Individual Community Members Research Articles

AGRONOMIC ASSISTANCE OF VLADIMIR ZEMSTVO TO THE POPULATION DURING THE YEARS OF STOLYPIN’S AGRARIAN REFORM

This article, devoted to clarifying the role of zemstvo institutions in the implementation of agrarian reform by Pyotr Stolypin, lies in the mainstream of regional history and is based on materials from one of the central Russian provinces – Vladimir. Based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, including archival ones, the author shows that numerous councilors of zemstvo as well of those serving there for hire did not immediately support government initiatives; however, in the beginning of the second stage of the reform, they were involved in its implementation and made an invaluable contribution to organising land management work and providing agronomic assistance to both individual peasant households and community members. The agricultural courses, readings and conversations conducted by the agronomic services were of utmost importance. Zemstvo agronomic services played an extremely important role in achieving the agrarian reform success, though incomplete; and they contributed to transferring the Russian agriculture to a new technological level.

Barriers and opportunities for implementing prescribed fire: lessons from managers in the mid-Atlantic region, United States

BackgroundPrescribed burning is a beneficial fire management practice used by practitioners worldwide to meet multiple land management objectives, including reduction of wildfire hazard, promotion of biodiversity, and management of vegetation for wildlife and human interests. Meeting these objectives can be difficult due to the need for institutional coordination, resource and policy constraints, and community support. We examined these dynamics in the United States’ mid-Atlantic region because prescribed fire use is increasing in the region to meet a broadening set of land management objectives. Managers are at the frontlines of these challenges and hold significant experience and knowledge for enhancing wildland fire management policy and strategy. Towards better leveraging this insight, we conducted focus groups with fire managers in land management agencies in the region to identify managers’ perceived barriers and opportunities for implementing prescribed fire.ResultsWe found manager perceptions to be hierarchical, with barriers and opportunities expressed across landscape, community, and individual levels. Limited institutional coordination across landscapes was seen by managers as an opportunity for expanding prescribed fire implementation, whereas coping with shared fear or stress about burning among individual managers or individual community members was seen as a significant barrier. Yet, despite different prescribed burning histories and policies at the state level, barriers and opportunities were similar among managers in the mid-Atlantic region.ConclusionsManagers in the mid-Atlantic region confront barriers to prescribed fire use but are also uniquely positioned to recognize opportunities to enhance its implementation. This work sheds light on these barriers and opportunities, revealing that managers desire greater opportunities for landscape-level fire planning and coordination across agencies as well as greater opportunities for community engagement and interpersonal trust-building within complex social-management networks. Manager perspectives from the mid-Atlantic provide lessons for other regions across the globe grappling with new or broadened land-management strategies that include beneficial fire use.

Semiotic Analysis on Sustainable Community Farming: Multimodal Analysis, A Case Study of Community Farming at Desa Impian, Merbau Sempak, Selangor, Malaysia

The majority of global population is in the cities and most tourists are concentrated in the cities. Research on the relationship between urban farming and tourism is gaining popularity in urban studies. In Malaysia, community urban farming has been identified as a solution to sustainable development to provide food in or out of the city. This study is about how the community at Desa Impian, Merbau Sempak promotes organic vegetable farming to academicians and business communities. The idea is to promote this area as a sustainable tourism hub for researchers and business communities. This study is a multimodal semiotic analysis to better understand the dynamic of community farming culture in Malaysia. Using qualitative design and multi-layered analytical framework to explore interactive meanings construed through the functionality of various semiotic resources in multimodal narratives this study reveals the dynamic multi-layered nature of government, individual community members, and public voices about community farming culture from a Malaysian socio-cultural context. On a deeper level, farming at Desa Impian means self-identification and sharing of identity that gives rise to a sense of belonging. This study contributes to the knowledge of multimodal socio-semiotic and narrative theories on sustainable urban farming tourism in Malaysia.

