Indirect Quotations Research Articles

FORMS OF INTERTEXT IN “ANNE OF GREEN GABLES” BY L.M. MONTGOMERY

This paper analyzes different forms of intertext (biblical, artistic, and mythological) in L.M. Montgomery’s bestselling novel Anne of Green Gables in order to determine the novel’s intertextual connections with various phenomena of literature and art, and explore how the meanings of these intertextual elements are transformed in Anne of Green Gables as opposed to their original sources. While the plot of Anne Shirley’s growing up unravels locally (in a small Canadian town named Avonlea), it is also part of a broader cultural context, which is represented largely by intertextual means (direct and indirect quotations, allusions to the works by R. Browning, H.C. Andersen, W. Shakespeare, L. Carroll, W. Scott et al.). In this way, the author emphasizes Anne’s romantic worldview, her open-mindedness and vivid interest in literature, art and nature. By referencing the works of W. Shakespeare and S.T. Coleridge, L.M. Montgomery aims to further illustrate the motive of loneliness and abandonment as they are related to her heroine’s story (having lost her parents and spent the majority of her life in an orphan asylum). Biblical intertext also plays an important role when it comes to the relationship between Anne Shirley and Matthew Cuthbert. Different forms of intertext (literary, biblical, mythological) fulfil important functions in the text, especially in terms of creating multi-faceted characters, the social and cultural atmosphere of L.M. Montgomery’s era, and the various problems (social, moral, and artistic) discussed in her works.

Produksi Menurut Pemikiran Muhammad Abdul Mannan

Producing a product in economic activities requires a production process that allows consumption, distribution or exchange of goods and services. The aim of this research is to find out Islamic Economics Theory and Practice related to production according to Muhammad Abdul Mannan's Perspective. This research is a library research study. There are two data sources, these are (1) primary data sources, and (2) secondary data sources. Data collection methods include: direct quotations and indirect quotations. Meanwhile, the data analysis is a content analysis technique. The results of this research are Production in Islamic Economics Theory and Practice according to Muhammad Abdul Mannan's perspective, showing that production prioritizes the concept of the welfare of the people which is guided by the Koran and Hadith, by adhering to the basic principles of Islamic economics including, faith, prophethood, government and results so as to create justice and prosperity for the present and the future. In order for production to continue to grow, it is influenced by several factors, including: Land, labor, capital and organization

‘-더-’가 쓰인 간접인용문에 대한 고찰

Objectives This paper revealed the grammatical constraints of the indirect quotation of ‘-deorago ha-’ and ‘-deonyago ha-’ and their usage patterns through comparison with ‘-dago ha-’ and ‘-nyago ha-’ without ‘-deo-’ written in the embedded sentences.
 Methods Extracting the sentences of ‘-deorago ha-’ and ‘-deonyago ha-’ and looked at combinations with prefinal ending, frequency of use and grammaticalization aspect.
 Results We reviewed prior descriptions and existing research on the content, extracted relevant examples, and presented the following content. First of all, there is a grammatical constraint in which the prefinal ending ‘-get-’ cannot be combined in the quoted verb in ‘-deorago ha-’. The second is the tendency that ‘-deo-’ rarely binds to the quoted verbs of ‘-deorago ha-’ and ‘-deonyago ha-’. Also, in the indirect quotation ‘-dago hanikka-’, there are cases where ‘-go ha-’ is abbreviated and the two endings ‘-da’ and ‘-nikka’ are directly combined, which is called ‘ending compounds’. And the frequency of use of ending compounds corresponding to ‘-deorago ha-’ and ‘-deonyago ha-’ was much lower than that of ‘-dago ha-’ and ‘-nyago ha-’. Meanwhile, ending compounds including ‘-danikka’, which is abbreviated from the ‘-dago ha-’ construction, can be used as an ending as well as ‘quotation’. However, in the case of ‘-deorago ha-’ and ‘-deonyago ha-’, the grammaticalized end combination other than ‘-deorani’ and ‘-deoranikka’ is not identified.
 Conclusions It is easy to think that ‘-deorago ha-’ and ‘-deonyago ha-’ have only semantic differences due to ‘-dago ha-’ and ‘-nyago ha-’. But as described above, there are differences in grammatical constraints, frequency of use of the ending compounds and grammaticalization. And by revealing the identity, indirect quotations with ‘-deo-’ can be described more accurately.

