Ability Of Individuals Research Articles

Feeding Assistance Skill Score: development and verification of reliability and validity.

Feeding assistance should be safe and improve the assisted individual's ability to feed, yet objective tools for evaluating these skills are lacking. This study focuses on developing a tool for assessing feeding assistance skills. A group consisting of 25 experts employed the Delphi method to achieve a consensus on the essential items necessary for assessing feeding assistance skills. Subsequently, a draft score using a three-point scale was developed. To test the reliability of the draft scores, a group of 20 patients and 20 nurses was matched to record a meal assistance scene, which were independently evaluated by three raters. We computed the AC1 statistic to assess both intra- and inter-rater reliability, and further examined correlations between the Feeding Assistance Skill Score (FASS) scores and outcome items to verify validity. Initially, an 18-item draft score was generated using the Delphi method. Subsequently, seven items were omitted from the intra- or inter-rater reliability analysis. Furthermore, after discussion, researchers removed one item that assessed food cognition, because the agreement score between the two items was 91%. Finally, the 10-item FASS was developed, showing a correlation with dietary intake upon validation. We successfully developed a scoring system for peer evaluation of feeding assistance skills. Future studies should aim to validate the FASS. The implementation of the FASS aims to assess the effectiveness of feeding assistance training and care quality, potentially improving safety and satisfaction for those receiving feeding assistance.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND DIGITAL MATURITY TOWARDS TALENT RESILIENCE OF KURNIA BUMI RAYA (KBR) MANAGEMENT IN USING THE LARK APPLICATION

His research aims to analyze the influence of knowledge management and digital maturity on resilience in KBR Management talent. This research uses quantitative research methods with a sample size of 30 people who are all the talents of KBR Management. The research results show that partially there is no influence between knowledge management and resilience. This shows that an individual's ability to adapt is not influenced by knowledge management. There is a significant positive influence between digital maturity and resilience. This shows that the better the level of digital maturity, the easier it is for individuals to adapt. Simultaneously there is a positive and significant influence between knowledge management and digital maturity on resilience. This means that the better the level of knowledge management and digital maturity in the KBR talent, the better the level of adaptability or resilience in using the Lark application.Kata Kunci : Knowledge Management, Digital Maturity dan Resiliansi

Readability of online patient education material for foregut surgery.

Health literacy is the ability of individuals to use basic health information and services to make well-informed decisions. Low health literacy among surgical patients has been associated with nonadherence to preoperative and/or discharge instructions as well as poor comprehension of surgery. It likely poses as a barrier to patients considering foregut surgery which requires an understanding of different treatment options and specific diet instructions. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the readability of online patient education materials (PEM) for foregut surgery. Using Google, the terms "anti-reflux surgery, "GERD surgery," and "foregut surgery" were searched and a total of 30 webpages from universities and national organizations were selected. The readability of the text was assessed with seven instruments: Flesch Reading Ease formula (FRE), Gunning Fog (GF), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Coleman Liau Index (CL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Automated Readability Index (ARI), and Linsear Write Formula (LWF). Mean readability scores were calculated with standard deviations. We performed a qualitative analysis gathering characteristics such as, type of information (preoperative or postoperative), organization, use of multimedia, inclusion of a version in another language. The overall average readability of the top PEM for foregut surgery was 12th grade. There was only one resource at the recommended sixth grade reading level. Nearly half of PEM included some form of multimedia. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health have recommended that PEMs to be written at the 5th-6th grade level. The majority of online PEM for foregut surgery is above the recommended reading level. This may be a barrier for patients seeking foregut surgery. Surgeons should be aware of the potential gaps in understanding of their patients to help them make informed decisions and improve overall health outcomes.

Justification of the Entrepreneurial Ability of Individuals with Special Needs on the MSME Scale Based on the CDIO Framework

This study aims to explore the CDIO educational framework within the context of vocational education to prepare graduates with special needs for the workforce. The background underscores the significance of the disability issue in contemporary discourse, emphasizing the need for improved awareness and application of existing regulations. The research methodology employed a descriptive approach with data collected through literature review and expert interviews. Preliminary findings indicate that graduates engaged in the CDIO framework are expected to achieve proficiency levels ranging from 3 to 4, demonstrating potential in adequately preparing them to meet workforce standards. In conclusion, the CDIO framework shows promise as an effective approach to enhancing vocational education preparedness for individuals with special needs, highlighting the importance of inclusive and relevant education in addressing current job market challenges.