The Impact of Religious Influence on Humanitarianism: Evidence from Local Communities Affected by Floods in Kilosa, Tanzania

This article aims to elucidate the impact of religion on humanitarian practices within local communities affected by floods and the resulting contributions to community survival. Empirical data derived from interviews and focus group discussions conducted with community members in Msowero and Mbigiri wards, Kilosa District, in Morogoro Region, forms the basis of the study findings. Both Muslims and Christians perceive assisting the needy as a divine directive and command, with Holy Scriptures such as the Bible and Quran affirming that those helping their fellow humans will receive divine reward. The act of helping the needy is identified as a means of validating one’s faith, expiating sin, demonstrating respect for others, engaging in worship, and fulfilling a duty to God. The study reveals that individuals in flood-affected local communities actively engage in humanitarianism by helping victims. These acts encompass providing basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter, facilitating education services by covering school fees and acquiring uniforms for students, and offering health-related services. Such humanitarian practices significantly contribute to community survival by ensuring the availability of essential resources for victims, promoting good health and well-being, and facilitating access to social services, particularly education for children. This article not only highlights how religiously influenced humanitarianism is pivotal for community survival but also underscores the essential role played by individual local community members as crucial contributors to government and development partners’ endeavours in safeguarding people’s well-being during and after natural disasters like floods.

Resiliency against food insecurity among the Black population in Scarborough during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundOne of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is the increased level of food insecurity, especially during the first wave. Food insecurity is an indication of poverty and results in serious health and social effects. Even though several studies have been conducted to assess the impact of COVID-19, there is a paucity of information on the role of individual community members and local organizations in addressing food insecurity in the province of Ontario, Canada. Consequently, the objective of this study is to examine the role of individuals and community organizations in addressing food insecurity challenges among the Black population in Scarborough in the Greater Toronto Area.MethodsThis qualitative study recruited 20 Black participants from the TAIBU Community Health Center (CHC) located in Scarborough. Furthermore, the study recruited eight nurses and two Black doctors in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) but only one affiliated with TAIBU. In-depth interviews were used to gather information for analysis. The study used manual coding and NVivo software to analyze the qualitative data.ResultsThe study found that there was a reported incidence of food insecurity among the population but new local food aid organizations sprang up to assist the existing ones in tackling food insecurity. However, the study found that the operations of food aid organizations are not sustainable.ConclusionsDespite the reported cases of food insecurity, local community organizations and individual community members volunteered to support people to boost their resiliency to food insecurity. The findings of the study highlight the role of community organizations in addressing food insecurity during crises including pandemics. Based on the health effects of food insecurity, the study recommends that both federal and provincial governments prioritize food insecurity as a major public health issue.

Institutional rearrangements in the north Luangwa ecosystem: Implications of a shift to community based natural resource management for equity in protected area governance

Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is presented as an equitable approach, particularly relative to strict types of Area-based conservation. In Zambia, traditional and formal, contemporary institutions were combined to leverage CBNRM for natural resource management. We investigate whether and how this shift in conservation approach and interaction between institutions works in practice, and to what extent it produces more equitable governance processes. We identified 30 key informants from NGOs and government departments via snowball sampling. We conducted 20 focus group discussions involving local community participants in three Game Management Areas (GMAs) adjacent to North Luangwa National Park. Focus groups were divided by age and gender to minimize any potential influence of unequal power relations. Data collection included informal discussions with individual community members and participant observation. We found that the customary roles held by chiefs gave them relative power over the Community resources board and made them gatekeepers for NGOs and government institutions. Instead of fostering community participation and empowerment, new CBNRM institutions have had the unintended consequence of increasing the customary chiefs’ power through commercialization and bureaucratization of their positions. Rather than reinforcing local and indigenous institutions CBNRM has become a vehicle through which governments and NGOs centralize power and manufacture consent while weakening traditional institutions and reproducing existing patterns of inequity. This research provides unique insights into the workings of a CBNRM institution that is a hybrid between traditional (socially embedded) and Government (bureaucratic) institutions. We recommend that rather than simply setting up idealized institutions as a means to devolve power and enhance equity, the realisation of effective local participation and representation in CBNRM projects requires careful assessment of cultural contexts, local institutions and power dynamics.