Understanding Intersectionality through Tequila Leila’s Experience in 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World (2019)

The article aims to explore intersectionality and its societal impact on the characters as portrayed in Elif Shafak’s 10 Minutes 38 Seconds In This Strange World (2019). This issue was extensively discussed to comprehend the representation of gender inequality and patriarchy in the story. Although the text has been the subject of discussion among a limited number of scholars, the novelty of this study lies in its adoption of a theoretical perspective that has not been utilized previously, specifically Kimberly Crenshaw’s framework of intersectionality. Methodologically, this qualitative study identified and collected the primary data from the text by selecting direct and indirect quotations relevant to the issue discussed. This approach was complemented by secondary sources from previous and related studies which were drawn from books and journal articles. Having analyzed the text by applying Crenshaw’s theory of intersectionality, the authors found that Shafak represented gender inequality and patriarchy in Turkey as a hegemonic and systematic belief. The text also discovered that the perpetuation of the patriarchal system, rooted in the practices frequently justified by religious rhetoric, is effectively prolonged by the continued male dominance in shaping public policies. It also indicates that the main character, Tequila Leila, and the other characters in the story possess overlapping identities, leading to numerous unfortunate experiences. Tequila Leila’s oppressed experiences unveiled the structural and representational intersectionalities.

A Community of Shared Future for Mankind: A study on the news discourse of environmental cooperation in countries along the Belt and Road Initiative.

'The Belt and Road Initiative' (B&R) was proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in September and October 2013 and is now actively supported and participated by more than 100 countries and international organizations. B&R has become a hot topic all over the world since its inception. However, the environmental issues arising from this Initiative should not be underestimated. The concept of 'A Community of Shared Future for Mankind' is being promoted under the context of globalization, and there has been a lot of coverage in the mainstream media from various countries on the topic of environmental cooperation along B&R. This study takes a sample of reports on the 'Belt and Road Environmental Cooperation' from July 2021 to August 2022 and uses Van Dijk's theory of news discourse analysis to analyze 20 articles in depth. This study attempts to explore the kind of thematic structure and lexical style that the mainstream newspapers from different countries use to report the environmental cooperation among the countries along B&R, also the implications of such a thematic structure and lexical style, and the characteristics of the discourse construction of mainstream newspapers in different countries. The research has found that B&R countries are used to holding a positive attitude to make a report and seek international cooperation. The headlines are mostly made up of nouns, and both direct and indirect quotations are used. Besides, to enhance the truth of the report, different number types are also involved; the theme structures are often made up of a two-level hierarchy.

Uslūb Al-Insyā’ Syair Al-Habīb ‘Idrūs Bin Sālim Al-Jufri Tentang Ilmu (Studi Analisis Balagah)

This research discusses Uslu>b al-Insya>' in the poem Habi>b 'Idrus about science with the sub-subject matter discussed is how is the conceptof Insya>' al-t}alabi> contained in the poem Habi>b 'Idru>s about science. Answering the subject matter mentioned above, this research uses several methods, this type of research can be categorized as descriptive qualitative research. As for the source of this research in the book Al-Kaukab Ad-Durri Fi Mana>qib wa Maa>s|ir As-Sayyid Al-Habi>b 'Idru>s bin Sa>lim Al-Jufri (Cet: I, Jakarta: Da>r al-Kutub al-Islamiyah, 2018). The approach used is a multidisciplinary approach. Data collection is carried out with direct quotations and indirect quotations. And data analysis is to analyze Analyzing the concept of forms or variations of Insya>' al-t}alabi > contained in the poem of the primacy of science with the knife of balagah science analysis. The results showed that the concept of Insha>' al-t}alabi> contained in Habi>b 'Idru>s poem about science as many as 29 forms of amar, as many as 6 forms of nahy>, as many as 5 forms of istifha>m, as many as 12 forms of nida>' and 2 form of tamanni.

