Identification Of Individuals Research Articles

Identification of individuals from low template blood samples using whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing

Biological trace samples consisting of very few cells pose a challenge to conventional forensic genetic DNA analysis. RNA may be an alternative to DNA when handling low template samples. Whereas each cell only contains two copies of an autosomal DNA segment, the transcriptome retains much of the genomic variation replicated in abundant RNA fragments. In this study, we describe the development of a prototype RNA-based SNP selection set for forensic human identification from low template samples (50 pg gDNA). Whole blood from a subset of the Danish population (41 individuals) and blood stains subjected to degradation at room temperature for up to two weeks were analysed by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. Concordance was determined by DNA genotyping with the Infinium Omni5–4 SNP chip. In the 100 protein-coding genes with the most reads, 5214 bi-allelic SNPs with gnomAD minor allele frequencies > 0.1 in the African/African American, East Asian, and (non-Finnish) European populations were identified. Of these, 24 SNPs in 21 genes passed screening in whole blood and degraded blood stains, with a resulting mean match probability of 4.5 ∙ 10−9. Additionally, ancestry informative SNPs and SNPs in genes useful for body fluid identification were identified in the transcriptome. Consequently, shotgun sequencing of RNA from low template samples may be used for a vast host of forensic genetics purposes, including simultaneous human and body fluid identification, leading to direct donor identification in the identified body fluid.

The dynamic dimension of identity in Palestinian citizens of Israel

ABSTRACT The theoretical interest in identity is long-standing and has witnessed many shifts, from the perception of identity as essential to its perception as the individual's ever-changing personal choice. In the current article, I argue that identity is dynamic and changes not only through different periods but also at any given moment as part of the negotiation the individual has with their environment. This argument will be established with a case study of the Palestinian citizens in Israel through in-depth interviews relating to the collective identity of a group of minority citizens. The main findings suggest that the identity of certain individuals is dynamic at any given moment. This dynamism is largely influenced by a liminal citizenship, giving rise to a discourse of stipulation. The Israeli-Palestinians’ Israeli identity is contingent upon the exercise of their civil rights, the promotion of tolerance within the Jewish majority group, and the prevailing condition of the Palestinian people.

Promising algorithms to perilous applications: a systematic review of risk stratification tools for predicting healthcare utilisation

ObjectivesRisk stratification tools that predict healthcare utilisation are extensively integrated into primary care systems worldwide, forming a key component of anticipatory care pathways, where high-risk individuals are targeted by preventative...

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for poor outcomes of invasive pneumococcal disease in pediatric patients in China

BackgroundInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a significant health concern in children worldwide. In this study, we aimed to analyze the clinical features, antibiotic resistance, and risk variables for poor outcomes in patients with IPD in Hangzhou.MethodsA retrospective single-centre study was performed using the pediatric intensive care (PIC) database from 2010 to 2018. The clinical characteristics, laboratory data, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors for in-hospital mortality and sepsis in patients with IPD in intensive care units (ICUs) were analyzed systematically.ResultsA total of 178 IPD patients were included in the study. The majority of the IPD children were 2–10 years old. Antimicrobial resistance tests of S. pneumoniae isolates revealed high resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and compound sulfamethoxazole (SMZ-Co). All the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, telithromycin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin. IPD patients may experience poor outcomes, including death and sepsis. The in-hospital mortality was 3.93%, and 34.27% of patients suffered from sepsis. Temperature (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.62–8.87; P = 0.0021), Partial Pressure of Oxygen in Arterial Blood (PaO2) (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00; P = 0.0266), and albumin (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80–0.99; P = 0.0329) were found to be independent risk factors for sepsis in children with IPD.ConclusionPediatric IPD deserves attention in China. Appropriate surveillance and antibiotic selection are crucial in managing resistant strains. Early identification of high-risk individuals with risk factors contributes to the development of appropriate treatment strategies.