At Home in the Arctic: The Making of Muslim Lives and Places in the Canadian North

Abstract: How do Muslims make places in arctic surroundings? How do they feel at home where Islamic ritual practices are severely complicated by extreme geographic conditions? This article takes up the case of mosque communities in the Canadian Arctic. The construction of three purpose-built mosques in northern Canada in recent years, with a fourth currently underway, reflects aspirations for rootedness, visibility, and most importantly the desire to feel at home. The mosque thereby fulfills different functions of home. It serves as a community home for gatherings, celebrations, and educational and leisure activities, a spiritual center and safe space for individuals, and a place of interaction with the local population. In exploring these themes, this study also adopts a historical lens, considering the broader context and historiography of Muslim settlement and community-building in the Canadian north. The diversity of individual members of Arctic Muslim communities today raises questions regarding religious authority and the interpretation of Islamic traditions across various ethnicities, generations, genders, and branches of Islam. This article examines religious practice at a communal level and the intricate interplay of local and transnational influences within these highly heterogenous Muslim communities. With a stress on rural and northern lived experience of Muslims, this article addresses a significant gap in the study of Islam in Canada and the Western hemisphere in general. Employing concepts of space and place alongside frameworks from Islamic and religious studies, anthropology, migration studies, and social geography, it expands the geographical scope of the study of Muslims. Empirically, this article draws on extensive mapping efforts utilizing diverse sources such as local news outlets, social media, census data, archival sources, and semi-structured interviews with community members from Yellowknife and Inuvik.

Co-designing adult weight management services: a qualitative study exploring barriers, facilitators, and considerations for future commissioning

BackgroundWeight management services have not always benefitted everyone equally. People who live in more deprived areas, racially minoritised communities, those with complex additional needs (e.g., a physical or mental disability), and men are less likely to take part in weight management services. This can subsequently widen health inequalities. One way to counter this is to co-design services with under-served groups to better meet their needs. Using a case study approach, we explored how co-designed adult weight management services were developed, the barriers and facilitators to co-design, and the implications for future commissioning.MethodsWe selected four case studies of adult weight management services in Southwest England where co-design had been planned, representing a range of populations and settings. In each case, we recruited commissioners and providers of the services, and where possible, community members involved in co-design activities. Interviews were conducted online, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsWe interviewed 18 participants (8 female; 10 male): seven commissioners, eight providers, and three community members involved in co-designing the services. The case studies used a range of co-design activities (planned and actualised), from light-touch to more in-depth approaches. In two case studies, co-design activities were planned but were not fully implemented due to organisational time or funding constraints. Co-design was viewed positively by participants as a way of creating more appropriate services and better engagement, thus potentially leading to reduced inequalities. Building relationships– with communities, individual community members, and with partner organisations– was critical for successful co-design and took time and effort. Short-term and unpredictable funding often hindered co-design efforts and could damage relationships with communities. Some commissioners raised concerns over the limited evidence for co-design, while others described having to embrace “a different way of thinking” when commissioning for co-design.ConclusionsCo-design is an increasingly popular approach to designing health in services but can be difficult to achieve within traditional funding and commissioning practices. Drawing on our case studies, we present key considerations for those wanting to co-design health services, noting the importance of building strong relationships, creating supportive organisational cultures, and developing the evidence base.

Exploring the Psychological Well-Being of Tourism Community Members Through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory: A Case Study of Queenstown, New Zealand

Despite a substantial history of research on the well-being of host communities at tourism destinations, the individual psychological well-being of local residents remains an underexplored topic. This study explores the psychological well-being of tourism host community members through a case study of Queenstown, New Zealand. By drawing on the self-determination theory, an innovative focus group analysis approach, microinterlocutor analysis, complemented by thematic analysis, was used to explain the psychological well-being of individual host community members in a nature-based tourism destination. Findings revealed a sense of autonomy, relatedness to people and the natural environment, feelings of competence or mastery, and beneficence-supported psychological well-being. This study extends prior research on the well-being of host communities by identifying key psychological well-being domains explicitly related to host community members. Practical implications of the findings are highlighted with reference to nature-based destinations.

