Indirect Path Research Articles

Lost in translation: Therapeutic Alliance as a mediator in the relationship between teletherapy and marital satisfaction.

The global impact of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic necessitated a rapid shift to online/teletherapy psychotherapy services. While research suggests the feasibility and efficacy of teletherapy, there is limited investigation into couple teletherapy's impact on satisfaction and therapeutic alliance. This study aimed to address this gap by examining changes in couple satisfaction during tele- and in-person therapy sessions over 12 sessions and exploring whether therapeutic alliance development mediates these changes. Using growth curve modeling in a sample of 416 couples, it found that teletherapy participants initially reported higher couple satisfaction, but improvement in this domain was slower than in-person therapy recipients. The development of the therapeutic alliance mediated this effect via two indirect paths. Implications include the need for focused attention on alliance development in teletherapy and more empirically-informed approaches in couple teletherapy.

#Neuroticgrammers: the mediating role of fear of missing out, escapism and self-expression motives between neuroticism and problematic Instagram use

Although Instagram is widely used among young people, it has only recently caught researchers’ attention. Following the perspective of the I-PACE model, the present study examined the relationship between neuroticism and problematic Instagram use (PIU) in Italian university students who had an Instagram account. We assumed that the relationship between neuroticism and PIU could be explained by direct and indirect paths, passing through Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and motives for Instagram use. 362 Instagram users (72.1% female; Mage = 25.35, SD = 4.25) filled out a questionnaire assessing demographics, Instagram use features, Neuroticism, Problematic Instagram use, FoMO, and Motivations for Using Instagram. Results showed that neuroticism affected PIU only indirectly through FoMO, escapism and self-expression motives. Additionally, FoMO promoted higher levels of escapism and self-expression motives, increasing participants’ risk of PIU. This is the first study testing the mediating role of motives for using Instagram between personality predisposing factors and PIU. The findings provide new insights into the relationship between the factors that may promote PIU and have important clinical implications. These include the possibility for practitioners to prevent PIU more easily by acting on users’ motivations and cognitions, such as escapism, self-expession and FoMO, rather than working on predisposing personality factors, that are usually more stable over time.

Relationship of depression symptoms with emotional maturity and dysfunctional attitudes in married students: The mediating role of emotional divorce

Background and aims: Maladaptive cognitive patterns including negative cognitive style and dysfunctional attitudes are major risk factors for depression. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of depression symptoms with emotional maturity and dysfunctional attitudes mediated by emotional divorce in married students. Methods: The statistical population included all married students at the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz (Iran) during the academic year 2021–2022. A total of 301 students were selected as the research sample based on the research variables. The research instrument included Beck’s Depression Inventory, Emotional Maturity Scale, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and Emotional Divorce Scale. Path analysis was used to evaluate the proposed model in SPSS version 27 and AMOS version 25. Results: The relationship between emotional maturity and emotional divorce was negative and significant (β=-0.45, P<0.001). The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depression symptoms was positive and significant (β=0.17, P=0.002). There was a positive and significant relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and emotional divorce (β=0.30, P<0.001) and between emotional divorce and depression symptoms (β=0.39, P<0.001). There were also significant indirect paths from emotional maturity and dysfunctional attitudes to depression symptoms mediated by emotional divorce (P<0.001). Conclusion: The research results indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. Therefore, it was considered a major step in identifying the factors affecting depression symptoms in married students.

Punishing Women for Miscarriage: The role of Political Orientation and Hostile Sexism

AbstractWomen’s reproductive autonomy is an ideologically divisive issue, and this divisiveness goes beyond just attitudes toward abortion to include other outcomes such as miscarriage. Previous research has established that hostile sexism is positively associated with punitive attitudes toward pregnant women who flout conventional pregnancy proscriptions. Across three studies (N1 = 296; N2 = 580, N3 = 308) we conceptually replicated this research while shifting the focus from abstract attitudes to concrete policies punishing women for miscarriage, and moving beyond hostile sexism to examine the role of political orientation (including libertarianism). In all three studies, hostile sexism remained a significant positive predictor of support for punishing women for miscarriage even after controlling for political orientation. Conservative and libertarian self-identification were positively associated with support for punishment at zero-order, and in multiple regressions adjusting for sexism and demographic variables, conservatism remained significantly positively related to support for punishment in two studies. Libertarianism was no longer a significant predictor of support for punishment after adjusting for sexism; with this in mind, we conducted mediation analyses and found significant indirect paths from libertarian identification through hostile sexism in two of the three studies. These findings provide evidence for the role of sexism and political ideology in the increasingly punitive post-Roe vs. Wade United States.