Denunciations of Sorcery as Demonic Possession in Old Russian Izmaragd

Old Russian scribes repeatedly tried to refute and devalue the abilities of the sorcerers in works of various genres. However, despite all attempts to instill in people a negative attitude towards sorcery, in the seventeenth century, both commoners and rulers turned for help to magicians, sorcerers, whisperers, astrologers, shamans, etc. at difficult times of their lives. A centuries-old tradition behind such appeals forced preachers to use various poetological and psychological methods of persuasion and suggestion. This article explores the rhetorical suggestive techniques and features of the argumentation system in homilies against sorcery, which are part of Izmaragd, an Old Russian collection of regulatory texts of stable composition. The author refers to The Homily of the Holy Fathers on Sorcery, a part of the 16th-century Izmaragd, and The Homily of St John Chrysostom on Those Who Are Cured of Illness by Sorcery, which is part of the Izmaragd. In 17th-century Izmaragd, The Homily of the Holy Fathers about Sorcery is part of The Homily about Those Who Are Treated by Sorcery and does not exist separately as an independent text. Therefore, referring to these texts, one can trace how the original suggestive rhetorical devices and argumentation change. The study demonstrates that in comparison with The Homily of the Holy Fathers about Sorcery, The Homily about Those Who Are Treated by Sorcery, uses a richer palette of rhetorical and psychological methods of influencing the audience. The communicative goal of convincing people to refuse to turn to sorcerers is achieved in different ways. Perhaps due to the brevity of the text itself, The Homily of the Holy Fathers on Sorcery employs simple traditional means, i. e. multiple repetitions and appeal to authority (indirect quotations). The Homily about Those Who Are Treated by Sorcery employs a different, more subtle technology of speech hypnosis in the form of direct and contextual suggestions. In addition to the rhetorical devices typical of old Russian sermons (repetitions, rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, comparison, etc.), the text contains an extensive system of argumentation. Appeals to authority (in particular, its subtype – appeal to fame) combine with examples that are a model of behaviour and an anti-model, as well as with maxims of a different nature (intimidating, containing promises). The two Homilies demonstrate two completely different systems of speech impact on the audience. It is unnecessary to talk about the intentional transformation of original rhetorical suggestive devices and systems of argumentation in relation to these texts. Most likely, The Homily of the Holy Fathers about Sorcery inherits the oral tradition of delivering sermons and therefore is based on simple methods of suggestion easily perceived by the ear, and The Homily about Those Who Are Treated by Sorcery, conceived as a written text, was created based on old rhetorical schools.

FEATURES OF TERRITORY PLANNING AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS: FROM THE PAST TO THE PRESENT

Problem Statement and Purpose. In this article, the author reveals the peculiarities of territory planning and settlement systems using a diachronic approach to analyzing scientific literature and available materials. The paper examines the settlement process of ancient cities, the Middle Ages, the stages of industrial and scientific-technological revolutions, the period of development of the service economy, and the modern post-industrial era. Data & Methods. This study uses a diachronic approach to the analysis of material based on the comparison of data from different eras. In addition to the specified method, the author used indirect quotations that were organically woven into the text in analyzing literary sources. Results. The analysis highlights such models of territorial planning and urban development as the theory of concentric zones, the sector model, the multiple nuclei model, the exploitative model, the mixed scanning approach, and others. A postindustrial or informational and communicative model of territorial planning, when the main systemic factor is the system of communication interaction, characterizes territory planning in the 21st century. Communication unites the city’s residents and guests in creating, distributing, processing, and selecting a feedback mechanism regarding relevant arrays of primary and secondary information. In addition, the planning of territories and settlement systems must meet environmental safety criteria, be aesthetically attractive, have reliable and safe engineering and transport infrastructure, ensure comfortable population living and meet the factors of economicbenefit. The importance of religion and relevant organizations in territorial planning is emphasized separately. Taking into account the approaches to planning territories and settlement systems, the general features of the process were highlighted.