APPLYING A TRAUMA-INFORMED DEI PRACTICE MODEL TO TRANSFORM CARE CULTURE

Abstract Collective trauma is a psychological distress experienced by large numbers of people or communities in response to shared trauma. It has been documented that the traumatic impacts of COVID-19 in concert with discrimination based on any marginalized identity (e.g., racialized, gender, and sexual minorities; poor, chronically-ill) leads to poorer health, work, and life outcomes. Marginalized older adults who have experienced discrimination over the life course are at increased risks for these challenges as they are more likely than any other group to experience infection, hospitalization, or death due to COVID-19. For older workers, they are more likely to remain unemployed or face more challenges at work than younger workers. Additionally, long-term care services and supports serving marginalized populations are more likely to have staff that have marginalized identities themselves and deal with similar challenges. We offer a conceptual model designed to transform care culture in ways that explicitly foster diversity, equity, inclusion and ultimately belonging and empowerment of individual community members. This conceptual model is guided by three founding principles: DEI (diversity, equity and inclusion), intersectionality, and trauma-informed care. This approach allows for care practitioners to address the intersecting structural and compounding challenges of COVID-19 and discrimination, instead of treating them as separate non-competing factors. By mapping out the evidence of collective trauma experienced by many minoritized and older workers; and those in aging services and long-term care sectors, we explain the principles of a trauma-informed approach and how retention and empowerment practices can support transformation of care culture.

From metagenomes to metabolism: Systematically assessing the metabolic flux feasibilities for “Candidatus Accumulibacter” species during anaerobic substrate uptake

With the rapid growing availability of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) and associated metabolic models, the identification of metabolic potential in individual community members has become possible. However, the field still lacks an unbiassed systematic evaluation of the generated metagenomic information to uncover not only metabolic potential, but also feasibilities of these models under specific environmental conditions. In this study, we present a systematic analysis of the metabolic potential in species of "Candidatus Accumulibacter", a group of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). We constructed a metabolic model of the central carbon metabolism and compared the metabolic potential among available MAGs for “Ca. Accumulibacter” species. By combining Elementary Flux Modes Analysis (EFMA) with max-min driving force (MDF) optimization, we obtained all possible flux distributions of the metabolic network and calculated their individual thermodynamic feasibility. Our findings reveal significant variations in the metabolic potential among “Ca. Accumulibacter” MAGs, particularly in the presence of anaplerotic reactions. EFMA revealed 700 unique flux distributions in the complete metabolic model that enable the anaerobic uptake of acetate and its conversion into polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a well-known phenotype of “Ca. Accumulibacter”. However, thermodynamic constraints narrowed down this solution space to 146 models that were stoichiometrically and thermodynamically feasible (MDF > 0 kJ/mol), of which only 8 were strongly feasible (MDF > 7 kJ/mol). Notably, several novel flux distributions for the metabolic model were identified, suggesting putative, yet unreported, functions within the PAO communities. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the metabolic variability among "Ca. Accumulibacter" species and redefines the anaerobic metabolic potential in the context of phosphate removal. More generally, the integrated workflow presented in this paper can be applied to any metabolic model obtained from a MAG generated from microbial communities to objectively narrow the expected phenotypes from community members.

Implications Of Illegal Community Mining For Economic Development In Bangka Regency, Indonesia

The Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia, is renowned for its extensive history of tin mining, a pivotal component of the local economy. Notably, this mining encompasses operations conducted by both corporate entities and individual community members, shaping the region's socio-economic landscape. This research seeks to investigate the multifaceted implications of community-led tin mining activities in Bangka Belitung. Employing a qualitative and socio-legal approach, the study underscores its significance in the acquisition of high-quality data derived from site visits, comprehensive surveys, and interviews with the diverse local community, encompassing various subsistence groups and socio-economic backgrounds. Our findings indicate that individual community mining activities have indeed contributed positively to the economic growth of the Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Province, particularly in the Bangka Regency. However, they also manifest negative repercussions in terms of illegal mining, which adversely affects state revenue due to unregistered taxpayers. Furthermore, these activities hinder human resource development and highlight a deficiency in the supervision of reclamation efforts undertaken by artisanal mining operators. Therefore, the study emphasizes the imperative for government intervention, focusing on community mining permits to enforce reclamation regulations and ensure sustainable, responsible mining practices.

