Indirect Quotation Research Articles

How children talk about a conversation

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how children of different ages talk about a conversation that they have witnessed. 48 Turkish children, five, nine and thirteen years in age, saw a televised dialogue between two Sesame Street characters (Bert and Ernie). Afterward, they narrated what they had seen and heard. Their reports were analysed for the development of linguistic devices used to orient their listeners to the relevant properties of a conversational exchange. Each utterance in the child's narrative was analysed as to its conversational role: (1) whether the child used direct or indirect quotation frames; (2) whether the child marked the boundaries of conversational turns using speakers' names and (3) whether the child used a marker for pairing of utterances made by different speakers (agreement-disagreement, request-refusal, questioning-answering). Within pairings, children's use of (a) the temporal and evaluative connectivity markers and (b) the kind of verb of saying were identified. The data indicate that there is a developmental change in children's ability to use appropriate linguistic means to orient their listeners to the different properties of a conversation. The development and use of these linguistic means enable the child to establish different social roles in a narrative interaction. The findings are interpreted in terms of the child's social-communicative development from being a ‘character’ to becoming a ‘narrator’ and ‘author’ of the reported conversation in the narrative situation.

Reproduction and Demonstration in Quotations

By traditional theories, direct quotations are attempts to reproduce speech verbatim. By an alternative demonstration theory, they are attempts to depict selective aspects of the original. So according to traditional theories, direct quotations should be used only for verbatim reproduction, but according to the demonstration theory, they can be used for stylistic reasons independent of verbatim accuracy. In a comparison of these theories, people were asked to recount what happened in videotaped dialogues under instructions either to be accurate or to entertain - after one viewing or after memorizing the dialogue. After one viewing, narrators were no more accurate in direct than in indirect quotation, regardless of instruction. After memorization, they produced verbatim quotations when asked to be accurate on the dialogue, but were quite inaccurate when asked to entertain. These and other findings favor the demonstration theory.

Direct and indirect speech: General problems and problems of Japanese

This paper is about direct and indirect quotation. According to generally received opinion, direct quotation implies faithfulness to form and content of the reported utterance while indirect speech only renders its content. This view is accepted. However, it is argued that, nonetheless, for indirect speech different degrees of faithfulness to the form of the reported utterance should be distinguished. The second part of the paper deals with peculiarities of reported speech in Japanese. The often voiced claim that there is no distinction between direct and indirect speech in Japanese is refuted. Grammatical and deictic problems of reported speech underlying this claim are discussed and some of the conditions giving rise to sentences that are ambiguous as to whether they are direct or indirect quotations are investigated.

Functions of to and koto-o in speech and thought representation in Japanese written discourse

This paper explores the functional differences between to quotation, the major linguistic device for marking both direct and indirect quotation, and koto-o clause, another device for marking speech and thought representation in Japanese written discourse. After defining the notions of ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ speech, some syntactic, semantic and discoursal characteristics are discussed as we contrast the to quotation on the one hand and koto-o together with to yuu koto-o on the other. Syntactically, although koto-o clause invariably constitutes a subordinate clause, to quotation may not necessarily do so. Semantically, to quotation implies direct-orientation, often with immediate access to the verbatim speech, while o clause is more likely to co-occur with only a limited number of verbs of communication that are less directly oriented. It is argued that the availability of the to quotation and the limited usage of koto-o clause in Japanese influence the literary style where points of view can shift rather freely without disturbing the flow of discourse and where the maintenance of the point of view may be accomplished by a cross-sentential scope relation of to. In this paper, the possibilities of exploring the literary style idiosyncratic to a particular language system from a linguistic perspective are discussed.

A clarification of the interest rate parity theorem

Recognition of the role of market-makers in the euro-deposit and exchange markets, makes it necessary to re-formulate the interest rate parity theorem's predicted equilibrium relationship between forward exchange rates and interest rates in terms of a set of inequalities, rather than an equation. A euro-bank quotes typically for two-way business in euro-currency deposits swaps, outright forward exchange and spot exchange. It must decide whether to quote for each directly or indirectly, by combining quotes from two or more of the other markets. Where indirect (satellite) quotation prevails the inequalities collapse into continuous identities. Market conditions which favour direct compared to indirect quotation are assessed.