PERUBAHAN PERILAKU KONSUMSI MASYARAKAT DI ERA POST-INDUSTRIAL

Abstract : The concept of post-industrial society is characterized by significant changes in the use of technology, information and communication. The behavior of consumption of urban communities after the emergence of virtual market is very dynamic that causes demand for goods increases and resulting in demand for goods in the nonvirtual market decreased. Changes in people’s consumption patterns are caused by the rapid development of e-commerce. The purpose of this study is to determine the concept of post-industrial society, to find out changes in consumption behavior of post-industrial society, to find out what influences the changes in consumption behavior of post-industrial society. The type of research used is qualitative research with the object of library research, data collection is carried out by direct or indirect quotations and then analyzed by means of content analysis of several books and journals related to the topic raised, then reviews and concludes. The results of this study indicate that public consumption in the post-industrial era is more likely to take advantage of technological advances such as virtual markets or online shops. Post-industrial society is also more focused on developing soft skills than hard skills.Keyword: Post Industrial, Consumption Behavior, Consumption.

Environmental Ethics in The Novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and The Novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S: Ecocritic Studies

This study aims to describe environmental ethics in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and the novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S through ecocritic studies. The focus of this research includes, (1) anthropocentrism, (2) biocentrism, (3) ecocentrism in Hanna Rambe Pertarungan novel and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S. The research theory used is ecocritic to describe research data related to environmental ethics. This study uses a qualitative approach. The research data sources are the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and the novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S. Research data are direct or indirect quotations and speeches or dialogues related to the research focus. Data collection techniques are carried out by determining literary works, critical reading, marking pages, and storing the corpus of data. The data analysis technique used hermeneutic technique. Checking the validity of the data is done by triangulation and peer discussion. The research findings are as follows. (1) Anthropocentrism in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S, is shown by the attitude of the characters who do (a) hunt animals, (b) destroy forests, and (c) damage the environment. (2) Biocentrism in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S, is shown by the attitude of the character who has (a) an attitude of love and care, (b) an attitude of responsibility, (c) an attitude of respect for nature. (3) Ecocentrism in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S, is shown by the character's attitude in making efforts to (a) save the environment, and (b) save animals. The results of this study also show that the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and the novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S is a green literary genre novel as an effort to convey concern for the natural environment and can be a reference for learning text analysis in Indonesian language and literature subjects.

Environmental Ethics in The Novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and The Novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S: Ecocritic Studies

This study aims to describe environmental ethics in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and the novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S through ecocritic studies. The focus of this research includes, (1) anthropocentrism, (2) biocentrism, (3) ecocentrism in Hanna Rambe Pertarungan novel and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S. The research theory used is ecocritic to describe research data related to environmental ethics. This study uses a qualitative approach. The research data sources are the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and the novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S. Research data are direct or indirect quotations and speeches or dialogues related to the research focus. Data collection techniques are carried out by determining literary works, critical reading, marking pages, and storing the corpus of data. The data analysis technique used hermeneutic technique. Checking the validity of the data is done by triangulation and peer discussion. The research findings are as follows. (1) Anthropocentrism in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S, is shown by the attitude of the characters who do (a) hunt animals, (b) destroy forests, and (c) damage the environment. (2) Biocentrism in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S, is shown by the attitude of the character who has (a) an attitude of love and care, (b) an attitude of responsibility, (c) an attitude of respect for nature. (3) Ecocentrism in the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S, is shown by the character's attitude in making efforts to (a) save the environment, and (b) save animals. The results of this study also show that the novel Pertarungan by Hanna Rambe and the novel Ping! A Message from Borneo by Riawani Elyta and Shabrina W.S is a green literary genre novel as an effort to convey concern for the natural environment and can be a reference for learning text analysis in Indonesian language and literature subjects.