Community benefit agreements for solar energy: Examining values, preferences and perceived benefits in the United States using a discrete choice experiment

Large-scale solar energy developments bring significant environmental and community benefits, but they can also impose negative impacts, particularly on host communities. Community Benefit Agreements (CBAs) have emerged as a strategy to mitigate these adverse effects. This study examines community preferences regarding CBAs associated with large-scale solar farms. Our investigation focuses on two critical CBAs aspects: the choice between mandated or voluntary implementation and the preference for private or collective benefit distribution. Additionally, we explore how individual values shape community members' attitudes towards solar technology. Our findings reveal a clear preference within the surveyed community for privately distributing benefits over establishing a collective trust fund, and for voluntary implementation rather than government mandates. However, it is essential to recognize that the community is not monolithic and can be placed into three classes: a minority of solar-reluctant individuals (7.5 %), a significant solar-receptive group (24.2 %), and a substantial disengaged majority (68.3 %). Among these groups, the solar-receptive segment displays the most interest in private benefits; yet, they favor government-mandated agreements. Moreover, values play a significant role in shaping preferences within each group, with biospherism correlating with greater support for mandated, private benefits among respondents in the reluctant and receptive groups. Conversely, hedonistic values predict a greater inclination among the reluctant group to live further away from solar developments. Based on these findings, policies should prioritize voluntary, private benefit distribution while remaining adaptable to align with community preferences. Engaging community members in the decision-making can help tailor solutions that resonate with their values and preferences.

Whose Good is the Common Good Anyway? A (Late) Response to Claus Offe

This paper answers Claus Offe’s question about the social referent of the common good, i.e., what kinds of entities are beneficiaries of common good-related public policy. I reject two individualistic answers, according to which the reference point of the common good is the totality or majority of individual community members, respectively. Instead, I opt for a holistic answer, according to which the community qua social entity is the beneficiary of the common good.

Complicating images of the modern Chinese woman, from only child to ‘leftover woman’

ABSTRACT Two recent documentaries, Nanfu Wang and Jialing Zhang’s One Child Nation (2019) and Shosh Shlam and Hilla Medalia’s Leftover Women (2019), investigate the legacy of China’s one-child policy and its social impacts on marriage, career and motherhood in the present day. In the films, seemingly progressive young women subjects are depicted against a backdrop of culturally backward and brainwashed individual community members, representing Chinese culture at large, which results in a confusing narrative replete with logical gaps and unanswered questions. This article brings together qualitative data collected from interviews with “leftover women” with film analysis and scholarship on transnational feminism to argue for the importance of critical modes of representation and cautions against the tendency to blame culture.

Assumptions on decision making and environment can yield multiple steady states in microbial community models

BackgroundMicrobial community simulations using genome scale metabolic networks (GSMs) are relevant for many application areas, such as the analysis of the human microbiome. Such simulations rely on assumptions about the culturing environment, affecting if the culture may reach a metabolically stationary state with constant microbial concentrations. They also require assumptions on decision making by the microbes: metabolic strategies can be in the interest of individual community members or of the whole community. However, the impact of such common assumptions on community simulation results has not been investigated systematically.ResultsHere, we investigate four combinations of assumptions, elucidate how they are applied in literature, provide novel mathematical formulations for their simulation, and show how the resulting predictions differ qualitatively. Our results stress that different assumption combinations give qualitatively different predictions on microbial coexistence by differential substrate utilization. This fundamental mechanism is critically under explored in the steady state GSM literature with its strong focus on coexistence states due to crossfeeding (division of labor). Furthermore, investigating a realistic synthetic community, where the two involved strains exhibit no growth in isolation, but grow as a community, we predict multiple modes of cooperation, even without an explicit cooperation mechanism.ConclusionsSteady state GSM modelling of microbial communities relies both on assumed decision making principles and environmental assumptions. In principle, dynamic flux balance analysis addresses both. In practice, our methods that address the steady state directly may be preferable, especially if the community is expected to display multiple steady states.

Identifying potential barriers to community participation and use of telecentres: A Survey-based Study

Introduction: Telecentres have been set up in most developing countries to bring digital access to as many people as possible. The main issues associated with these telecentres' sustainability include cultural, technical, financial, social, political, and programmatic issues that directly affect these centres' sustainability. Therefore, the present study adopts a community-centred approach by discussing users' views and perceptions and non-users from the local community. Method: The study proceeded by conducting a qualitative exploratory semi-structured interview that was administered to 13 telecentre operators. Analysis: Thematic content analysis was used for analysing interview data and identify common themes, which were applied in an affinity diagram for confirmation and reveal of sub-issues within each central theme. Results: The significant findings of this study showed that there are several issues either encouraging or inhibiting individual use of a telecentre, which further affects the sustainability of telecentre projects. Individual community member demographics moderates all the issues experienced by telecentres. Conclusion: The study concluded that the issues affecting telecentres' sustainability include the physical characteristics of the centre, operational and management approach, service availability, the nature and impact of local competition, and participation of stakeholder and community groups.