Aging in isolation: Sexual orientation differences in navigating cognitive decline

IntroductionSubjective cognitive decline is a self-reported measure of worsening memory and day-to-day decision making. Cognitive decline may impair an individual's ability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) such as preparing meals or taking medication, ultimately limiting one's ability to live independently. People with IADL impairments typically rely on informal care from spouses or children. Interpersonal and structural discrimination towards sexual minority (SM, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other queer identified) populations may contribute to disparities in cognitive decline and informal care outcomes. ObjectiveEstimate differences in prevalence, severity, and receipt of social support for subjective cognitive decline stratified by sex and SM status. MethodsCross-sectional study design using a probability sample (n = 172,047) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2015–2019. Prevalence estimates and multivariable Poisson regression models were used to compare outcomes by sex and sexual identity. ResultsCompared to heterosexual peers, SM men and women were more likely to experience cognitive decline (15% of SM men, 11% of heterosexual men, 17% of SM women, 11% of heterosexual women). In adjusted models, SM women were 22% more likely (95%CI:3%–44%, p < .05) to report IADL impairments due to cognitive decline but were 17% less likely (95%CI:1%–31%, p < .05) to receive any social support with IADL impairments compared to heterosexual women. In adjusted models, SM men were 25% more likely (95%CI: 0%–56%, p < .05) to report IADL impairments due to cognitive decline but reported no significant difference in receiving social support with IADL impairments compared to heterosexual men. DiscussionWe identified significant unmet need for social supports for IADL impairments, with highest unmet need among SM women. Comprehensive strategies such as LGBTQ + affirming assisted living and home and community-based services are needed to ensure equity in receipt of long-term supports and services for SM populations.

To Study the Correlation Between Perceived Stress and Psychological Adjustment among Employees

Perceived stress is the amount of stress that employees experience in response to their job expectations and working environment. Psychological adjustment is defined as an individual's ability to regulate their emotional well-being while efficiently coping with the demands of their workplace. This study was to investigate the correlation between perceived stress and psychological adjustment among the employees with the sample size of 150.The research instruments used were perceived stress scale (PSS) and brief adjustment scale (Base-6). The statistical techniques used to analyze the data were correlation and one-way ANOVA. The results revealed that there is positive correlation between the variables. The one-way ANOVA results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in the study variables based on gender and marital status.

MACHINE LEARNING BASED STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTION WEB APPLICATION

The use of multiple linear regression in our research is critical for determining the factors that have a greater impact on student performance index. Machine learning studies that employ multiple linear regression models to forecast student performance index aim to increase educational processes and individual student ability. These studies search to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that impact academic success by examining various variables that affect student performance. In the literature has demonstrated that such models achieve high levels of accuracy and can reliably predict student performance. In our study, we constructed and trained a multiple linear regression model. The dataset was divided into training and test sets, and the model was assessed using these datasets. Performance of the model was evaluated using various metrics such as MAE, MSE, R2, RMSE, and Accuracy(ACC). The results obtained indicated that the model performed exceptionally well, indicating its ability to make precise predictions. Especially, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.99, and the ACC value was 0.994, underscoring the model's exceptional ability to accurately explain the data. The focus of our research is to assess the precision and dependability of the findings derived from analyzing the impact of different independent factors on student achievement, utilizing a multiple linear regression model. Moreover, we have created a web interface using the Flask web module that enables the prediction of student performance based on inputting new variables.

