Individual Psychological Factors Research Articles

Purely ornamental? Public perceptions of distributed energy storage in the United Kingdom

Distributed energy storage technologies (DES) are expected to help in decarbonising the power sector, decentralising power sources and meeting the mismatch between the produced and consumed energy. However, the likelihood of the use and acceptance of these technologies will partly hinge on public perceptions. Here, we present results of three focus groups and dialogue from the city of Leeds (UK) held with members the lay public with and without personal experience of technology (photovoltaic panels) about public perceptions of distributed energy storage technologies at household and community scale. We apply and adapt the Energy Cultures framework, which was initially developed for understanding energy behaviours as mediated by individual psychological factors, by practice-based, energy-related culture and infrastructural elements. Accordingly, we connect what people think, do and have in energy contexts, to better understand perceptions of DES technologies as part of a broader renewable energy landscape (culture) that is both materially and socially constructed. We show how a variety of elements such as forms of energy consumption; costs; expectations of family members; previous experiences; perceptions of government and the municipal authority; and expectations about the technologies, are likely to shape acceptance and adoption of battery storage at the household and community level.

ALGORITHM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC SUPPORT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

Introduction. Nowadays, it is important to study the mechanisms of psychological adaptation in patients with early stage of chronic cerebral ischemia (ES CCI) from the standpoint of biopsychosocial approach. The objective of the study was to develop the algorithm for identifying psychosocial characteristics of patients with ES CCI and providing them with psychotherapeutic care. Material and methods. 280 patients with ES CCI developed against a background of arterial hypertension and/or cerebral atherosclerosis (middle age 53.9±8.1 years (from 30 to 72 years) gender index 1:1) were selected for the study. The control group included healthy individuals comparable to those in the main group according to gender and age characteristics (n=32, middle age 52.4±6.5 years (31–65 years), gender index 1:1, p>0.05 ). The panel of psychological methods was used to identify the individual psychological and socio-environmental factors in patients with ES CCI.Results and conclusions. A three-stage algorithm of psychological and psychotherapeutic support of patients with early stage of chronic cerebral ischemia (ES CCI) was developed and tested by the multidisciplinary team of specialists. At the stage of opportunistic screening, the neurologist used express methods for diagnosing cognitive (Mini-test of mental state), emotional (Hospital scale of anxiety and depression), vegetative disorders (the Wayne test) among the studied persons. At the stage of selective screening, the medical psychologist performed systemic psychodiagnostics of the ES CCI. At the stage of treatment, a correction was made: psychovegetative disorders by progressive muscular relaxation; anxiety-depressive manifestations – cognitive re-attribution according to A. Beck; obsessive-phobic disorders – direct motivated suggestion in reality with elements of clarification and persuasion. The indicators of the effectiveness of psychological and psychotherapeutic correction in patients with ES CCI were: positive dynamics of the Scale of quality of life SF-36 and regression of integrative indicators of the Scale of psychopathological manifestations of SCL-90-R – «Index of overall severity of symptoms» and «Total number of affirmative answers». Thus, the algorithm described above is suitable for use in practical healthcare for optimizing individual therapeutic strategies.

Examining the Impact of Psychological Factors on Hospital Length of Stay for Burn Survivors: A Systematic Review.

Recovery of burn patients may be impeded by mental health problems. By gaining a better understanding of the impact that psychological factors may have on hospital length of stay, providers may be better informed to address the complex needs of burn survivors through effective and efficient practices. This systematic review summarizes existing data on the adverse psychological factors for the length of burn patients' hospitalization, and assesses the methodological quality of the extant literature on mental health conditions of burn survivors. A literature search was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, PsychINFO, Science Direct, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Results yielded reports published between 1980 and 2016. Methodological quality was assessed by using an 11-item methodological quality score system. Seventy-four studies were identified by search; 19 articles were eligible for analysis. Findings demonstrate paucity of evidence in the area. Reports indicate longer hospital stay among burn patients with mental health problems. Substance use was the most consistent mental-health predictor of longer hospital stay. Heterogeneity in data on mental health conditions rendered impossible estimation of effect sizes of individual psychological factors on length of hospitalization. Many studies over-relied on retrospective designs, and crude indicators of psychological factors. Findings indicate that mental health problems do have an impact on the trajectory of burn recovery by increasing the length of hospital stay for burn survivors. Inpatient mental health services for burn patients are critically needed. Prospective designs, and more sensitive psychological indicators are needed for future studies.