Israel Scheffler. Inscriptionalism and indirect quotation. Analysis (Oxford), vol. 19 no. 1 (1958), pp. 12–18.

Israel Scheffler. Inscriptionalism and indirect quotation. Analysis (Oxford), vol. 19 no. 1 (1958), pp. 12–18.

Inscriptionalism and Indirect Quotation

Inscriptionalism and Indirect Quotation Get access Israel Scheffler Israel Scheffler Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 19, Issue 1, October 1958, Pages 12–18, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/19.1.12 Published: 01 October 1958

Inscriptionalism and Indirect Quotation

Inscriptionalism and Indirect Quotation

Errata: An Inscriptional Approach to Indirect Quotation

Errata: An Inscriptional Approach to Indirect Quotation

An Inscriptional Approach to Indirect Quotation

An Inscriptional Approach to Indirect Quotation Get access Israel Scheffler Israel Scheffler Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 4, March 1954, Pages 83–90, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/14.4.83 Published: 01 March 1954

An Inscriptional Approach to Indirect Quotation

Journal Article An Inscriptional Approach to Indirect Quotation Get access Israel Scheffler Israel Scheffler Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 14, Issue 4, March 1954, Pages 83–90, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/14.4.83 Published: 01 March 1954

A Word from the Unredeemed

LEST Professor Paul G. Schroeder's recent article Toward a Compromise (the GERMAN QUARTERLY, March 1946) give the unfortunate impression that our readers are to be treated to a feud over the resembling the one that raged in the days when the Prokosch method was new, I feel called upon to point out that there is no basis at all for any protracted argument, since my Colorado colleague and I are fundamentally in agreement on all but a few minor points. In striving to throw off the tyranny of Latin Grammar over that of non-Latin languages Professor Schroeder has my enthusiastic support. In fact, I should be only too glad to see him go even farther in that direction. Since the publication of my article Taming the Subjunctive (the GERMAN QUARTERLY, January, 1945) my own method has undergone extensive changes as a result of classroom experience-changes that bring my conversion-as Professor Schroeder calls it--a little closer to being complete, although I feel under no compulsion to go all the way. Reduced to its bare essentials, the whole subjunctive amounts merely to this: 1. A form morphologically similar to the past which agrees with English usage in a) imaginary conditions and b) indirect quotation. The same form is also used as a substitute for wiirde plus infinitive, sometimes optional, sometimes almost mandatory. 2. A form bearing a none-too-distinct resemblance to a German present tense and having for most verbs only one person, the third singular. This form has two widely divergent uses: a) in formal exhortations (Er ruhe in Frieden, So sei es, Man beachte dieses Beispiel, etc.) and b) as a substitute, in indirect quotation only, for the form described in 1. above. For both forms only the variable (inflected) verb need be dealt with. The student, having already become accustomed to compound pasts and helpers plus infinitive, should know which of the two constant (uninflected) forms to use after h~itte or wdire, habe or sei on the one hand and miiBte or miisse, wiirde or werde, etc. on the other.

The Subjunctive in Indirect Quotation

Previous articleNext article FreeNotes and DiscussionsThe Subjunctive in Indirect QuotationJ. J. SchlicherJ. J. Schlicher Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Classical Philology Volume 1, Number 2Apr., 1906 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/358933 Views: 20Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Schlicher's "Moods of Indirect Quotation"

Previous articleNext article FreeNotes and DiscussionsSchlicher's "Moods of Indirect Quotation"W. G. HaleW. G. Hale Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Classical Philology Volume 1, Number 2Apr., 1906 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/358934 Views: 35 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Schlicher on "The Moods of Indirect Quotation"

Previous articleNext article FreeNotes and DiscussionsSchlicher on "The Moods of Indirect Quotation"Tenney FrankTenney Frank Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Classical Philology Volume 1, Number 1Jan., 1906 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/358911 Views: 22Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Moods of Indirect Quotation

The Moods of Indirect Quotation