Childhood Emotional Abuse, Neuroticism, Perfectionism, and Workaholism in an Italian Sample of Young Workers.

The literature has linked childhood emotional abuse (CEA) to severe negative outcomes such as the development of several maladaptive personality traits and coping mechanisms. Nonetheless, its concurrent connection with neuroticism, perfectionism, and workaholism has not been explored. For the above reasons, the present study sought to investigate whether neuroticism and perfectionism mediate the relationship between CEA and workaholism, as well as evaluate the gender invariance of the model. The sample of the present research comprised 1176 young workers (50% women), aged 18-25, who completed validated self-report questionnaires. The findings highlighted significant positive direct and indirect paths, suggesting a complex interplay between CEA, neuroticism, perfectionism, and workaholism. Furthermore, the model exhibited no significant differences between genders, suggesting that the identified relationships are consistent across both women and men. The findings highlight the importance of identifying CEA and considering the adoption of trauma-informed approaches to manage its adverse effects, thereby potentially averting the onset of workaholism. Moreover, the results underline the necessity for customized preventive measures, aiming to mitigate traits associated with neuroticism and perfectionism as potential paths for successful therapeutic interventions.

Statement of Removal

A randomly fluctuated vortex-induced vibration (VIV) affects the localization of moving targets in an underwater acoustic wireless sensor network (UAWSN) to cause an offset time and time synchronization error which disturbs the localization of the non-cooperative moving target. Definition 2.1, theorem 2.2 has been introduced in the present work to describe the genesis and consequences of the VIV effect in UAWSN. An elliptic localization introduces the direct and indirect path measurements of the moving target. The standard CRLB parameter quantifies the VIV effect. The compensation of vortex-induced vibrations (CVV) algorithm is proposed to quantify the degradation of localization performance and to estimate the position of the moving target. The theoretical measurements of position error, velocity error with respect to the variation of noise, number of receiver sensors, and probability of line of sight (LOS) errors are compared to the standard methods. The proposed CVV algorithm improves the localization performance by 32.24% and reduces 34.36% of position errors, and 37.46% of velocity errors up to 600 meters. It can be useful for the sub-aquatic internet of underwater things.

Functional brain networks in Developmental Topographical Disorientation.

Despite a decade-long study on Developmental Topographical Disorientation, the underlying mechanism behind this neurological condition remains unknown. This lifelong selective inability in orientation, which causes these individuals to get lost even in familiar surroundings, is present in the absence of any other neurological disorder or acquired brain damage. Herein, we report an analysis of the functional brain network of individuals with Developmental Topographical Disorientation ($n = 19$) compared against that of healthy controls ($n = 21$), all of whom underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, to identify if and how their underlying functional brain network is altered. While the established resting-state networks (RSNs) are confirmed in both groups, there is, on average, a greater connectivity and connectivity strength, in addition to increased global and local efficiency in the overall functional network of the Developmental Topographical Disorientation group. In particular, there is an enhanced connectivity between some RSNs facilitated through indirect functional paths. We identify a handful of nodes that encode part of these differences. Overall, our findings provide strong evidence that the brain networks of individuals suffering from Developmental Topographical Disorientation are modified by compensatory mechanisms, which might open the door for new diagnostic tools.