The moderating effects of demographic characteristics and certain psychological factors on the job embeddedness – turnover relationship among Thai health-care employees

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the roles of demographic characteristics (i.e. generations and organizational tenure) and psychological factors (i.e. leader-member exchange and self-efficacy) as moderators of the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intention, and the mediating effect of turnover intention between job embeddedness and actual turnover.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 422 health-care workers through a questionnaire survey and analyzed by means of a confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical regression.FindingsThe results reveal that less embedded employees who perceive a lower level of leader–member exchange quality are more likely to indicate an intention to leave. The negative relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intention is stronger among less embedded employees with high self-efficacy. The finding also indicates that turnover intention plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between job embeddedness and actual turnover.Research limitations/implicationsThe current research took place within two health-care organizations. Replicating the study in a variety of industries, professions or cultures would be useful for the generalizability of the findings.Practical implicationsOrganizations may improve their retention of employees by nurturing the leader–member exchange relationship to enhance a social web that bonds them together. Managers may need to pay attention to making a greater effort to embed individuals in their jobs, so that they are better able to cope successfully with challenges and organize the workday to accommodate them.Originality/valueThis study examines the moderating roles of individual characteristics and psychological factors on the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intention, which has not been extensively investigated in the literature.

Feedback and Behavioral Intervention in Residential Energy and Resource Use: a Review

A proliferation of research has emerged in the last 20 years, and especially in the last 5 years, on how to effectively engage inhabitants in energy and resource saving behaviors in the residential context. Such conservation behavior is critically important in addressing climate change and other associated energy impacts. However, feedback and behavioral interventions face challenges in motivating behavioral change that stem from individual and social psychological factors, as well as broader social and economic problems such as split incentives. We provide an overview of energy intervention research focusing on (1) different forms of intervention across contexts, (2) combined effects of intervention strategies, (3) consideration of residential demographics and individual characteristics, and (4) additional considerations for successful interventions. Our review demonstrates that there is significant variation in success across interventions, and that the context, decision structures, and combinatory choices can dramatically affect an intervention. Interventions that combine feedback, motivation, high engagement, and goal setting with well-designed and frequent communication are usually more effective.

Personality Trait Effects on Green Household Installations

Large, one-time investments in green energy installations effectively reduce domestic energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite long-term economic benefits for households, the rate of green investments often remains moderate unless supported by financial subsidies. Beyond financial considerations, green investments may also be driven by individual psychological factors. The current study uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (N = 3,468) to analyse whether the household decision to invest in green energy installations is linked to the Big Five personality traits. Personality traits and domestic investments in solar and other alternative energy systems had weak indirect associations through environmental concern but not through risk preferences. Openness to Experience and Neuroticism showed a weak positive relationship with green energy installations through the environmental concern channel, whereas Extraversion had a weak negative link. Based on these findings, persuasive messaging for green investments may be more effective when it focuses on environmental concern rather than reduced risk in countries like Germany, where long-standing financial subsidies decreased the risk in green investments.

Predicting the Adoption of Social Media: An Integrated Model and Empirical Study on Facebook Usage

Predicting the Adoption of Social Media: An Integrated Model and Empirical Study on Facebook Usage

International students and motivation to study at postgraduate level – some evidence from China

This paper investigates reasons why students decide to study abroad, taking into consideration push, pull and individual psychological factors. The research took place in China in a European university branch in Shanghai, where international students were surveyed. Although up to date there was a lot of research on international students’ motivations to study abroad, testing various push and pull factors models, and there is only one piece of research looking specifically at students motivations with regards to international branch campuses but at Arabic context. The gap created the opportunity for the present investigation. This paper is the first piece of research that examines international students’ motivations to select a European university branch in China. The findings indicate that pull factors could be more important in influencing students to study at international branches of European universities.

