Individual Orientation Research Articles

Understanding individual entrepreneurial orientation

Current research on entrepreneurial orientation is mostly from a firm-level perspective, focuses on developed countries, and recent studies treat entrepreneurial orientation as a uni-dimensional construct. Studies on entrepreneurial orientation from a generational perspective mostly use a comparison between two groups (young and old) and neglect the well-accepted classification of generational cohorts. This study therefore examines the individual dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovativeness and proactivity) among the Baby Boomers, Generations X, Y, and Z in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey that yielded a sample of 1,082 adults from Bosnia and Herzegovina. One-way analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe, Welch’s F, and least significant post-hoc tests were used to test the hypotheses. The results show some evidence that individual entrepreneurial orientation varies significantly between generations, at different levels of significance. Risk-taking generally decreases with older generations, as does innovativeness, except when comparing Generations X and Y, while proactiveness increases with older generations. The study provides valuable information for future entrepreneurs, business incubators and potential investors.

Gender diversity, gender liminality in French Polynesia

Background: The phenomenon of the māhū and raerae of French Polynesia represents a long-standing historical recognition of a third gender status that makes space for a level of respect and integration within a broader society. Raerae is a more recent type of māhū who more overtly express themselves as women in society. Aim: This article describes the gender identity, gender expression, sexual behavior, and sexual orientation of gender diverse individuals in French Polynesia, including the Society, Tuamotus, and the Marquesas Islands. By studying cultures with protective factors, this research seeks to contribute to the development of effective approaches to sexual and gender health promotion, including HIV/STI prevention. Method: Our analysis is based on ethnographic work, field observation, in depth interviews, and survey data. The focus of this study was specifically on the māhū and raerae (gender diverse individuals). Results: We collected data from ten islands in French Polynesia and included 47 participants. The results include demographics, information about self-identification, gender identity development and family and social acceptance, current gender identity, expression, early and current sexual experiences, relationships, involvement in sex work, and health status, including HIV risk and status. Conclusion: While not a utopia for gender variant individuals living in French Polynesia, this cultural recognition serves as a protective factor as compared to other cultures that greatly stigmatize transgender and gender diverse individuals or those who transgress socially defined roles for men.

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of Proactive-Safety Role Orientation questionnaire (PRO-SAFE)

BackgroundParticipation and initiative of workers are effective in promoting safety in the workplace. Proactive-Safety Role Orientation questionnaire (PRO-SAFE) is a proper tool to evaluate the psychological drivers that support the proactive orientation of individuals toward workplace safety. This study was conducted to translate and measure the psychometric properties of the Persian version of PRO-SAFE.MethodsThe PRO-SAFE was translated into Persian using procedures for translation and cross-cultural adaptation. To collect data, 252 employees of a steel complex were selected. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, face, content, convergent, and construct validity was utilized. The questionnaire’s reliability was evaluated by assessing its internal consistency.ResultsThe mean of the content validity index and content validity ratio was equal to 0.83 and 0.85, respectively. We found a positive correlation between PRO-SAFE and safety behavior dimensions (r = 0.372 to 0.792, P < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis showed the Persian version of the PRO-SAFE questionnaire had an excellent six-factor model consistent with the original questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha of the Persian version of the PRO-SAFE questionnaire was obtained between 0.717 to 0.880.ConclusionsThe Persian version of the PRO-SAFE questionnaire was found to have appropriate psychometric properties, indicating that it can be confidently used as a valid tool for assessing proactive role orientation toward safety management among Iranian employees.

Health Disparities Among Sexual and Gender Minorities With Adverse Childhood Experiences: Insights From the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data

Objectives. To identify the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among sexual or gender minorities (SGMs) and examine the impact of ACEs on their health. Methods. We analyzed 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. Respondents from Arkansas, Iowa, Mississippi, Nevada, and Wisconsin completed modules on 10 individual ACEs, sexual orientation and gender identity, and health. Results. Among the 38 483 eligible respondents, 2329 (6.1%) identified as an SGM. SGMs reported higher ACE prevalence than did their non-SGM counterparts. ACEs partially attenuated relationships between SGMs and a higher risk for depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, electronic nicotine delivery system use, and cannabis use. Conclusions. Evaluating and better understanding the ACE and health outcome relationship among SGMs should be prioritized. Targeted interventions are needed to mitigate the impact of ACE-associated sequelae in this population. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(12):1343–1351. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307420 )

Day care program for older adults with dementia: A multidiscipilinary approach for patients and family caregivers from Argentina