Evaluation of the efficiency of educational services in the city of Khabat (a study in the geography of services)

main factor in the change towards the future and the transition from backwardness to progress. It is directly related to man's efficiency, skill and ability to produce work. Education is one of the important indicators that reflects the ability of individuals to think in an organized manner and to bring about some economic, social, and cultural changes that lead to progress and prosperity, without which urbanization would not have been able to develop, and the city would also develop experiences and flourish in education. It is noted that the higher the educational level, the higher the productive efficiency, the higher the income level, and the higher the demand for education at all stages, and this has resulted in an increase in economic and political development. Education is rooted in civilization and is a means of wealth and energy and a manifestation of government services, and is the basis for preparing the individual to become a useful building block in society.

Contemporary Patterns of Financial Toxicity Among Patients With Rheumatologic Disease in the United States.

Rheumatologic diseases encompass a group of disabling conditions that often require expensive clinical treatments and limit an individual's ability to work and maintain a steady income. The purpose of this study was to evaluate contemporary patterns of financial toxicity among patients with rheumatologic disease and assess for any associated demographic factors. The cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey was queried from 2013 to 2018 for patients with rheumatologic disease. Patient demographics and self-reported financial metrics were collected or calculated including financial hardship from medical bills, financial distress, food insecurity, and cost-related medication (CRM) nonadherence. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess for factors associated with increased financial hardship. During the study period, 20.2% of 41,502 patients with rheumatologic disease faced some degree of financial hardship due to medical bills, 55.0% of whom could not pay those bills. Rheumatologic disease was associated with higher odds of financial hardship from medical bills (adjusted odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.36; p < 0.001) with similar trends for patients suffering from financial distress, food insecurity, and CRM nonadherence (p < 0.001 for all). Financial hardship among patients with rheumatologic disease was associated with being younger, male, Black, and uninsured ( p < 0.001 for all). In this nationally representative study, we found that a substantial proportion of adults with rheumatologic disease in the United States struggled with paying their medical bills and suffered from food insecurity and CRM nonadherence. National health care efforts and guided public policy should be pursued to help ease the burden of financial hardship for these patients.

Factors Associated with the Utilisation of Family Planning Services among Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years) Attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital

Family planning is defined as the ability for individuals and couples to attain their desired number of children and plan the spacing and timing of their births through the use of contraceptive methods. Promoting family is one of the main targets to reach the SDGs, and timely achievement of family planning targets is expected to accelerate achievement across the 5 SDG themes of people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership. Despite the enormous benefits of family planning services, the uptake of the service remains low Uganda. This has resulted in high rates of unwanted pregnancies, unplanned deliveries, unsafe abortions, and maternal mortalities in Uganda. Several factors play an important role in the use of contraceptives among women of childbearing age. The identification of these factors is crucial to the planning and implementation of a suitable family planning programme. The study was designed to determine the factors associated with the utilisation of family planning among women of reproductive age (15–49) attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital, Western Uganda. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were utilised to collect data from 251 participants. From the results of the study majority, 182(72.5%) had never used family planning services and 68 (27.5%) had ever used family planning services. Therefore, the level of utilizing family planning services was found to be 27.5%. Thus, the level of utilisation of family planning services among women of reproductive age (15–49) attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital, Western Uganda, was low, which is significantly associated with the education level and perceived skills of health workers. There is a need to promote and effectively implement policies in support of girls’ education to increase FP service utilisation. Keywords: Family Planning, Women, SDGs, Contraceptives, HIV/AIDS

Literasi Membaca dan Menulis Dalam Mencegah Perundugan Pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Literacy is an individual's ability and skills in language i.e. reading, writing, speaking, calculating and problem solving at a certain level of expertise required in daily life. Bullying is as unwanted aggressive behaviour of another young person or group of young people who are not siblings or current dating partners involving an observed or perceived imbalance of power and repeated several times or very likely to be repeated. To prevent bullying, efforts are made to conduct reading and writing literacy activities. The purpose of this study is to see how often students of the Faculty of Medicine, Gorontalo State University do literacy reading and writing, especially about bullying. This study uses a qualitative method, namely an observational survey conducted on the management of the Student Executive Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Gorontalo State University. The results obtained from 15 respondents who were interviewed found that all respondents knew about bullying. Only 2 people have never read about bullying, while 13 have. Writing literacy there are only 2 people who have done about bullying and 13 others never. From the results of the research conducted, it was concluded that all respondents knew about bullying, most had done reading literacy about bullying, and only a small proportion had done writing literacy about bullying.