조직 구성원의 셀프리더십이 혁신행동에 미치는 영향 분석

In a rapidly changing business environment, innovative behavior within an organization is emphasized for a company to continuously develop and succeed. This study specifically identified various factors (self-leadership, entrepreneurship, and innovative behavior) that support such innovative behavior. Self-leadership refers to the ability of members to voluntarily and actively perform leadership roles within an organization. In relation to this, innovation behavior includes the act of introducing new ideas and leading change within the organization. This study examined the interaction between self-leadership and innovation behavior, focusing on empirical research on how entrepreneurship mediates the relationship between the two factors. For this purpose, a survey was conducted targeting 335 office workers over the age of 20, and among the collected questionnaires, 326 questionnaires, excluding 9 that were judged to have response bias, were used for analysis. For data analysis, SPSS Statistics ver 26.0 and Amos ver 23.0 programs, which are widely used in the social science field, were used, and the research results are as follows. First, self-leadership was found to have a positive influence on entrepreneurship and innovative behavior, and entrepreneurship was found to have a positive influence on innovative behavior. In other words, it was confirmed that the higher the self-leadership, the higher the entrepreneurship spirit, and the higher the entrepreneurship spirit, the higher the innovative behavior. Second, the indirect path from self-leadership to innovation behavior through entrepreneurship was found to be significant. Past studies have often emphasized the importance of innovative behavior, but have not sufficiently identified how individual factors can lead to and promote such behavior. This study further expanded the understanding of innovation by specifically examining how leadership style (self-leadership), an individual-level resource, functions in the relationship with innovative behavior. We hope that this study will serve as basic data to improve the organization's capabilities to respond to future challenges and opportunities and strengthen the organization's agility to change.

Substance Use Motives as Mediators of the Associations between Self-Control Constructs and Negative Substance Use Consequences: A Cross-Cultural Examination.

The present study sought to examine three distinct research questions: a) are self-control constructs (i.e., negative/positive urgency, self-regulation, and emotion-regulation) indirectly related to negative alcohol/marijuana consequences via substance use motives, b) to what extent are these indirect effects consistent across differing drugs (i.e., alcohol and marijuana), and c) are these models invariant across gender and countries. Participants were 2,230 college students (mean age=20.28, SD=0.40; 71.1% females) across 7 countries (USA, Canada, Spain, England, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa) who consumed alcohol and marijuana in the last month. Two (one for alcohol and one for marijuana) fully saturated path models were conducted, such that indirect paths were examined for each self-control construct and substance use motive on negative consequences (e.g., negative urgency → coping motives → negative consequences) within the same model. Within the comprehensive alcohol model, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more alcohol consequences via higher coping and conformity motives. For marijuana, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more marijuana consequences via higher coping motives (not significant for conformity motives). Unique to marijuana, we did find support for higher expansion motives indirectly linking positive urgency to more negative consequences. These results were invariant across gender groups and only minor differences across countries emerged. Prevention and intervention programs of alcohol and marijuana around university campuses may benefit from targeting self-control related skills in addition to motives to drug use to prevent and reduce negative drug-related consequences.

Assessing the impact of socio-demographics and farming activity on ward-level mortality patterns using farm and population decennial censuses.

Farmers experience a specific set of unique dangers, which increases their risk of mortality compared with any other occupation. This study hypothesised that Northern Ireland's (NIs) agriculturally saturated Wards have a higher risk of mortality compared against non-agriculturally based Wards. The Population Census and Farm Census information were downloaded from the Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Service (NINIS) online depository to compile three mortality-based data sets (2001, 2011, pooled data sets). Assessing the impact of socio-demographics and farming activity on Ward-level mortality patterns using farm and population decennial censuses. This study analysed all 582 Ward areas of NI, which enclosed the entire populace of the country in 2001 and 2011. Path analysis was utilised to examine direct and indirect paths linked with mortality within two census years (2001; 2011), alongside testing pathways for invariance between census years (pooled data set). Ward-level results provided evidence for exogenous variables to mortality operating through three/four endogenous variables via: (i) direct effects (age), (ii) summed indirect effects (age; males; living alone; farming profit; and deprivation) and (iii) total effects (age; males; living alone; and deprivation). Multi-group results cross-validated these cause-and-effect relationships relating to mortality. This study demonstrated that farming intensity scores, farming profits and socio-demographics' influence on mortality risk in a Ward were dependent on the specific social-environmental characteristics within that area. In line with earlier area level research, results support the aggregated interpretation that higher levels of farming activity within a Ward increase the risk of mortality within those Wards of NI. This was an essential study to enable future tailoring of new strategies and upgrading of current policies to bring about significant mortality risk change at local level.