How to Overcome the Crisis of Symbolism with the Help of ‘Populist Ideas’? V.F. Chodasevič’s Critical Essays of the Early 1910s and the Article Nadson

This paper analyses V.F. Chodasevič’s early 1910s critical essays and his article Nadson, read in 1912 in the Literary and Artistic Club. Although the article did not play an important role in the critic’s work, because it was only during the exile period that Chodasevič criticized Nadson’s poetry, yet it represents the first example of Chodasevič’s appeal to the aesthetic model proposed by the utilitarian critics and the ideas of patriotism and civic virtues (graždanstvennost’), which were important in his poetry and later critic works. Chodasevič delivered a speech at the Club’s anniversary meeting which conveys his views on how to possibly overcome the crisis of symbolism. According to the poet, literature should restore and fully embody the ideals of the early Aesthetic Movement. The aim of the present research is to analyse the concepts, aesthetic ideas, and quotations used by Chodasevič in Nadson, and ascertain which sources influenced the author and how they relate to the literary context of the time (early 1910s). I argue that Chodasevič’s text echoes, to some extent, symbolist aesthetics while also reflecting elements of radical critique of early Aestheticism. Chodasevič only reproduces politically radical intentions that were present in the texts written by symbolists after 1907. Chodasevič’s article and his social views correspond to the evolution of Blok’s thought during the so-called ‘synthesis’ period; he, in fact, employs Blok’s ideas and introduces indirect quotations from his essays. Chodasevič’s speech at the Literary and Artistic Club was received as advancing principles which were seen too eclectic and old-fashioned, and which, most importantly, did not fit into the established literary context. Notwithstanding Chodasevič’s strategy of turning to Belinskij’s and Pisarev’s literary views was unsuccessful, since his intentions were misunderstood by the audience, he followed a similar pattern in several essays from the early 1910s. Chodasevič used symbolist aesthetic ideas in a number of texts written at the end of the exile period, where it can be seen that his approach and social and political views changed.

Usia Perkawinan Perspektif Maqashid Syariah; Analisis terhadap Undang-Undang Perkawinan di Indonesia

The objectives of this study are to: 1)What is the background of the change in Article 7 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 to Law Number 16 of 2019, 2) how does Maqashid al-Syari'ah review changes to Article 7 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 Year 1974 became Law Number 16 of 2019. In answering these problems, the researchers used the syar'i normative method. This study uses a library research method. Furthermore, the data collection method that the writer uses is direct cutifan, namely the researcher directs a person's opinion or writing according to the original without changing it and indirect quotations, namely quoting other people's writings, data and opinions by formulating with a new arrangement, but with the same intention. The results of this study indicate that the minimum age limit of marriage in Article 7 paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law has changed quite well which is in Law no. 1 of 1974 put a minimum age of marriage, namely 16 years for women and 19 years for men, is currently being amended in Article 7 paragraph 1, where the minimum age of marriage for women and men is at the same level, namely at least 19 years to be able to get married. In the review of maqashid al-sharia, the minimum limit in marriage is not explicitly regulated, but as long as it concerns the benefit of the ummah, it can be used in the administration of marriage. The implications of this study regarding changes in the minimum age limit for marriage in Article 7 paragraph 1 of the Marriage Law are expected to be able to be implemented properly by parties, both organizers, parents and men and women, should pay attention to various aspects before carrying out a marriage so that the marriage dreams can come true and do not end in an unwanted divorce.KeyWords: Constitution, marriage, Maqashid Al-Syari’ah

Türkçe Gazete Köşe Yazılarında Aktarım Tümcelerinin Söylem İşlevleri

Reported speech/quotations are used to insert other voices in texts, resulting in a form of intertextuality. With this characteristic, they are a form of intertextuality. Reporting can be through direct, indirect, strategic, transformed indirect and ostensible direct quotations and these involve ideological implications since they are closely related to evaluation and assessment. In this study, different types of reported speech and their discursive functions have been studied within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis in the op-ed articles in nine different newspapers known to be the representatives of different political ideologies. According to the findings of the study, direct quotations are the most frequently used type of reported speech and they are followed by indirect quotations in all types of ideologies. Considering type and ideology relationship, it has been found that writers of secular ideology use direct, strategical and transformed indirect quotations more frequently than the others. On the other hand, indirect and ostensible direct quotations are used more frequently in Islamist ideology. Regarding their discursive functions, writers use quotations to realize different aims: tangibly supporting their arguments to make themselves more creditable, increase the reliability of their arguments, legitimize/validate their own statements; dramatizing events; evading responsibility by distancing themselves from the source of information; describing and disparaging the characteristics of the person they quote or report; bringing the opposing opinions to the attention of the readers; providing the background of a piece of information; describing the characteristics of the person quoted and praising them.