Skeletal Manifestations of Gender-Affirming Medical Interventions for Aiding in the Preliminary Identification of Trans Individuals

Because of systemic discrimination, transgender individuals are at greater risk of being the victims of violence and of homicide. Accurate post-mortem identification from skeletonized remains of transgender individuals must be incorporated into a new standard for forensic anthropological analyses. A critical component of any investigation is the assessment of skeletal remains for evidence of gender-affirming care. A systematic review of the current medical literature was conducted to compile in one document descriptions of changes that could be used by forensic anthropologists to recognize skeletal manifestations resulting from gender-affirming surgeries, including facial feminization surgery (FFS), shoulder width reduction surgery, and limb-lengthening procedures. These skeletal changes, when present bilaterally and without evidence of healed trauma, serve as key indicators of a person’s transgender identity postmortem. Recognizing common patterns in bone structure alterations due to gender-affirming interventions will assist in identifying transgender individuals and providing closure for families. By integrating markers from gender-affirming care practices into forensic investigations, this research contributes to more inclusive and rigorous forensic investigations.

Gender-affirming surgeries for transgender and gender diverse individuals and associated health outcomes.

Gender-affirming care is treatment that recognizes and affirms the gender identity of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals. Though not all TGD people choose to surgically transition, gender-affirming surgeries (GAS) are an important part of many TGD people's transition. GAS can include a wide array of procedures aimed at aligning an individual's physical characteristics and gender identity. This review describes the most common procedures considered to be GAS, detailing important relevant considerations for each procedure. These include transfeminine procedures (i.e., breast augmentation, penile inversion vaginoplasty, orchiectomy, tracheal shave, and facial feminization); transmasculine procedures (i.e., chest masculinization, hysterectomy, phalloplasty, and metoidioplasty); and other procedures (i.e., fertility preservation and hair removal). Patient outcomes and the legal landscape for GAS are also discussed to contextualize these procedures within largest discourses surrounding gender-affirming care.

Retention of p‐Chip microtransponders and posttagging survival of small‐bodied stream fishes

AbstractObjectiveObtaining demographic rates often requires complex open‐population capture–mark–recapture (CMR) study designs. Conducting such studies for small‐bodied fishes has been limited in part by excessive mortality after tagging procedures and poor tag retention. As new tag types emerge, information regarding fish survival and tag retention over varying time scales may benefit resource managers to effectively plan future CMR studies. The p‐Chip microtransponder is a 500‐ × 500‐ × 100‐μm tag that is inserted subcutaneously and is read with a handheld laser. Each tag contains a nine‐digit unique identification number. P‐Chip microtransponder tags have been used on a limited number of small‐bodied fishes, with relatively high rates observed for fish survival and tag retention. Information on posttagging survival and retention of p‐Chip microtransponder tags across a range of small‐bodied fish species and tagging locations is needed to inform their effectiveness in future CMR studies.MethodsWe quantified survival and tag retention after p‐Chip microtransponder implantation in Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus and Northern Pearl Dace Margariscus nachtriebi in a laboratory environment, and retention of p‐Chip microtransponder tags in Northern Pearl Dace was also quantified over a year‐long field study. We marked 56 Creek Chub and 9 Northern Pearl Dace in the laboratory with p‐Chip microtransponder tags and compared them to an equal number of unmarked individuals over 90 days. We marked 1990 Northern Pearl Dace and conducted recapture events through four seasons (June, September, and October 2022 and June 2023) in four headwater streams of Nebraska.ResultSurvival for Creek Chub was 85% (standard error [SE] = 5.9) and did not differ from control fish survival (95%; SE = 3.2) in the 90‐day laboratory experiment. Survival for Northern Pearl Dace was 89% (SE = 11.0) and did not differ from that of control fish (100%) in the laboratory experiment. Tag retention was 89% (SE = 4.6) for Creek Chub and 100% for Northern Pearl Dace in the laboratory. The p‐Chip microtransponder performed well during the CMR field study, with tag retention for Northern Pearl Dace at 94% across 374 days.ConclusionOur results suggest that the p‐Chip microtransponder minimally affected small‐bodied fish survival and had high tag retention in both the laboratory and field studies. Thus, the p‐Chip microtransponder tag may be appropriate for use in small‐bodied fishes when individual identification is needed in a CMR study.

Decoding children dental health risks: a machine learning approach to identifying key influencing factors.