Good team players? The impact of team member knowledge, skills and abilities on sourcing teamwork and sourcing task-work effectiveness

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to enhance understanding of the use of sourcing teams (STs) by organisations in their procurement and supply chain management. The paper achieves this by exploring, within the context of the supply chain directorate of a global aerospace manufacturing company (GAMC), both the relationship between sourcing teamwork effectiveness (TE) and sourcing task-work effectiveness (TA) and the relationship between individual team member knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) and TE.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a theoretical model positing positive links between both KSAs and TE and TE and TA. The model is empirically validated using partial least squares structural equation modelling in a survey of 108 ST members from a GAMC.FindingsThe authors identify that, within GAMC, four of five KSAs drive TE and further discover the direct effects of TE on improved TA. Additionally, the authors observe within GAMC the indirect effects of KSAs on TA cascading through TE.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include the use of a single firm and self-report measures for data collection. In spite of this, the paper has numerous research implications. Previous research on STs has combined factors related to TE and TA. In this paper, TE and TA were disaggregated, and the relationships between them were explored. The relationships were found to be positive within GAMC, a finding that strengthens the evidence base supporting the use of STs by organisations in their procurement and supply chain management. In addition, the paper also strengthened the evidence base regarding the importance of KSAs to TE, which complements existing research highlighting the importance of team-level factors and individual technical attributes.Practical implicationsThe findings from GAMC suggest that executives/managers should take an individual as well as a team-level perspective when developing STs and should consider KSAs as well as technical knowledge when judging individuals’ suitability for inclusion within an ST. There are established KSA tests in the literature that could be used by managers for this task. The findings also inform executives/managers that TE matters for TA and needs attention and investment, especially where sourcing tasks concern high-value areas and/or critical incidents within supply chains.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to explore the relationship between TE and TA. Establishing that this relationship is a positive one provides critically important evidence regarding the efficacy of STs, which are widely used within procurement and supply chain management. It is also a rare study looking at TE from the perspective of individual team member KSAs, with further positive relationships revealed. Both findings enhance what is a very limited literature on a widely used practice within procurement and supply chain management.

Interleukin-6 in Spinal Cord Injury: Could Immunomodulation Replace Immunosuppression in the Management of Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries?

Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) result in devastating impairment to an individual's functional ability. The pathophysiology of SCI is related to primary injury but further propagated by secondary reactions to injury, such as inflammation and oxidation. The inflammatory and oxidative cascades ultimately cause demyelination and Wallerian degeneration. Currently, no treatments are available to treat primary or secondary injury in SCI, but some studies have shown promising results by lessening secondary mechanisms of injury. Interleukins (ILs) have been described as key players in the inflammation cascade after neuronal injury; however, their role and possible inhibition in the context of acute traumatic SCIs have not been widely studied. Here, we review the relationship between SCI and IL-6 concentrations in the CSF and serum of individuals after traumatic SCIs. Furthermore, we explore the dual IL-6 signaling pathways and their relevance for future IL-6 targeted therapies in SCI.

ACTIVITY OF THE PATIENTS OF AN ASSISTED LIVING FACILITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CENTRE AND MEDICAL CARE INSTITUTION OF THE NUNS OF ST ELIZABETH IN CIESZYN

ABSTRACT: Aim: This study aims to find out the socio-cultural activities of the patients of the Care and Treatment Centre and Medical Centre of the Sisters of St Elizabeth. Methods: The study used action research, and latent participant observation. Results: Rehabilitation in a broad sense is a form of activation for the patients of the Care and Treatment Centre, Centre, and Medical Centre of the Sisters of Saint Elizabeth in Cieszyn. Activities adapted to the needs and individual abilities of each person improve their well-being, raise their self-esteem, and allow them to forget about their serious illness and longing for their loved ones; they also contribute to skillful interpersonal communication, and thus to improved relations with the institution's community or family relations. They fill leisure time and develop new passions and interests in the participants of the therapeutic process. Conclusion: Exclusion theory points to natural changes in social activity in late adulthood, but this does not mean giving up activity altogether, but rather adapting it to new needs and opportunities. Activity theory, on the other hand, emphasizes the need to continue to be socially active and to seek new roles, even in late adulthood, which can contribute to maintaining psychological and social integrity. Keywords: activity, patient, care and treatment facilities, orders of nuns, rehabilitation, occupational therapy