To the problem of reception of Shakespearean motifs in dramaturgy of Anna Akhmatova

The subject of this research is the Shakespearean motifs in dramatic compositions of Anna Akhmatova. The research material contains the works of later period – draft of a movie script “On Pilots, or the Blind Mother”, and drama “Enūma Eliš”, which was destroyed and later restored by the author with numerous authorial commentaries and remarks. Akhmatova carefully examined the “Shakespeare question”, was familiar with his texts in the original, as well as translated a passage from “Macbeth”. She was well-versed in the historical connotations of Shakespeare's tragedies, considering Mary Stuart the prototype of Queen Gertrude and Lady Macbeth, and at the same time, rejected this image applicable to herself and her “alter ego” in literature. The main conclusions of this work consists in determination of the peculiar semantic tone of the set of motifs associated with “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” in dramaturgy of Anna Akhmatova, which includes: usurpation of power and envy of the rightful heir, mother – son conflict projected not only on Shakespeare's dramaturgy, but also on mythology, and through mythology on the author's poetry, motif of “drama within drama”, where masks and pseudonyms disguise the inward nature of the author. The direct and indirect quotations from “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” correlates the indicated set of motifs with biography of the author in “On the Pilots, or the Blind Mother” and “Enūma Eliš”, which substantiates the novelty of this research.

An Investigation of Macrostructure, Superstructure, and Microstructure on Online News Text

This study aimed to analyze the structure of the text in the news texts of tempo.com entitled “Tolak Relokasi Ibu Kota,” published in 2019, in which it highlighted the government’s plan to relocate the capital city of Indonesia. The descriptive qualitative model was used by adapting van Dijk’s approach. The data were analyzed only in terms of the structure of text on online media tempo.com and with the orientation of the descriptive-analytic method. The data of this study were presented qualitatively. The results showed that the journalists of tempo.com media built public opinion in the news negatively. The journalists utilized selected diction, cause-effect organization, and selected speaker’s indirect quotations to produce news texts. Besides, the news was considered in harmony with its mission of providing a multimedia product independent and free from all pressures. The readers were led to a negative image of the government on tempo.com as an active and existent media in voicing justice.

Lucretius Franco-Hibernicus: Dicuil’sLiber de Astronomiaand the Carolingian Reception ofDe Rerum Natura

AbstractSince its coinage in the nineteenth century, the concept of Carolingian renaissance has been primarily based on the revival of classical texts promoted by Charlemagne and his successors. Among the positive consequences of Carolingian classicism is the careful—if discreet—preservation of the text of Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura, which survives in three valuable ninth-century manuscripts. Whereas rigorous philological studies of these manuscripts have been offered, little attention has been paid to their role in, and connection with, the reception of Lucretius in ninth-century literature. It has been generally assumed that for the Carolingians the DRN was essentially a source for grammatical and metrical usage, and extensive efforts have been made to distinguish between direct and indirect quotations of Lucretian lines. In the present paper, I shall adopt a different approach, starting from the observation that the diffusion of DRN in ninth-century Europe coincided with an increasing interest in its content. I shall argue that a deeper understanding of Lucretius’s Carolingian reception can be achieved if one overcomes the dichotomies usually maintained by the philological Quellenforschung, as such dichotomies tend to overshadow the historically and culturally specific features of the early medieval practice of imitatio. By endorsing the perspective of intertextual studies, reception theory, and rhetorical criticism, I shall point out a so far unrecognized imitatio Lucretii in the astronomical work (Liber de Astronomia) of the Irishman Dicuil, whose allusions to Lucretius—particularly to the cosmological treatment of Book 5, the so-called “apology” of Book 1 (921-50 = 4.1-25), and the calf argument of Book 2 (352-66)—are representative of the peculiarities of Carolingian reading culture.

МИСТЕЦЬКИЙ ВИСТРІЙ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАТИВНОЇ ГРУПИ ПРИМІЩЕНЬ В ГРОМАДСЬКИХ БУДІВЛЯХ ЛЬВОВА У ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ СТ.