This study investigates key factors influencing dental caries risk in children aged 7 and under using machine learning techniques. By addressing dental caries' prevalence, it aims to enhance early identification and preventative strategies for high-risk individuals. Data from clinical examinations of 356 children were analyzed using Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, and Random Forests models. These models assessed the influence of dietary habits, fluoride exposure, and socio-economic status on caries risk, emphasizing accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC metrics. Poor oral hygiene, high sugary diet, and low fluoride exposure were identified as significant caries risk factors. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance, illustrating the potential of machine learning in complex health data analysis. Our SHAP analysis identified poor oral hygiene, high sugary diet, and low fluoride exposure as significant caries risk factors. Machine learning effectively identifies and quantifies dental caries risk factors in children. This approach supports targeted interventions and preventive measures, improving pediatric dental health outcomes. By leveraging machine learning to pinpoint crucial caries risk factors, this research lays the groundwork for data-driven preventive strategies, potentially reducing caries prevalence and promoting better dental health in children.

Amyloid-PET imaging predicts functional decline in clinically normal individuals

BackgroundThere is good evidence that elevated amyloid-β (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) signal is associated with cognitive decline in clinically normal (CN) individuals. However, it is less well established whether there is an association between the Aβ burden and decline in daily living activities in this population. Moreover, Aβ-PET Centiloids (CL) thresholds that can optimally predict functional decline have not yet been established.MethodsCross-sectional and longitudinal analyses over a mean three-year timeframe were performed on the European amyloid-PET imaging AMYPAD-PNHS dataset that phenotypes 1260 individuals, including 1032 CN individuals and 228 participants with questionable functional impairment. Amyloid-PET was assessed continuously on the Centiloid (CL) scale and using Aβ groups (CL < 12 = Aβ-, 12 ≤ CL ≤ 50 = Aβ-intermediate/Aβ± , CL > 50 = Aβ+). Functional abilities were longitudinally assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating (Global-CDR, CDR-SOB) and the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q). The Global-CDR was available for the 1260 participants at baseline, while baseline CDR-SOB and A-IADL-Q scores and longitudinal functional data were available for different subsamples that had similar characteristics to those of the entire sample.ResultsParticipants included 765 Aβ- (61%, Mdnage = 66.0, IQRage = 61.0–71.0; 59% women), 301 Aβ± (24%; Mdnage = 69.0, IQRage = 64.0–75.0; 53% women) and 194 Aβ+ individuals (15%, Mdnage = 73.0, IQRage = 68.0–78.0; 53% women). Cross-sectionally, CL values were associated with CDR outcomes. Longitudinally, baseline CL values predicted prospective changes in the CDR-SOB (bCL*Time = 0.001/CL/year, 95% CI [0.0005,0.0024], p = .003) and A-IADL-Q (bCL*Time = -0.010/CL/year, 95% CI [-0.016,-0.004], p = .002) scores in initially CN participants. Increased clinical progression (Global-CDR > 0) was mainly observed in Aβ+ CN individuals (HRAβ+ vs Aβ- = 2.55, 95% CI [1.16,5.60], p = .020). Optimal thresholds for predicting decline were found at 41 CL using the CDR-SOB (bAβ+ vs Aβ- = 0.137/year, 95% CI [0.069,0.206], p < .001) and 28 CL using the A-IADL-Q (bAβ+ vs Aβ- = -0.693/year, 95% CI [-1.179,-0.208], p = .005).ConclusionsAmyloid-PET quantification supports the identification of CN individuals at risk of functional decline.Trial registrationThe AMYPAD PNHS is registered at www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu with the EudraCT Number: 2018-002277-22.

Fantasy strolling beyond the stage: A study of fan-culture geography of the Takarazuka Revue