Positioning maps: a conjoint analysis tool for festival or event application

Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to describe a novel tool (conjoint analysis (CA)) for application by explaining the theory behind it; second, how the tool was developed; and third, how it can be used to ensure an optimal festival/event offering. In this way, the research needed on the individual behavioural and psychological factors of the events-tourism sector are addressed. Design/methodology/approach Planned events in this case the three largest arts festivals in South Africa (SA) (in Potchefstroom – Festival A, Grahamstown – Festival B and Oudtshoorn – Festival C) were studied. Five different attributes – festival brands, ticket prices, entertainment activities, food and beverages and transport to venues – were developed to describe arts festivals. The data were analysed using CA. CA was used in a linear regression model with individual ratings for each arts festival product. In addition, two techniques often used as complementary to and in conjunction with CA, namely, cluster and correspondence analysis were also used. K-means clustering constructed a four-factor solution, which categorised and labelled the attributes as, brand-, price-, activity- and transport-sensitive. The software package STATISTICA used the results for the correspondence analysis to draw maps between the arts festivals and attribute importance, age groups and festival attributes, arts festivals and language. Findings Festival A and B preferred the attribute level quality music, whilst Festival C preferred quality performances on the attribute entertainment. On the attribute refreshments, Festivals B and C preferred value for money and Festival A, a wide variety of good quality refreshments. On the attributes transport and ticket prices, all three festivals agreed for safe and secure parking and at the same price. Research limitations/implications This paper demonstrates, by applying the recommended tool, how it can be used to distinguish festivals/events in an overcrowded SA market with the possibility of providing a competitive advantage. In that all three festivals researched preferred the attribute festival brand held in the region which destination marketing organisations (DMOs) can use to their advantage. Practical implications This paper demonstrates, by applying the recommended tool, how it can be used to distinguish festivals/events in an overcrowded SA market with the possibility of providing a competitive advantage. In that all three festivals researched preferred the attribute festival brand held in the region which DMOs can use to their advantage. Originality/value The description of the development of the model could illustrate how market positioning (by way of revitalizing older theories), in the arts festival context can be approached to ensure an optimal arts festival offering. By so doing the paper strives to make an academic contribution.

Excessive use of online video streaming services: Impact of recommender system use, psychological factors, and motives

With the growing relevance of the Internet as a tool for communication and entertainment, researchers have examined the effects of individual's psychological factors and media use motives on their excessive use of Internet. Since Internet use has significant nuances, the excessive use of particular Internet application, such as social network services and online games, has been studied separately. However, as the major Internet application, online video streaming service has not been investigated. Moreover, other than psychological factors and media use motives, the IT features implemented in the application, such as the recommender system, could also induce excessive use behavior. This paper aims to examine individual's excessive use of online video streaming services and the effects of recommender system in such services. A survey of 490 video streaming service users was conducted. The results show that the use of recommendations, along with lack of self-control, lack of self-esteem and use motive of information seeking, lead to excessive usage of video streaming services. This study contributes to the literature of excessive Internet use by exploring individual's excessive use behavior in video streaming services and incorporating the salient role of recommender system in Internet applications.

Parenting and family adjustment scales (PAFAS): validation of a brief parent-report measure for use with families who have a child with a developmental disability

BackgroundChildren with a developmental disability are three to four times more likely than their typically developing peers of developing significant emotional and behavioural problems. There is strong evidence to suggest that individual biological and psychological factors interact with family functioning to precipitate and perpetuate these problems. AimsThis study examined the psychometric properties of a brief measure, the Parent and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) for use with parents of children with a developmental disability. MethodsA sample of 914 parents of children (M=6.27years) with a developmental disability participated in the study. Disabilities included Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability ResultsA confirmatory factor analysis supported a 16-item, four factor model of PAFAS Parenting, and an 11-item, three factor model of PAFAS Family Adjustment. The Parenting Scale measures parental consistency, coercive practices, use of encouragement and the quality of parent-child relationship. The Family Adjustment Scale measures parental emotional adjustment and partner and family support in parenting. ConclusionsThe current study indicated that the PAFAS demonstrates promise as a brief measure of multiple domains of family functioning important for families who have a child with a developmental disability.