The article considers the characteristic features and distinctness of the artistic design of representative rooms of public buildings in Lviv in second half of 19th century. Traced the main factors that influenced their formation, both architecturally and artistically. Highlighted in detail the Viennese historicism and its features in interior decoration, which is had influenced and reflected to the Lviv’s public buildings. For a more detailed analysis of the artistic structure, a representative sample was made of key public buildings, both, in Lviv and their analogues in other cities of the empire. There are was included: theaters, universities, Sejms and parliaments, museums, courts and other buildings, which have a wide representative group of premises. Also highlighted there are common trends, direct and indirect quotations, both in the artistic elements and in the overall composition. In addition, was also show up the key figures in art and architecture who were active in the second half of the 19th century in Lviv who made a significant contribution to the formation of the artistic arrangements of public buildings. Instead, was indicate and considered main impact factors: administrative, cultural, artistic, social and educational. There was administrative influence, both direct and indirect. Along with funding from imperial exchequer, the facts of straight directives on the style of decoration of representative premises are known. There was also a direct influence on the formation of schools, workshops and in general on the field of architecture and art. Another important factor is that, both the elites and society was focused in the all spheres of life on the capital of the empire. Especially in the culture, architecture and art. For conclusions, in stylistic terms, the artistic design of representative public buildings in Vienna followed the pan- European tendency of historicism, but stood out in its characteristic features. Since Lviv was part of the administrative structure of the Austrian part of the empire, by analogy with the capital, it had a corresponding list of key public buildings. Comparative analysis reveals many similarities, from the layout of the premises, to the decorative and applied elements of artistic design, and in some cases there is a direct citation. Among the main factors are administrative, cultural, educational and economic, which are manifested both in the form of directives and in socio-cultural imitation the current trend at that time in architecture and art.

Investigating the Representation of Character Discourse in L2 Narratives Written by Iranian EFL Learners

The present study examined the discourse representation of characters’ voices in narratives written by Iranian L2 learners. The participants of this study were seven sophomore EFL majors (five women and two men) selected from among L2 learners through the convenience sampling method. The participants were assigned both a narrative topic about their story of learning EFL and Singleton’s (2001) picture narrative entitled “A Doctor’s Appointment.” Each of them wrote two narratives, first based on the topic and second on the assigned picture narrative from the first-person point of view. The content of the fourteen narratives was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The statistical results indicated that the participants presented the characters’ utterances primarily via direct discourse (DD) that embodies the original speaker’s exact words and secondarily employed indirect discourse (ID) that represents an utterer’s report of the other speaker’s dialogues in her or his own words more willingly than free indirect discourse (FID) that signifies double-voiced utterances. Thus, the dialogical principle of characters’ discourse in L2 writings was more DD-focused and less ID-oriented with no FID instance. The qualitative analysis of the narratives showed that the participants’ writings demonstrated a heteroglossia of authorial clauses as well as direct and indirect quotations of characters’ speeches and thoughts.

Relasi Prinsip Tauhid dalam Ekonomi Islam terhadap Pemikiran Etika Murthada Muthahari

Ethics is an interesting discussion because the principle recognizes ethical values, such as fairness and honesty. Ethics give instructions to humans how to do good and avoid the bad. This research is a type of qualitative research and includes literature studies using literature, in the form of books, articles, and the results of previous research. Data obtained through literature review are direct and indirect quotations. Human ego which cannot be controlled will damage the value system that God has created. God created man to carry out the task of khalifah on earth. Where humans must protect and prosper the earth. So in running the wheel of the human economy must pay attention to all aspects so as not to conflict with Islamic values. All forms of cheating or fraud and negative actions are strictly prohibited in Islamic economics. This is an important point of the caliph's principle, which apply Islamic values in the running of the economy for human life. The results of this paper state that tauhidad is the root of the moral principles of the faithful that cannot be uprooted by any power. When the feeling of the subconscious turns into conscious, then all human actions can be categorized as moral deeds. That is what is reflected in the person of the holy men.