ABSTRACT The Takarazuka Revue is commonly differentiated from other Japanese theatres based on their gendered stage performances and distinct relations between the performers and their patrons. So far, little research has been conducted on Takarazuka’s fan culture beyond the prism of a theatre performance and performer/fan relationships, especially when it comes to issues such as locality, fan tourism, or fans’ consumer practices that are not limited to the activities of fan clubs. Looking at Takarazuka from the perspective of the imagined core of Takarazuka fan culture offers us a glimpse into the reasons for the unprecedented popularity of this establishment: the fantasy beyond the stage. Drawing on ethnographic data from fieldwork conducted in Takarazuka City and interview data with Takarazuka fans, this article examines Takarazuka fans’ perceptions of Takarazuka Revue’s birthplace, the core of Takarazuka City, and the landscape surrounding its home-theatre, the Takarazuka Grand Theatre. I explore how past memories, lived experiences, and personal encounters of individual fans transform an urban neighbourhood into a shared fantasy surpassing the theatre stage; an embodied space characterised by movement, liminality, and affect, which is hidden behind the idea of the “Takarazuka space”. I argue that Takarazuka fans’ awareness of the ubiquitous Takarazuka space on both communal and personal levels signifies a multi-layered fantasy which exceeds the expectations of theatregoing practices, and provides us insight into the way local theatres within urban landscapes have the potential to shape individual fan identities and promote the creation of fan networks.

Decoding faces: Misalignments of gender identification in automated systems

Automated Facial Analysis technologies, predominantly used for facial detection and recognition, have garnered significant attention in recent years. Although these technologies have seen advancements and widespread adoption, biases embedded within systems have raised ethical concerns. This research aims to delve into the disparities of Automatic Gender Recognition systems (AGRs), particularly their oversimplification of gender identities through a binary lens. Such a reductionist perspective is known to marginalize and misgender individuals. This study set out to investigate the alignment of an individual's gender identity and its expression through the face with societal norms, and the perceived difference between misgendering experiences from machines versus humans. Insights were gathered through an online survey, utilizing an AGR system to simulate misgendering experiences. The overarching goal is to shed light on gender identity nuances and guide the creation of more ethically responsible and inclusive facial recognition software.

Development and validation of a nomogram predictive model for cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease: a comprehensive retrospective analysis.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common neurodegenerative condition in the elderly, closely associated with cognitive impairment. Early identification of individuals with CSVD who are at a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment is crucial for timely intervention and improving patient outcomes. The aim of this study is to construct a predictive model utilizing LASSO regression and binary logistic regression, with the objective of precisely forecasting the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD. The study utilized LASSO regression for feature selection and logistic regression for model construction in a cohort of CSVD patients. The model's validity was assessed through calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). A nomogram was developed to predict cognitive impairment, incorporating hypertension, CSVD burden, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) levels, and age. The model exhibited high accuracy with AUC values of 0.866 and 0.852 for the training and validation sets, respectively. Calibration curves confirmed the model's reliability, and DCA highlighted its clinical utility. The model's sensitivity and specificity were 75.3 and 79.7% for the training set, and 76.9 and 74.0% for the validation set. This study successfully demonstrates the application of machine learning in developing a reliable predictive model for cognitive impairment in CSVD. The model's high accuracy and robust predictive capability provide a crucial tool for the early detection and intervention of cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD, potentially improving outcomes for this specific condition.

Everything is in hand: when and why electronic performance monitoring leads to supervisor undermining

PurposeThis research aims to address the knowledge gap regarding the influence of electronic performance monitoring (EPM) on supervisors' behavior. Building upon the sociomaterial perspective and the general model of disinhibition, the study explores the internal mechanisms and boundary conditions between supervisor EPM use and supervisor undermining.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was administered via the Sojump platform, inviting supervisors from diverse industries in China to participate in a three-wave study, each wave being approximately two weeks apart. The study gathered multi-wave data from 225 supervisors to assess the conceptual model.FindingsThe results showed that supervisor EPM use was positively related to sense of power, which in turn positively related to supervisor undermining. Furthermore, supervisors' individual identity orientation moderates the relationship between supervisor EPM use and sense of power, as well as the indirect relationship between supervisor EPM use and supervisor undermining through sense of power.Practical implicationsThis study advocates for responsible EPM use to mitigate supervisor undermining (e.g. making subordinates feel incompetent) and minimize negative leadership behaviors.Originality/valueThe presented results signify a substantial progression in comprehending the interplay between supervisor EPM use and individual identity orientation, and their combined impact on the sense of power and subsequent supervisor undermining.