Recreational Activity in Assisted Living Communities: A Critical Review and Theoretical Model.

This paper critically reviewed the scientific literature on recreational activity (RA) behaviors in assisted living (AL) communities. A search of three databases yielded 70 quantitative, qualitative, and observational articles that met criteria for inclusion. AL residents participated in various types of RA, however, did so infrequently. Individual, interindividual, environmental, and relocation factors influenced RA behaviors, and participation may relate to positive consequences for residents and AL communities. This review identified multiple limitations in the literature related to construct definitions, measurement protocols, and incomplete or absent theoretical frameworks. To address these limitations, the current review proposes a multivariate measurement model and an interdisciplinary theoretical model of factors relating to RA, consistent with an ecological framework. The proposed models appreciate individual psychological factors that influence the multiple facets of human choice and behavior, as well as the interaction between individuals and the unique sociophysical environment of AL. This paper concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing studies that have applied implications for practice and policy.

Work, organisational practices, and margin of manoeuver during work reintegration

Background: Many individuals of working age experience cardiovascular disease and are disabled from work as a result. The majority of research in cardiac work disability has focused on individual biological and psychological factors influencing work disability despite evidence of the importance of social context in work disability. In this article, the focus is on work and organisational features influencing the leeway (margin of manoeuvre) workers are afforded during work reintegration.Methods: A qualitative method was used. A large auto manufacturing plant was selected owing to work, organisational, and worker characteristics. Workplace context was assessed through site visits and meetings with stakeholders including occupational health, human resources and union personnel and a review of collective agreement provisions relating to seniority, benefits and accommodation. Worker experience was assessed using a series of in-depth interviews with workers (n = 12) returning to work at the plant following disabling cardiac illness. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results: Workers demonstrated variable levels of adjustment to the workplace that could be related to production expectations and work design. Policies and practices around electronic rate monitoring, seniority and accommodation, and disability management practices affected the buffer available to workers to adjust to the workplace.Conclusions: Work qualities and organisational resources establish a margin of manoeuver for work reintegration efforts. Practitioners need to inform themselves of the constraints on work accommodation imposed by work organisation and collective agreements. Organisations and labour need to reconsider policies and practices that creates unequal accommodation conditions for disabled workers.Implications for rehabilitationMargin of manoeuvre offers a framework for evaluating and structuring work reintegration programmes.Assessing initial conditions for productivity expectations, context and ways and means to support work reintegration can be integrated with worker perceptions of work ability and possibilities for adaptation to structure and then monitor work reintegration programmes. Margin of manoeuvre can be used to evaluate sustainability of work at the end of rehabilitation.Cause-based workers’ compensation schemes, collective agreement provisions, and organisational approaches to non-compensable disability create two tiers of disabled workers and make certain workers more vulnerable to occupational disability.

Pain in osteoarthritis. Implications for optimal management

Pain is an ubiquitous symptom in osteoarticular diseases, occurring much more commonly than stiffness or disability. OA of the knee, hand, or hip affects around 20% of adults in various populations and is dramatically increasing in many countries, mostly related to age and obesity, leading to an increased number of people having OA pain, and creating a huge burden related to disability and health care costs. OA-related pain, has been classically considered to be a nociceptive pain condition. Clinicians have considered pain to be an alarm signal, correlated to the intensity of joint degradation. In OA, most authors have focused their studies on joint architecture and local degradation, considering pain as only a symptom, a consequence of joint damage. However, OA-related pain is a specific disease, with a complex pathophysiology, including neuropathic peripheral and central abnormalities, together with local inflammation involving all joint structures. Clinical findings emphasize that it is not a stable and linear condition, that pain experience is independent of structural modifications, and that the quality of pain in OA is important to consider, aside from its intensity. OA-related pain is modulated by many factors, including the individual patient's psychological and genetic factors, as well as the theoretical role of meteorological influences. Recent neuroimaging findings have improved our knowledge about central mechanisms of OA pain, especially in persistent cases.