AbstractBackgroundDay care programs for older adults with dementia is an effective strategy that allows prolonging the functionality of the elderly, their support and that of their family reducing home care costs and delaying the institutionalization of patients with cognitive impairment. The aim of the present work is to describe the main goals and the implementation of a multidisciplinary day care program for patients with dementia and their family caregivers in Argentina.MethodSubjects: 22 patients and their family caregivers, who attend a day care program in Argentina. Instruments: socio‐demographic and psychosocial questionnaire of both patient and caregiver (built ad hoc) Patient: MMSE, GDS, HAD‐A, PANAS‐VRARG, EQ‐5D and instrumental and basic habilites of daily living. Family caregiver: Zarit Burden Interview. Procedure: The intervention for patients consists of two different lines of work, one for the patient, and another for the family member. The activities are coordinated by a multidisciplinary group of professionals. Regarding the caregiver, individual orientation interviews and therapeutic group spaces and psycho‐educational material are offered.ResultPreliminary data of 22 patients and caregivers, who have taken part in the program so far, indicate that: Patient: median age was years 75,27 old (ds = 9,28), % 63,6 of which are woman. The values obtain in the instrument are: MMSE 22,45 (ds = 4,78) GDS 4,47 (ds = 3,73), HAD‐A 3,66 (ds = 3,39), (PANAS ‐E‐VRARG) Negative ítems 7,70 (ds = 3,11) (PANAS ‐E‐VRARG) Positive ítems 18,7 (ds = 3,13), EQ‐5D 77,35 (ds = 16,21) and BHDL 93,63 (ds = 13,10), IHDL 9,1 (ds = 3,31) . And for family caregivers the mean age was 65,27 old (ds = 11,37), % 66,71 of which are woman. Caregivers Zarit Burden Interview mean score was 40,18 (ds = 11,35).ConclusionOur findings concur with those presented in scientific literature and support the WHO recommendations regarding the need to implement multidisciplinary programs for patients with dementia and family caregivers, in order to moderate the impact that providing care for an elderly relative with a neurological disease has on them.

An Analysis Effect of Internet Capability on The Enhanced of Student Interest in Pursuing Technological Entrepreneurship During Pandemic

Indonesia's internet use is increasing rapidly, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The most significant number of internet users today are at the age of students. Students can use the Internet for learning, social activities, and business. Therefore, it is the background of this study to explore factors in internet skills, such as contextual efficacy, internet self-efficacy, and computer self-efficacy, which affect the interest of students in Indonesia to become a technopreneur. The study uses quantitative methods, with the Structural Equation Model and Partial Lease Square (SEM-PLS) techniques. Data collection using snowball sampling technique from 11 cities in Indonesia and collected 506 respondents used in this study during the pandemic situation. This study found four relationships that have an influence. Computer self-efficacy impacts 68.2% of individual entrepreneurship orientation and 34.3% of technopreneur intention. Contextual element affects 43.9% of technopreneur intentions. Internet self-efficacy affects 17.3% of technopreneur intentions. The study found that three relationships had no effect. The conclusion of the research conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic is that the ability to surf the Internet for Computer Self Efficacy, Contextual Elements, and Internet Self Efficacy directly affects students' desire to become technopreneurs.

Acculturative Orientations and Ethnic-racial Prejudice Toward Haitian Immigrants in Southern BrazilACCULTURATIVE ORIENTATIONS AND ETHNIC-RACIAL PREJUDICE TOWARD HAITIAN IMMIGRANTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

This study aimed to identify acculturative orientations of a Brazilian host community from a small countryside city toward Haitian immigrants and investigate which factors, related to racial prejudice, quality of life, and sociodemographic characteristics, were associated to the adopted acculturative orientations. 88 host community members were interviewed and the results indicated that the most adopted acculturative orientation are individualism and integration. Higher quality of life and lesser racial prejudice is related to the acculturative orientations of individualism and integration, whereas lower perceived quality of life and greater racial prejudice is related to the acculturative orientation segregation and exclusionism. The results show the importance of a migratory policy that follows the integrative model, informing the population about the theme and focusing on actions that can tackle racial prejudice, which is the leading sphere related to acculturative orientations that exclude Haitian immigrants from society.