The influence of water rights transfer policy on farmers' intention to conserve water

Abstract Exploring the factors influencing farmers' water conservation intentions under the water rights transfer policy is crucial for developing equitable water rights systems and safeguarding farmers' interests. Leveraging data from 608 respondents in the Yellow Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia, China, integrating the theory of planned behavior and the theory of perceived value, we present an analytical framework to investigate the factors affecting farmers' water conservation intentions through structural equation modeling. Our findings reveal the following: firstly, farmers' water conservation intentions are predominantly influenced by subjective norms, behavioral attitudes, perceived behavioral control, perceived benefits, and perceived risks; secondly, perceived behavioral control exerts the most significant impact on farmers' water conservation intention, whereas subjective norms have the weakest influence. This implies that farmers’ water conservation intention is not closely related to subjective norms in the context of mandatory water-saving interventions; lastly, the paths leading to farmers' water conservation intention include ‘perceived benefits/perceived risks → behavioral intention,’ and an indirect path through ‘perceived benefits/perceived risks → behavioral attitudes → behavioral intention’. Consequently, reducing the water-saving technology complexity, harnessing the influence of neighboring communities and water user associations, and enhancing farmers' compensation are effective strategies to bolster farmers' intention to engage in water conservation.

A longitudinal causal graph analysis investigating modifiable risk factors and obesity in a European cohort of children and adolescents

Childhood obesity is a complex disorder that appears to be influenced by an interacting system of many factors. Taking this complexity into account, we aim to investigate the causal structure underlying childhood obesity. Our focus is on identifying potential early, direct or indirect, causes of obesity which may be promising targets for prevention strategies. Using a causal discovery algorithm, we estimate a cohort causal graph (CCG) over the life course from childhood to adolescence. We adapt a popular method, the so-called PC-algorithm, to deal with missing values by multiple imputation, with mixed discrete and continuous variables, and that takes background knowledge such as the time-structure of cohort data into account. The algorithm is then applied to learn the causal structure among 51 variables including obesity, early life factors, diet, lifestyle, insulin resistance, puberty stage and cultural background of 5112 children from the European IDEFICS/I.Family cohort across three waves (2007–2014). The robustness of the learned causal structure is addressed in a series of alternative and sensitivity analyses; in particular, we use bootstrap resamples to assess the stability of aspects of the learned CCG. Our results suggest some but only indirect possible causal paths from early modifiable risk factors, such as audio-visual media consumption and physical activity, to obesity (measured by age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores) 6 years later.

Isolation and loneliness as pathways to heavy drinking early in the pandemic.

social isolation and forced quarantines during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a steep and persistent rise in alcohol consumption among US adults. While the association between loneliness and drinking is well established, less is known about the impact of social isolation (a known correlate of loneliness) and the interplay between these two variables in relation to drinking. we recruited US adults using the MTurk platform for an online survey in early April 2020. The initial survey was followed up with a second wave, 30days later in mid to late May. Data from the current analyses focus on this second wave of data collection. we found significant direct effects on heavy drinking for both social isolation (c'= 0.495; P< .01) and loneliness (b= 0.071; P< .05). We also found a significant indirect path from social isolation to heavy drinking through social isolation's impact on elevating loneliness (a= 0.919; P< .001). The indirect effect of social isolation on the composite measure of heavy drinking was 0.0652 (0.919 × 0.071) and was significant at the 0.05 level after bootstrapping estimates of the variance were constructed. those most isolated early in the pandemic were at increased risk for heavy drinking, in part because their social isolation led to increased loneliness. Post-pandemic research is needed to explore whether the relationships that stemmed from social isolation during the pandemic led to a persistent pattern of behavioral risk that maintained high rates of heavy drinking.