Correlation of general and oral health-related quality of life in malocclusion patients treated with a combined orthodontic and maxillofacial surgical approach

PurposeThe aim of the study was to collect information about the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) after combined orthodontic and maxillofacial surgical treatment as well as its influence on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Materials and methodsThe study includes data from a total of 130 subjects, 65 of whom (21 male, 44 female, mean age at baseline: 24 years, mean age at the time of surgery: 26 years) were compared with control subjects matched on the basis of gender and age. The set of questionnaires used consisted of a questionnaire advanced by the authors including 35 general and treatment-specific questions, and the German version of the validated “Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire” (OQLQ) to analyze the specific OHRQoL, and the SF-36 to measure HRQoL. ResultsThe main reason for treatment was most often a combination of esthetic and functional complaints. In most cases, the treatment results met the expectations of subjects well or very well, particularly in the areas of aesthetics and masticatory function. Postoperative numbness or paresthesia were present in 59% of patients, especially in the chin and lower lip areas. In all, 20% of subjects considered the temporary restriction of mouth opening as very bothersome. A decrease in HRQoL was noted as compared with the control group in the subscales of “role physical” (p < 0.001), “general health” (p = 0.023), and “role emotional” (p = 0.007). No differences were found in the “physical functioning,” “bodily pain,” “vitality,” “social functioning,” and “mental health” subscales. The specific OHRQoL resulted in statistically significant limitations in the patient group for all areas examined. The “oral function” (p < 0.001), “dentofacial aesthetics” (p = 0.005), “social aspects” (p = 0.002), and “awareness of dentofacial aesthetics” (p = 0.004) values were significantly decreased. ConclusionsOverall, patients expressed a high level of satisfaction and approval with regard to the combined orthodontic and maxillofacial surgical treatment. However, even after combined orthodontic and maxillofacial surgical treatment of malocclusion patients, it is possible to detect smaller limitations with regard to the specific OHRQoL, which may have a negative impact on HRQoL. Based on the results, a participatory decision-making process focusing on the individual therapy-related expectations, desires, and psychological factors of the patient concerning the improvements effected by the treatment appears to be advisable.

Les conduites à risques des enfants et adolescents vis-à-vis du dopage sportif

The main purpose of this review is to examine the patterns and prevalence of doping among child and adolescent athletes. The number of abnormal test findings recorded by anti-doping authorities worldwide cannot be considered to be a reliable picture of the use of prohibited substances and methods. Only specific questionnaires to detect the use of prohibited substances are useful to identify the extent of doping despite the risk of biased responses in self-reported declarations. Based on the different surveys and types of questionnaires it is believed that 1.5 to 6% of young athletes use prohibited substances. Prohibited substances are also being used out the sportive framework. Several studies showed that approximately 3 to 11% of non-athlete students use anabolic steroids. There were also significant associations between the use of anabolic steroids and the use of marijuana, cocaine, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy nutrition, etc. The use of nutritional supplements by athletes is associated with a twofold risk, first to use adulterated supplements, either by accidental contamination or by deliberate spiking, and second to use prohibited substances with doping being viewed as a gradual progression from the use of nutritional supplements to the misuse of harder drugs. That is why nutritional supplements should not be used by young athletes (under 18 years) except where medically indicated. Doping has of multifactorial origins; the immediate family, friends, team staff, and sport doctors mainly exacerbate individual psychological factors. The estimated prevalence of doping in young athletes, and the well-known adverse effects of most prohibited substances, including hormones, anabolic steroids and stimulants, on developing endocrine and nervous systems in growing athletes, support the development of a specific policy for the prevention of doping in sports, especially designed for young athletes, their family, medical and team staffs.

Posttraumatic symptoms among maltreated youth using classification and regression tree analysis

Individual psychological factors have been shown to exacerbate risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth following maltreatment, but the novel contribution of the present study includes a focus on interactive relationships between these factors on specific PTSD symptom clusters. This study identified maltreated youth at highest risk for re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptom clusters via cognitive, affective, and demographic variables. Participants (n=400) included ethnically diverse maltreated youth. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, a form of binary recursive partitioning (BRP), identified subgroups of maltreated youth at highest risk for three core PTSD symptom clusters. Posttraumatic cognitions, anhedonia, negative mood, processing speed, and ethnicity best predicted re-experiencing symptoms. Depersonalization/derealization, verbal comprehension, sexual maltreatment, and age best predicted avoidance symptoms. Negative cognitions about self, IQ, dissociation, working memory, and posttraumatic cognitions best predicted hyperarousal symptoms. Core PTSD symptom clusters may thus be associated with unique collections of risk factors for maltreated youth. Clinical protocols for this population could be recalibrated to be more sensitive to specific profiles that more accurately identify highest risk maltreated youth and better inform evidence-based treatment practices.