Exploring the cultural forces behind green bond issuance

Green bonds, a rapidly emerging financial instrument designed to bolster environmentally sustainable initiatives, are subject to the influence of the national culture on economic decisions. This study examines varying levels of green bond issuance and cultural dimensions based on Hofstede’s theory. Fixed-effects regression was employed to analyze a sample of 67 countries from 2008 to 2021. The results suggest that cultural dimensions such as individualism and long-term orientation promote green bond issuance, while masculinity restrains it. Additionally, this study examines the moderating effects of institutional quality and economic conditions. The findings show that the relationship between national culture and green bonds is more significant in countries with high institutional quality and lower income levels. While this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and issuers seeking to promote sustainable finance in different cultural contexts, it could be enhanced by providing more information on the methodology and data sources used, as well as by exploring the potential mechanisms underlying the observed relationships between cultural values and green bond issuance.

The influence of cultural factors on interactive outdoor advertising in Shanghai: an analysis of consumer attitudes, behaviors and socio-economic environment

Due to the development of interactive technologies, outdoor advertising has undergone a substantial evolution recently. However, depending on the cultural environment, interactive outdoor advertising may or may not be beneficial. Shanghai offers an intriguing location for investigating the effects of cultural elements on consumer reactions to interactive outdoor advertising because it is a vibrant and culturally varied metropolis. The scope of this study is limited to Shanghai's interactive outdoor advertising. It explores how cultural influences affect consumer attitudes and behaviors, taking into account both city residents and tourists. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the efficacy of interactive outdoor advertising and the influence of cultural factors on customer behaviors. Based on it, this study aims to investigate the impact of cultural factors, consumer attitudes and behaviors, and the socio-economic environment on outdoor advertising in Shanghai, as well as the moderating role of perceived consumer effectiveness. This study adopts a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional approach. A longitudinal research design is utilized, collecting data in five phases from a sample of 375 respondents. The respondents comprise a mix of local residents and visitors to Shanghai. The data collection process includes surveys and interviews to gather information on consumer attitudes, behaviors, and the socio-economic environment. Smart PLS is employed for data analysis, enabling the examination of relationships between variables. The study found that cultural factors such as individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation have a significant impact on consumer attitudes towards outdoor advertising. Moreover, the study revealed that consumer effectiveness plays a moderating role in the relationship between cultural factors and consumer attitudes. Overall, this study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence consumer attitudes towards outdoor advertising.

The Effect of Hair Salon Consumers Conspicuous Consumption Tendency and Desire for Self-expression on Psychological Happiness

For the empirical survey, a total of 360 questionnaires were distributed from May 13, 2023 to June 15, 2023 to beauty consumers living nationwide, and 330 copies were collected, and 300 copies were used as the final analysis data, excluding 30 copies with insincere responses. This study used SPSS 24.0 to conduct frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis of a total of 300 questionnaires for beauty consumers living across the country to provide information for sales improvement and marketing by providing services tailored to consumer characteristics. As a result, conspicuous consumption tendencies were extracted in four dimensions : pursuit of individuality orientation, pursuit of fashion orientation, high price orientation, and brand orientation, and desire for self-expression needs were extracted in two dimensions : individuality, image management, and psychological happiness extracted in a single dimension. The more conspicuous the consumption tendency and the desire for self-expression brought out the higher the psychological happiness. In future studies, if various consumption propensity categories are subdivided and conducted, it is expected that it can be used as useful marketing data to identify the consumption propensity of beauty consumers and encourage the development of the beauty industry.

Managing the social potential of the information environment as a basis for demographic sustainability

In the context of increasing instability in international relations it is one of the forms and strategies in the struggle for human potential. Ideologies, which are actively used to destroy the socio-economic systems of other countries, influence the value orientations of individuals, change their motivation for effective interaction in the preservation and sovereign development of their own national model, become a powerful weapon in the era of digital transformation of society. Under these conditions, it becomes necessary to manage the social potential of the information environment as a condition of demographic security. The article describes the results of the research concerning the influence of information environment on the changes in demographic attitudes and migratory behavior, as well as on the socio-demographic situation in the country in general. The necessity of identifying informational and socio-cultural factors that have an impact on sustainable demographic development of the republic is reviewed.

A Comparison of Mate Preferences in Asexual and Allosexual Adults.

Asexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by a lack of sexual attraction. Sexual attraction is likely associated with preferences for certain characteristics in romantic partners, such as physical attractiveness. Preferred partner characteristics can be influenced by an individual's sexual orientation, gender, and age. Allosexual (N = 239; male = 48, female = 181, other = 4; Age M = 20.48years) and asexual participants (N = 149; male = 36, female = 88, other = 23; Age M = 25.54years) recruited from a pool of psychology students and through online asexual communities were presented with a survey in which a total of 388 participants rated 13 characteristics according to how desirable they were in a potential long-term romantic partner. Characteristics that are related to physical attractiveness were predicted to be rated lower by asexual participants than by allosexual participants. Asexual participants rated the desire to have children as being less desirable in a romantic partner than allosexual participants did. However, preferences for other traits, such as exciting personality, creative and artistic, and religious, were dependent on interactions of gender and attraction to men or women. Because asexual individuals report generally lower levels of sexual attraction, it will be important for future research to consider romantic attraction as a more nuanced measure than sexual orientation alone when considering sex differences in asexual and allosexual populations.