Literature Review on Psycholinguistic Processes in Reading Comprehension Mechanisms in Individuals with Language Disorders

This literature review investigates the psycholinguistic processes in reading comprehensionmechanisms in individuals with language impairment. Reading comprehension is an important aspect oflanguage development, yet individuals with language impairment often experience difficulties in understandingwritten text. Reading comprehension involves various psycholinguistic processes, including phonological,syntactic, semantic and pragmatic processing. Language impairment conditions such as dyslexia, languagedevelopment disorders and reading comprehension disorders often affect these mechanisms. Phonologicalprocessing is key in reading comprehension mechanisms, and individuals with language impairments often havedifficulty in recognising and decoding words. In addition, syntactic aspects play an important role inunderstanding sentence structure and the relationship between sentence elements. Reading comprehensiondisorders are often associated with difficulties in understanding semantic relationships, recognising wordmeanings and applying semantic knowledge in reading contexts. In addition, pragmatic factors are alsoimportant in comprehending text, including understanding context and communicative purpose. Individuals withlanguage impairment may have difficulty in picking up pragmatic nuances and applying them in readingcomprehension. This literature review presents an in-depth understanding of the relationship betweenpsycholinguistic processes and reading comprehension mechanisms in individuals with language impairment.The clinical implications of this study may aid the development of more effective intervention strategies toimprove reading comprehension in this population. With a better understanding of the factors that influencereading comprehension, health and education practitioners can design specific and targeted interventionprogrammes to improve reading ability in individuals with language impairment.

Effects of divided attention on movement-related cortical potential in community-dwelling elderly adults: A preliminary study

Dual-tasking is defined as performing two or more tasks concurrently. This study aimed to investigate the effect of divided attention on movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) during dual-task performance in 11 community-dwelling elderly individuals while the load of the secondary task was altered. MRCP was recorded during a single task (ST), simple dual task (S-DT), and complex dual task (C-DT) as no-, low-, and high-load divided attention tasks, respectively. The ST involved self-paced tapping with an extended right index finger. In the S-DT and C-DT, the subjects simultaneously performed the ST and a visual number counting task with different levels of load. The coefficient of variation of movement frequency was significantly more variable in the C-DT than in the ST. The MRCP amplitude from electroencephalography electrode C3, contralateral to the moving hand, was significantly higher in the C-DT than in the ST. Higher attention diversion led to a significant reduction in MRCP amplitude in the participants. These results suggest that attention division in dual-task situations plays an important role in movement preparation and execution. We propose that MRCP can serve as a marker for screening the ability of older individuals to perform dual-tasks.

Impact of community structure on the spread of epidemics on time-varying multiplex networks.

Community structure plays a crucial role in realistic networks and different communities can be created by groups of interest and activity events, and exploring the impact of community properties on collective dynamics is an active topic in the field of network science. Here, we propose a new coupled model with different time scales for online social networks and offline epidemic spreading networks, in which community structure is added into online social networks to investigate its role in the interacting dynamics between information diffusion and epidemic spreading. We obtain the analytical equations of epidemic threshold by MMC (Microscopic Markov Chain) method and conduct a large quantities of numerical simulations using Monte Carlo simulations in order to verify the accuracy of the MMC method, and more valuable insights are also obtained. The results indicate that an increase in the probability of the mobility of an individual can delay the spread of epidemic-related information in the network, as well as delaying the time of the peak of the infection density in the network. However, an increase in the contact ability of mobile individuals produces a facilitating effect on the spread of epidemics. Finally, it is also found that the stronger the acceptance of an individual to information coming from a different community, the lower the infection density in the network, which suggests that it has an inhibitory effect on the disease spreading.