PENGARUH HUMAN CAPITAL TERHADAP KINERJA AUDITOR PADA KAP YANG ADA DI BANDUNG

This study is based on the importance of accountant professionalism as human capital in accounting firm as a service company. This research is intended to study the effect of human capital on the performance of auditors in KAP in Bandung by proposing research hypothesis that, human capital have positive effect on auditor performance, either partially or simultaneously. Several dimensions as sub-variables that form human caputals to be studied are represented by individual capability, individual motivation, leadership, the organizational climate, and workgroup effectiveness factors. The auditor's performance is measured by three factors that make the performance are (1) individual factors, (2) psychological factors, and (3) organizational factors. The study was conducted at an accounting firm located in Bandung. From the number of population taken random sample consisting of senior accountant and junior accountant as respondent. Data collection technique used is by using questionnaire. In accordance with the measurement scale, the data that have been collected tested the validity of Rank Spearman correlation formula and reliability with Alpha Cronbach. Data that have been tested and declared valid and reliable are then analyzed by correlation and regression analysis. Based on the results of correlation and regression analysis to test the hypothesis obtained findings of research results that human capital simultaneously have a fairly close relationship with its performance. While from multiple regression analysis it is known that each dimension gives various contribution to auditor performance and significant at p = 0,05, so from result of significance test, either partially or simultaneously can be concluded to accept research hypothesis, that is human capital have positive effect to auditor performance

Сутність і компонентна структура музично-стильових уявлень майбутніх учителів музики

The article deals with the issue of music style ideas of future music teachers at the piano training. It is clarified, that the musical style is a multilevel system of artistic thinking and musical expression means, which are conditioned by the socio-historical and individual psychological factors and embody the ideological and imaginative content of a particular music piece. The author defines the essence and component structure of future music teachers’ music style ideas. The students’ music style ideas in the musical and pedagogical higher educational institutions are formed in musical aesthetic consciousness of the future specialists. They cause the occurrence of certain art images under the influence of stylistic diversity of music and interpretation and awareness experience.The structure of future music teachers’ music styles ideas consists of musical and axiological, art and cognitive and activity and practice components. The musical and axiological component defines a semantic essence of the music style ideas forming during the process of piano performing activity of students. It is characterized by coherence with the system of professional, special and personal values. This component consists of: axiological differentiation of music style ideas, features of axiological selection of the performing priorities for a competent reflection of music style specialties of piano works; student’s intention of personal and valuable performing music style ideals and standard interpretations searching. Art and cognitive component denotes a completeness of professional, special, musical and interpretive knowledge that was gained in studying, learning andcomprehension of meaning-linguistic structure and style features of piano works. This component integrates: the diversity of the music image of piano piece, its three-dimensional space arising at the intersection of the author, performing and listening interpreting, that forms future music teachers’ music style ideas; understanding of mental traditions of the musical and historical period, its art culture by forming imaginative art intonation representation of a certain music style or of composition school; the formation of their own individual performance style as the possibility to express personal music style ideas. Activity and practice component of the music style ideas reflects the level of piano performing abilities and skills that contribute to the solution of complex creative tasks of interpretation, in particular – to define and transmit musical style, emotional imaginative, cultural content of piano works.

The Role of Emotions and Attitudes in Causing and Preventing Cheating

Given that students at secondary and postsecondary levels believe that certain behaviors are morally wrong and consider them cheating, they still perform them, albeit infrequently. This article examines the psychology of cheating, emphasizing individual psychological factors that influence integrity behavior. From this research, strategies to prevent cheating for students at all levels emerge. The evidence supports using self-concept, challenging neutralizing attitudes, and a focus on prosocial responses to cheating, rather than shaming students to reduce cheating.