Regional Differences in Uptake of Vaccination against COVID-19 and Influenza in Germany: Results from the DigiHero Cohort.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, vaccination uptake exhibited considerable regional disparities. To assess the factors contributing to this variation, we examined the association of sociodemographic variables with COVID-19, COVID-19 booster, and influenza vaccination status within a cohort of 37,078 participants from 13 German federal states in the digital health cohort study commonly known as DigiHero. Our findings revealed variations in vaccination rates based on sociodemographic factors. However, these factors had limited explanatory power regarding regional differences in vaccine uptake. In contrast, we found substantial correlations between regional support of specific parties during the last local elections and the vaccination uptake at the level of each administrative district. In conclusion, sociodemographic factors alone did not suffice to explain the regional disparities in vaccine uptake. Political stances can play a major role, although the current investigation did not assess individual political orientations but rather used only an ecological approach.

Направленность и интенсивность трансляции ценностных ориентаций в спортивной среде в российских средствах массовой информации

The relevance of the conducted research lies in the fact that at the present stage of society development, mass media, broadcast content, is an important factor of socialization, formation of models of socially adequate be-havior, generally accepted value orientations of individuals – its consumers, including young athletes. Never-theless, many value orientations are still not formed, moreover a neutral or positive attitude towards unac-ceptable social phenomena is could often be detected. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the direction and intensity of the transmission of the val-ues theme in sports in the Russian mass media. Content analysis of such Russian Internet media as “Champi-onat.com”, “Sport24”, “RIA Novosti Sport” (sports – soccer, hockey, figure skating) was carried out. The study was conducted over a three-month period (February – April 2023). As a category of analysis, the concept of “value orientations in sports” was used, which was further divided into several units of analysis. The search was carried out with the help of keywords divided into several groups representing generally accepted value orien-tations characteristic of the sphere of sport. The following conclusions are drawn as a result of the analysis. Firstly, there is a paucity of materials touching upon the topic of socially approved value orientations. In various media such publications range from 0.5 % to 3.0 %. Secondly, in those publications that are available, the media broadcast an ambivalent and, at times, contradictory attitude to certain manifestations of deviant behavior and violations of generally accepted values, there is no clear understanding of what is acceptable in each sport and what is not.

A post-individualistic turn? Intergenerational change in self-orientation in Poland and Germany

One of the key sociological aspects of the transformation of Central and Eastern Europe after communism was a shift from collectivistic to individualistic orientations. This article observes trends in individualism, operationalized as self-orientation, in Poland and Germany, with the latter further dissected into western and eastern part of the country. While western Germany was originally contrasted with former communist countries in this respect, a growing and stable convergence was later generally assumed. This is verified in the form of a lagged comparison between two birth cohorts, one that reached adulthood in the late 1980s and another born at that time. Data from the German Socio-Economic Panel along with two complementary Polish surveys are used in the analysis. The results show no presumed linear convergence in individualism and instead a consistent “post-individualistic” turn led by western Germany. This trend is less pronounced in women as there seem to be counterbalancing processes at play.

Do all roads lead to Rome? A multi-case analysis of informal learning and team innovation

PurposeIn this study, the authors use the actor-network theory (ANT) as a theoretical framework to better understand constructing learning as part of the networking process to produce innovations. Focussing on the antecedents of innovation within three teams in an engineering company, the authors propose a framework to enhance understanding of the innovative processes. The authors apply ANT to examine how informal learning is distributed amongst human and non-human actors.Design/methodology/approachBased on 27 interviews in a large Australian engineering company, the authors' qualitative investigation shows that innovation can have very different antecedents. The authors mobilised ANT as the authors' vantage point to explore inanimate actors and their effect on social processes or, more specifically, networks and informal learning.FindingsThe authors propose a framework to better understand innovative processes by exploring the network aspects of non-human actors and their connection to learning. More specifically, findings contribute towards a more granulated understanding of how networks, learning and non-human actors contribute towards innovations in organisations.Practical implicationsThis study has three significant implications for managers and organisations looking to improve their innovation processes. Firstly, fostering open communication is essential for developing successful innovation processes. Secondly, a close relationship with the customer and/or the final users has often been found to positively contribute to innovation processes. Finally, intrateam motivation is also critical when it comes to creating an environment that supports innovation processes.Originality/valueSurprisingly, leadership, communication and motivation did not give the best innovative outcome as the authors expected. Challenging traditional theorisations, low teamwork spirit and high individual performance orientation were some of the powerful drivers of highly innovative teams.