미용인의 NCS화장품 능력단위인지와 현장활용성 및 화장품학 교과만족도 관계 연구

Objectives The purspose of this study is to analyze the effect of cosmetics National Competency Standards recognition on cosmetics subject necessity and subject satisfaction through field usability.&#x0D; Methods A survey was conducted on 304 cosmetologists who had experience in cosmetic course. To verify the research hypothesis, the structural equation model was establised and analyzed using AMOS, and bootstrapping was used to verify the mediation effect. The significance of the mediation effect was verified again through the Sobel Test.&#x0D; Results Recognition of cosmetics NCS had a positive (+) effect on field usability. Field usability had a positive (+) significant effect on the cosmetics subject necessity and had a positive (+) effect on cosmetics subject satisfaction. It was confirmed that the recognition of cosmetics NCS did not have a direct effect on the cosmetics subject necessity, and only the indirect path was significant, confirming that field usability had a complete mediation effect. In the relationship between whether it is an cosmetics NCS recognition, field usability, and cosmetics sbject satisfaction, the indirect path generates a standardized path coefficient that greatly exceeds 1.0, and the direct path was an inconsistent mediation effect with opposite sign values, confirming that the direct path had a spurious effect. This means that in the relationship between cosmetics NCS recognition and cosmetics subject satisfaction, field usability has a complete mediation effect.&#x0D; Conclusions Cosmetics NCS recognition does not have a direct effect on the necessity of cosmetics subject and satisfaction of cosmetics subject, but field usability plays a complete mediation role and has an effect. This can be said to be a result that corresponds to the characteristics of the practical-oriented beauty occupation. The cosmetics NCS should be reorganized according to the beauty occupations so that cosmetics can be used more safely and appropriately in the field of beauty work by major that utilizes cosmetics.&#x0D;

간호대학생의 가족건강성과 인성의 관계에서 사회정서역량과 의사소통능력의 병렬다중매개효과

Objectives This descriptive study investigates the mediating effects of social-emotional and communication competence on the relationship between the proactivity of family health and the personality of nursing students.&#x0D; Methods Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 157 nursing students from two universities in G city, from June 1 to June 15, 2023. The SPSS/23.0 program was used to analyze the data with descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and mediation effect analysis were performed using PROCESS Macro’s parallel mediation model analysis and Bootstrap.&#x0D; Results The research subject’s personality was assessed by Family health (r=.41, p&lt;.001), Social-emotional competency (r=.45, p&lt;.001), and Communication ability (r=.49, p&lt;.001) and seemen to have a positive correlation. As a result of testing the parallel multiple mediation effect, the partial mediating effect of social-emotional competency and communication ability was confirmed in the relationship between family health and personality. In other words, the direct path from nursing students’ family health to personality and the indirect path to personality through social-emotional competency and communication ability were significant.&#x0D; Conclusions To improve the character level of nursing students and strengthen their family health, social-emotional competencies, and communication skills, it is necessary to develop curricular and non-curricular programs in nursing education and continuous between home, school, and society.&#x0D;

Channel estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surface‐assisted mmWave using multidimensional Runge Kutta orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm in MIMO systems

SummaryIn the context of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) assisted millimeter wave communications within the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system, Channel Estimation (CE) poses a significant challenge due to signal sparsity and blockages between transmitters and receivers. Consequently, communication faces difficulties without a direct line‐of‐sight path, leading to increased pilot overhead. To address these obstacles, this research introduces a channel estimation approach for RIS‐aided millimeter wave communication employing the Multidimensional Runge Kutta Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (MRKOMP) algorithm in MIMO systems. The proposed method aims to enhance network coverage and channel capacity for efficient data transmission. By utilizing the multiscale cumulative residual distribution entropy function, the method establishes an indirect path when the line‐of‐sight is obstructed. Furthermore, the multidimensional orthogonal matching pursuit methodology calculates sparsity levels and facilitates sparse recovery. Optimization of the weight parameter through the Runge Kutta optimizer effectively eliminates sparsity, resulting in improved spectral efficiency and RIS gain. Simulation results demonstrate a significant 99.9% enhancement in network capacity and spectral efficiency compared to existing methods.

