lejja NTP for visitors in year 2013 of at least Rp.92.582.825.754.00. The value of economic benefits generated from Lejja NTP is expected to be considered by relevant stakeholder to participate in preserving the area, so it is necessary to coordinate and collaborate with stakeholders in managing of ecotourism in Lejja NTP

Network user equilibrium problems with infrastructure-enabled autonomy

Although autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is expected to bring dramatic societal, environmental, and economic benefits, the high vehicle cost might slow the adoption of AVs. This paper explores an infrastructure-enabled autonomous driving system, which is a promising remedy to the high cost of AVs. Specifically, the system combines vehicles and infrastructure in the realization of autonomous driving. Equipped with roadside sensing, computing, and communicating devices, an ordinary road can be upgraded into an “automated road” enabling autonomous driving service for vehicles with the minimum required on-board devices. The vehicle costs can thus be significantly reduced. We envision that automated roads will be deployed in transportation networks to serve a new type of vehicle called infrastructure-enabled autonomous vehicles (IEAVs), which can be driven autonomously only on automated roads but manually on ordinary roads. Therefore, IEAV users may experience inconvenience costs due to transitions between autonomous driving and manual driving, and the frequent switch will inevitably yield high inconvenience costs. Therefore, to minimize their individual travel cost, they have to decide whether to switch to the autonomous driving mode when heading to an automated road. Considering such a unique feature of IEAVs, we proposed a group of driving-mode-choice equilibrium conditions to describe IEAV drivers’ driving mode choice behaviors, in which we considered drivers’ travel time costs, service charges of autonomous driving, and inconvenience costs due to driving mode change. Combining traditional route-choice equilibrium conditions with the proposed driving-mode-choice equilibrium conditions, we developed a new user equilibrium (UE) model to describe the equilibrium flow distributions in a road network with automated roads and mixed-autonomy traffic. The UE model is formulated as a novel non-linear complementarity problem, and its solution existence is discussed. To solve the UE model, a network expansion method is proposed to reformulate the UE model as a standard path-based UE model. A route-swapping-based solution algorithm is then used to solve the reformulated UE model. Numerical studies are presented to demonstrate the proposed models and algorithms.

Economic value analysis of Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera

Indonesia’s natural potential is very diverse, one of which is the natural tourism potential of the provinces in Indonesia. Sumatra, especially North Sumatra, is currently developing its natural potential, namely the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area. This area is a magnet for tourists, because the hill is one of the ideal locations to see the landscape of Lake Toba. This study is aimed to analyze the total economic value with the travel method (Travel Cost Method) and the factors that influence tourists’ visits to the Simarjarunjung Natural Tourism Area. The method used to estimate the economic potential of tourism activities in the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area is the individual travel cost method, while to determine the factors that affect the intensity of tourist visits to the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area, it is determined by multiple linear regression analysis. The research data were obtained by asking questions on the questionnaire to the visitors. The results showed that the economic potential of the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area reached IDR. 6,207,894,000/year, and the variables that had a significant effect on the intensity of tourists’ visits to the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area were travel costs, age, and distance variables.

Menaksir Nilai Ekonomi Objek Wisata Taman Manneken Manokwari : Aplikasi Individual Travel Cost Method

Economic assessment of a tourist attraction, both natural and artificial, is very important for planning sustainable environmental management. The plan aims to maintain the development capital so that it can be managed as a source of regional income and also to improve the welfare of the community. On the other hand, the management of tourism objects can be used to improve the regional economy without the need to exploit its natural resources. This research was conducted at Manneken Park, an artificial tourism object located in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency. The study focused on the number of individual travel costs and the economic value of the tourism object using descriptive research methods with survey techniques involving 100 respondents as resource persons. By using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM), the results show that the average travel cost is Rp. 692,120, - and the economic value of tourism objects is Rp. 6,925,795.703,-. This indicates that the economic benefits received by tourists to travel to the Manneken Park attraction are greater than the costs incurred. The intended economic benefits are in the form of benefits in the form of comforts such as getting peace, beauty, and satisfaction.