Silent Rebellion: Dialectics of Individual and Collective

This review delves into the core social phenomenon reflected in "The Silent Majority"-the conflict between the individual and the collective. By analyzing relevant discussions and examples in Wang Xiaobo's works, it reveals the multiple facets of this conflict, including its manifestation in the specific socio-cultural context of China and its profound impact on individual identity, freedom, and social structure. The paper explores the roots of the individual-collective conflict from cultural, historical, and social structural perspectives and analyzes the manifestations and development trends of this conflict in the ever-changing modern society. It also discusses how to balance individual freedom and collective interests in the face of this conflict and the importance of this balance in promoting social harmony and individual development. Through a detailed analysis of "The Silent Majority" and its corresponding phenomena, this review aims to provide insights for understanding and addressing the complex relationship between individuals and the collective and to propose constructive thoughts and suggestions for contemporary society.

Accurate identification of individuals with subjective cognitive decline using 3D regional fractal dimensions on structural magnetic resonance imaging

Background and ObjectiveAccurate identification of individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is crucial for early intervention and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Fractal dimensionality (FD) has emerged as a robust and replicable measure, surpassing traditional geometric metrics, in characterizing the intricate fractal geometrical properties of brain structure. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of FD in identifying individuals with SCD remains largely unclear. A 3D regional FD method can be suggested to characterize and quantify the spatial complexity of the precise gray matter, providing insights into cognitive aging and aiding in the automated identification of individuals with SCD. MethodsThis study introduces a novel integer ratio based 3D box-counting fractal analysis (IRBCFA) to quantify regional fractal dimensions (FDs) in structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The innovative method overcomes limitations of conventional box-counting techniques by accommodating arbitrary box sizes, thereby enhancing the precision of FD estimation in small, yet neurologically significant, brain regions. ResultsThe application of IRBCFA to two publicly available datasets, OASIS-3 and ADNI, consisting of 520 and 180 subjects, respectively. The method identified discriminative regions of interest (ROIs) predominantly within the limbic system, fronto-parietal region, occipito-temporal region, and basal ganglia-thalamus region. These ROIs exhibited significant correlations with cognitive functions, including executive functioning, memory, social cognition, and sensory perception, suggesting their potential as neuroimaging markers for SCD. The identification model trained on these ROIs demonstrated exceptional performance achieving over 93 % accuracy on the discovery dataset and exceeding 87 % on the independent testing dataset. Furthermore, an exchange experiment between datasets revealed a substantial overlap in discriminative ROIs, highlighting the robustness of our method across diverse populations. ConclusionOur findings indicate that IRBCFA can serve as a valuable tool for quantifying the spatial complexity of gray matter, providing insights into cognitive aging and aiding in the automated identification of individuals with SCD. The demonstrated generalizability and robustness of this method position it as a promising tool for neurodegenerative disease research and offer potential for clinical applications.

Population genetics for 18 short tandem repeat loci (Canine GenotypesTM Panel 2.1 Kit) of 150 unrelated dogs from three pure-bred groups in Japan

Similar to that in Europe and the United States, the need for forensic DNA identification in dogs is increasing in Japan. As few studies have used commercial genotyping kits, the effectiveness of the Canine GenotypesTM Panel 2.1 Kit for individual DNA identification in dogs bred in Japan was examined. We genotyped 150 unrelated dogs (50 Golden Retrievers, 50 Miniature Dachshunds, and 50 Shiba Inu) at 18 canine short tandem repeat loci by the Kit. The allele frequency, expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, p-value, power of the discriminant, and of exclusion, polymorphic information content, and random matching probability were calculated for each marker. The random matching probability was subsequently estimated to be 4.394×10-22 in the 150 dogs of the three pure-bred groups based on 18 STR loci; 3.257 × 10−16 in the Golden Retriever, 3.933 × 10−18 in the Miniature Dachshund, and 2.107 × 10−18 in the Shiba Inu breeds. In addition, principal component analysis based on genotype data revealed the Golden Retrievers, Miniature Dachshunds, and Shiba Inus separated into three clusters. The results of the genotype analysis showed that the Canine GenotypesTM Panel 2.1 Kit could be useful for identity testing and tool of population study of canines in Japan.