The Impact of EFL Learners’ Negative Emotional Orientations on (Un)Willingness to Communicate in In-person and Online L2 Learning Contexts

The present study explored how negative emotional orientations (i.e., anxiety, boredom, and demotivation) may contribute to English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in in-person and online classes. In doing so, a total of 290 university students majoring in English were recruited to fill in a set of scales. The structural equation modeling analysis indicated that foreign language classroom anxiety (FLA) and L2 demotivation have a direct impact on EFL learners’ in-person and online L2WTC. While L2 demotivation was the strongest significant predictor of learners’ in-person L2WTC, FLA was the strongest predictor of online L2WTC. Additionally, there was a positive correlation among FLA, L2 demotivation, and foreign language classroom boredom (FLB). While FLA demonstrated no direct impact on communication willingness, it exhibited significant indirect paths to in-person L2WTC via the full mediation of L2 demotivation and FLA . Although the result did not show any significant direct impact of FLB on online L2WTC, it had a small yet significant indirect path to online L2WTC through the full mediation of FLA. FLA also revealed indirect significant paths to online L2WTC through FLB and L2 demotivation. The implications for L2 teachers and teacher educators will be further discussed.

Social Media in City Branding Strategic: Empirical study in Solo City, Indonesia

The trend of tourist visits in Indonesia after Covid-19 has increased more than the period before Covid-19, despite being under intense competitive pressure. This competitive pressure drives the trend of city branding integrating with digital-based marketing communications to increase city attractiveness. This study is to explore how social media promotion and electronic word-of-mouth (e-wom) play a mediating role in city branding on tourists' decisions to visit and city image. This investigation was carried out with a quantitative methodology. Data was gathered via an online survey intended for Solo visitors. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 respondents to participate in this study. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0. The results showed that city branding directly affects city image and visiting decisions, but city image has an insignificant influence on visiting decisions. Visitor decisions and city branding can be influenced indirectly by social media promotion and e-wom. E-wom's indirect effect can mediate the impact of a city's image on visit decisions. The research findings that city branding - social media promotion - city image - e-wom - visiting decisions are in one indirect effect path.

What factors contribute to in-role and extra-role safety behavior among food delivery riders?

Food delivery riders face significant road safety risks globally. Previous studies have primarily focused on the direct relationship between job demands, job resources, and road safety behaviors, often neglecting the potential indirect paths through dual processes, namely the health impairment process and the motivational process, which may lead to dangerous riding behaviors. Additionally, the impact of organizational citizenship behaviors on the safety of food delivery riders within the industry remains unexplored. This study aims to address these gaps by applying the dual processes of the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) to identify factors influencing the safety behaviors of food delivery riders in Vietnam. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys with 410 riders in public places. The findings show a nuanced interplay between job demands, resources, and safety behaviors. Specifically, job burnout acts as a bridge, mediating the influence of job demands on in-role safety behaviors. On the other hand, job resources-encompassing facets like job autonomy, performance feedback, technology support, and work support-indirectly shape both in-role and extra-role safety behaviors via the conduit of motivation. These resources not only bolster motivation but also serve as pillars in fostering a culture of safety among riders. This research not only deepens our understanding of the determinants of food delivery riders' safety behaviors but also highlights the pivotal role food delivery companies play in shaping these behaviors. By prioritizing the holistic well-being of their riders and offering robust support, these companies can foster an environment conducive to safety. Additionally, by integrating additional dimensions of job demands and resources into the JD-R model, this study paves the way for more comprehensive and nuanced future research in this domain.

Self-Compassionate Motivation and Athlete Well-Being: The Critical Role of Distress Tolerance

This cross-sectional study explored athlete responses to the Compassion Motivation and Action Scales Self-Compassion Scale, examining its relationship with well-being. Athlete (N = 207; mean age 27.9 years) scores were consistent with previous population means. Scores on the Compassion Motivation and Action Scales Self-Compassion Scale did not differ between elite and nonelite athletes, nor did they correlate significantly with trait competitiveness. Significant differences emerged based on athlete well-being state, with athletes categorized as “flourishing” scoring higher on the total score and all subscales of the Compassion Motivation and Action Scales Self-Compassion Scale, as compared with those with “moderate mental health” (Cohen’s ds from 0.58 to 0.92). Furthermore, the distress tolerance subscale significantly mediated the relationship between self-compassion intentions and well-being (indirect path: B = 0.034, p &lt; .001). The results suggest that self-compassionate intentions are not enough, and athletes may need support to tolerate the distress that comes with moving toward one’s own suffering.