Are IT Workers from Mars? An Examination of Their National Culture Dimensions

The information technology (IT) workforce is characterized by several unique and contextual factors, such as the technology, the occupation itself, and the human factors. Among the human factors, global information systems (IS) studies have examined the role of national culture to explain many workforce differences and nuances across nations. In such cross-cultural research, IS researchers have primarily utilized the published scores of national culture dimensions as provided by the preeminent social psychologist and culture scholar Geert Hofstede and have applied them to various IT populations within a country. Given that the IT profession is unique in many respects, and there is cultural heterogeneity within a country, our study embarked on independently measuring and verifying the national culture values of IT employees in 37 countries. By using the original Hofstede scales, scores were obtained on five national culture dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation. We found significant differences between the national culture scores of IT employees and those available in the literature for the general population. Our results are novel and have profound significance. There are major implications for both past and future studies in cross-cultural research as well as for practitioners who interpret and utilize the findings of such research.

Visual orientation discrimination skills are tightly linked with specific aspects of human intelligence.

We investigate the notion that basic visual information is acting as a building block for more complex cognitive processes in humans. Specifically, we measured individual visual orientation discrimination thresholds to report significant correlations against the total standardised intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal-IQ and non-verbal IQ scores evaluated using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition (WASI-II) test battery comprising Verbal Reasoning, Block Design, Similarities and Matrix Reasoning subtests (N = 92). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that participants' performance in our visual discrimination task, could be explained only by individual scores in Verbal Reasoning which quantifies the ability to comprehend and describe words and Matrix Reasoning, which evaluates general visual processing skills including abstract and spatial perception. Our results demonstrate that low-level visual abilities and high-level cognitive processes are more tightly interwoven together than previously thought and this result could pave the way for further research on how cognition can be defined by basic sensory processes.

Attracted to the Hustle? An Impression Management Perspective on Entrepreneurial Hustle in New Venture Recruitment

AbstractResearch has shown that impression management helps entrepreneurs access critical resources, but insights into applying concrete impression management techniques in new venture recruitment remain scarce. This knowledge gap represents a challenge for new ventures facing disadvantages in recruitment. We propose self‐presentations of entrepreneurial hustle as an effective impression management technique for entrepreneurs. Such self‐presentations to applicants increase the perceived competence and thereby the attractiveness of entrepreneurs' new ventures. We introduce applicants' individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurs' gender as factors influencing the relationship between entrepreneurial hustle and perceived entrepreneurial competence. Employing an experimental vignette methodology across three samples – a main sample drawn from mTurk (N = 613) and two additional samples from Prolific (N = 130) and German management students (N = 188) – we find that perceived competence mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial hustle and perceived organizational attractiveness. While individual entrepreneurial orientation weakens the effect of entrepreneurial hustle self‐presentations on perceived competence, we do not find an influence of entrepreneurs' gender. This research indicates mechanisms and contingencies regarding the effect of entrepreneurial hustle self‐presentations. Our results advance not only research on entrepreneurial hustle but also theory on interviewer‐level impression management and new venture recruitment.

Gamified online surveys: Assessing experience with self-determination theory.

We developed four online interfaces supporting citizen participation in decision-making. We included (1) learning loops (LLs), good practice in decision analysis, and (2) gamification, to enliven an otherwise long and tedious survey. We investigated the effects of these features on drop-out rate, perceived experience, and basic psychological needs (BPNs): autonomy, competence, and relatedness, all from self-determination theory. We also investigated how BPNs and individual causality orientation influence experience of the four interfaces. Answers from 785 respondents, representative of the Swiss German-speaking population in age and gender, provided insightful results. LLs and gamification increased drop-out rate. Experience was better explained by the BPN satisfaction than by the interface, and this was moderated by respondents' causality orientations. LLs increased the challenge, and gamification enhanced the social experience and playfulness. LLs frustrated all three needs, and gamification satisfied relatedness. Autonomy and relatedness both positively influenced the social experience, but competence was negatively correlated with challenge. All observed effects were small. Hence, using gamification for decision-making is questionable, and understanding individual variability is a prerequisite; this study has helped disentangle the diversity of responses to survey design options.