Sex estimation and sexual dimorphism analysis through hand anthropometry: Insights from a cross-sectional study

One crucial aspect of a forensic procedure is sex estimation during individual identification. Hand and its remains are usually among the common body parts found in scenes of mass disasters during forensic investigations. Hand outlines are also important in several biomedical fields such as prosthetics, plastic surgery, and ergonomics. This cross-sectional study was done to investigate sexual dimorphism and discriminate sex using hand and hand print dimensions of 283 male and 317 female subjects who were randomly selected. Bare hand measurement and bilateral hand prints were obtained using Vernier caliper, inked pad, and A4 plain paper. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 IBM. Sexual dimorphism in all the hand dimensions and prints of both hands were observed. The binary logistic regression model showed that in the left hand, bare left-hand breadth (BLHB) was the single best variable to discriminate sex with a percentage accuracy of 69.5 %. Bare right-hand breadth (BRHB) was the best predictor in the right hand with a percentage accuracy of 71.8 %. The predicted probabilities of the binary logistic model (BLR) for the variables that contributed best to the prediction were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. It was observed that the BLHB and BRHB had the highest area under the curve (above 0.5) in the hand and print variables respectively. Sexual dimorphism and sex determination were established in this study using hand dimensions and prints. The BLHB and BRHB were the best sex determinants in this study. Although the accuracies of sex estimation from both hands in this study are low, it does confirm and support previous reports of handbreadth being the best variable for sex estimation.

Temporal patterns of gut microbiota in lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer) living in intact and disturbed habitats in a novel sample type.

The gut microbiome is a plastic phenotype; gut microbial composition is highly variable across an individual host's lifetime and between host social groups, and this variation has consequences for host health. However, we do not yet fully understand how longitudinal microbial dynamics and their social drivers may be influenced by ecological stressors, such as habitat degradation. Answering these questions is difficult in most wild animal systems, as it requires long-term collections of matched host, microbiome, and environmental trait data. To test if temporal and social influences on microbiome composition differ by the history of human disturbance, we leveraged banked, desiccated fecal samples collected over 5 months in 2004 from two ecologically distinct populations of wild, red-bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer) that are part of a long-term study system. We found that social group explained more variation in microbiome composition than host population membership did, and that temporal variation in common microbial taxa was similar between populations, despite differences in history of human disturbance. Furthermore, we found that social group membership and collection month were both more important than individual lemur identity. Taken together, our results suggest that synchronized environments use can lead to synchronized microbial dynamics over time, even between habitats of varying quality, and that desiccated samples could become a viable approach for studying primate gut microbiota. Our work opens the door for other projects to utilize historic biological sample data sets to answer novel temporal microbiome questions in an ecological context.

Decoding the best automated segmentation tools for vascular white matter hyperintensities in the aging brain: a clinician's guide to precision and purpose.

White matter hyperintensities of vascular origin (WMH) are commonly found in individuals over 60 and increase in prevalence with age. The significance of WMH is well-documented, with strong associations with cognitive impairment, risk of stroke, mental health, and brain structure deterioration. Consequently, careful monitoring is crucial for the early identification and management of individuals at risk. Luckily, WMH are detectable and quantifiable on standard MRI through visual assessment scales, but it is time-consuming and has high rater variability. Addressing this issue, the main aim of our study is to decipher the utility of quantitative measures of WMH, assessed with automatic tools, in establishing risk profiles for cerebrovascular deterioration. For this purpose, first, we work to determine the most precise WMH segmentation open access tool compared to clinician manual segmentations (LST-LPA, LST-LGA, SAMSEG, and BIANCA), offering insights into methodology and usability to balance clinical precision with practical application. The results indicated that supervised algorithms (LST-LPA and BIANCA) were superior, particularly in detecting small WMH, and can improve their consistency when used in parallel with unsupervised tools (LST-LGA and SAMSEG). Additionally, to investigate the behavior and real clinical utility of these tools, we tested them in a real-world scenario (N = 300; age > 50 y.o. and MMSE > 26), proposing an imaging biomarker for moderate vascular damage. The results confirmed its capacity to effectively identify individuals at risk comparing the cognitive and brain structural profiles of cognitively healthy adults above and below the resulted threshold.

Individual Identification of Medaka, a Small Freshwater Fish, from the Dorsal Side Using Artificial Intelligence

Individual Identification of Medaka, a Small Freshwater Fish, from the Dorsal Side Using Artificial Intelligence