Center of Pressure Velocity and Dynamic Postural Control Strategies Vary During Y-Balance and Star Excursion Balance Testing.

Dynamic postural control (DPC) describes an individual's ability to maintain balance within their base of support in both anticipatory and reactive balance situations and has been measured using center of pressure (COP) velocity. Common standardized DPC assessments for active adults include the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (MSEBT) and the Y-Balance Test (YBT). The purpose of this study was to explore DPC during performance of the MSEBT, the YBT, and a modified version of the YBT, the MYBT. It was hypothesized that feedback from the YBT/MYBT reach indicator would enhance DPC. Cross-sectional study. Twenty-one participants (9 females, 12 males, mean age 24.5±1.2 years) performed three trials in each direction (anterior-AN, posteromedial-PM, and posterolateral-PL) on each balance test during one session. The YBT frame was placed atop a force plate for all testing. Frontal and sagittal plane COP velocities (COPx and COPy, respectively) were recorded throughout each trial and resultant COP (COPr) velocities were calculated. Significant main effects were present for test (F=4.485, p\<0.001) and reach direction (F=61.594, p\<0.001). Post hoc analyses for test indicated significant differences in COPy between YBT and MSEBT (p=0.034) and between MYBT and MSEBT (p\<0.001), as well as significant differences in COPr between MYBT and MSEBT (p=0.002). Post hoc analyses for reach direction revealed significant differences in COPx between AN and both PM (p\<0.001) and PL (p\<0.001) directions, in COPy between AN and PM (p\<0.001) and PL (p\<0.001) directions, and COPr between AN and PL (p=0.043) directions only. External proprioceptive feedback from the reach indicator improved DPC during the YBT and MYBT when compared to the MSEBT. Sagittal plane COP velocities were reduced when external proprioceptive feedback from the reach indicator was present, while frontal plane COP velocities were not affected in this group of participants. 2b.

Foraging task specialization in honey bees (Apis mellifera): the contribution of floral rewards on the learning performance of pollen and nectar foragers.

Social insects live in communities where cooperative actions heavily rely on the individual cognitive abilities of their members. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera), the specialization in nectar or pollen collection is associated with variations in gustatory sensitivity, affecting both associative and non-associative learning. Gustatory sensitivity fluctuates as a function of changes in motivation for the specific floral resource throughout the foraging cycle, yet differences in learning between nectar and pollen foragers at the onset of food collection remains unexplored. Here, we examined nectar and pollen foragers captured upon arrival at food sources. We subjected them to an olfactory PER conditioning using a 10% sucrose solution paired (S10%+P) or unpaired (S10%) with pollen as a co-reinforcement. For non-associative learning, we habituated foragers with S10%+P or S10%, followed by dishabituation tests with either a 50% sucrose solution paired (S50%+P) or unpaired (S50%) with pollen. Our results indicate that pollen foragers show lower performance than nectar foragers when conditioned with S10%. Interestingly, performance improves to levels similar to those of nectar foragers when pollen is included as a rewarding stimulus (S10%+P). In non-associative learning, pollen foragers tested with S10%+P displayed a lower degree of habituation than nectar foragers and a higher degree of dishabituation when pollen was used as the dishabituating stimulus (S10%+P). Altogether, our results support the idea that pollen and nectar honey bee foragers differ in their responsiveness to rewards, leading to inter-individual differences in learning that contribute to foraging specialization.

FINANCIAL LITERACY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN COMMERCE AND NON-COMMERCE STUDENTS OF INSTITUTE FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION (IEHE), BHOPAL

Financial literacy plays a pivotal role in an individual's ability to make informed financial decisions, manage resources effectively, and achieve financial well-being. This report represents a comparative study aimed at evaluating the levels of financial literacy among two distinct groups of undergraduate students: commerce and non-commerce. The study provides an overview of the objectives, methodology, and the significance of addressing financial knowledge of the subject among students and also provides a comprehensive examination of at different levels among the students. It recognizes the role of education in shaping individuals' financial behaviours and choices. Addressing this need can contribute to economic stability and prosperity for individuals and society as a whole.