Perspectives of stakeholders regarding the value of maternal and newborn health interventions and practices supported by UNICEF and other partners in the West Nile region of Uganda: a qualitative study

IntroductionUganda has high maternal, neonatal, and under-five mortality rates. This study documents stakeholder perspectives on best practices in a maternal and newborn health (MNH) quality-improvement programme implemented in the West Nile region of Uganda to improve delivery and utilisation of MNH services.MethodsThis exploratory cross-sectional qualitative study, conducted at the end of 2021, captured the perspectives of stakeholders representing the different levels of the healthcare system. Data were collected in four districts through: interviews with key informants working at all levels of the health system; focus group discussions with parents and caretakers and with community health workers; and interviews with individual community members whose lives had been impacted by the MNH programme. The initial content analysis was followed by a deductive synthesis pitched according to the different levels of the health system and the health-systems building blocks.ResultsThe findings are summarised according to the health-systems building blocks and an account is given of three of the interventions most valued by participants: (1) data use for evidence-based decision making (with regard to human resources, essential reproductive health commodities, and financing); (2) establishment of special newborn care units and high-dependency maternity units at district hospitals and training of the health workforce (also with reference to other infrastructural improvements such as the provision of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities at health facilities); and (3) community referral of pregnant women through a commercial motorcycle voucher referral system.ConclusionThe MNH programme in the West Nile region adopted a holistic and system-wide approach to addressing the key bottlenecks in the planning, delivery, and monitoring of quality MNH services. There was general stakeholder appreciation across the board that the interventions had the potential to improve quality of care and newborn and maternal health outcomes. However, as the funding was largely donor-driven, questions about government ownership and sustainability in the context of limited resources remain.

Leveraging Social Media Word-of-Mouth for Marketing Communications in the Nigerian Book Publishing Industry

The marketing aspect of book publishing is essential to the publishing industry's survival in the digital markets. Although there have been efforts to improve marketing methods in Nigeria's book industry over the past several years, the reality is that marketing in the country has not received the maximum amount of attention. In addition to establishing marketing units to entrench innovative marketing practices, there has also been a shift towards business-to-consumer (B2C) marketing as publishers establish online presence by setting up websites to distribute and promote their books, in conjunction with other digital platforms. However, there is a knowledge gap on how Nigerian book publishers use social media for marketing communications, particularly the function of social media word-of-mouth in this context. In light of this, this study reviews the literature on the roles of social media word-of-mouth and social media advertising in the marketing communication strategies of book publishers. The results show that word-of-mouth marketing on social media, one of the most popular types of marketing communication, has established itself as a valuable source of information that consumers can use to make their purchasing decisions, based on favorable testimonials of other customers. On the other hand, there is the issue of unfavorable remarks or reviews that might prove to be counterproductive, necessitating the use of social media advertising as a method for participating in online communities and having one-on-one interactions with individual community members by specifically targeting them with social media messages.

Neighborhood Watch as a Strategy of Community Policing Program: A Case of Zanzibar

This study sought to establish the neighborhood watch as a strategy of community policing program in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It is a descriptive study design which used quantitative approach to collect information from 400 respondents out of 1, 303, 569 study population. Simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques were applied to select respondents. A structured questionnaire was conducted to gather required information from respondents. Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) version 1.20 was used to analyze data where the following mean scores interpretation scale was used: 3.50-4.00= strongly sympathetic, 2.50-3.49 = sympathetic, 1.50-2.49= unsympathetic and 1.00-1.49 strongly unsympathetic. After analysis the study concluded that neighborhood watch as crime prevention was not accepted by the study area community. Due to such desirable results, it is recommended that it is an essential for police to introduce effective communication with community. Police officers have to impact proper neighborhood knowledge that make individual community members understand their role in the implementation of neighborhood watch program.