Indirect Losses Research Articles

Estimating the indirect costs associated with psoriasis

Background. The assessment of indirect economic costs associated with psoriasis is relevant due to the poor knowledge of the impact of the disease on key performance indicators, as well as the question of how the expansion of the pool of patients receiving genetically engineered biological drugs affects the indirect costs associated with the disease.
 Aim. Evaluation of the indirect economic burden of psoriasis associated with missed work time and reduced performance in the actual presence at the workplace, as well as an assessment of the impact of changing the structure of therapy on indirect costs.
 Material and methods. To calculate the indirect economic burden of psoriasis using the human capital method, two approaches were used: through an assessment of the impact on gross domestic product and through the use of the market value of working hours. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to assess the impact of genetically engineered biologics on the indirect economic costs associated with psoriasis. Systematic search and selection of studies for network meta-analysis was performed using several databases (clinicaltrials.gov, Eu Clinical Trials, Pubmed, WHO ICTRP, medRxiv). Studies in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis treated with any genetically engineered biological drug were included.
 Results. Indirect economic losses calculated through the assessment of the impact on the gross domestic product amounted to 10.2 billion rubles per year, and through the application of the market value of working time 17.9 billion rubles per year per 100,000 patients with psoriasis in 2018 in Russian Federation. The genetically engineered biological drugs prescription can lead to a reduction in the annual indirect economic burden by 4.9 billion rubles and 8.6 billion rubles per 100,000 economically active patients with moderate and severe psoriasis, calculated through the assessment of the impact on the gross domestic product and through the application of the market value of working hours, respectively.
 Conclusion. A decrease in the work productivity of patients with psoriasis leads to significant indirect costs, while an increase in the proportion of patients receiving genetically engineered biological drugs leads to a decrease in the indirect economic burden on the state and society as a whole.

Bridge Network Seismic Risk Assessment Using ShakeMap/HAZUS with Dynamic Traffic Modeling

Bridge infrastructures are critical nodes in a transportation network. In earthquake-prone areas, seismic performance assessment of infrastructure is essential to identify, retrofit, reconstruct, or, if necessary, demolish the infrastructure systems based on optimal decision-making processes. As one of the crucial components of the transportation network, any bridge failure would impede the post-earthquake rescue operation. Not only the failure of such high-risk critical components during an extreme event can lead to significant direct damages, but it also affects the transportation road network. The consequences of these secondary effects can easily lead to congestion and long queues if the performance of the transportation system before or after an event was not analyzed. These indirect losses can be more prominent compared to the actual damage to bridges. This paper brings about seismic performance assessment for the Cyprus transportation network from which the decision-making platform can be modeled and implemented. This study employs a seismic hazard analysis based on generated USGS ShakeMap scenarios for the risk assessment of the transportation network. Furthermore, identification of the resiliency and vulnerability of the transportation road network is carried out by utilizing the graph theory concept at the network level. Moreover, link performance measures, i.e., traffic modeling of the study region is simulated in a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) simulation environment. Finally, for earthquake loss analysis of the bridges, the HAZUS loss estimation tool is used. The results of our investigations for three different earthquake scenarios have shown that seismic retrofitting of bridges is a cost-effective measure to reduce the structural and operational losses in the region.

РОБЛЕМИ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЛЮДСЬКОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The peculiarities of human potential as a specific object of socio-economic management in the conditions of war are determined. Separate types of direct and indirect losses of Ukraine's human potential as a result of the full-scale invasion of russia are analyzed, which determine the actual problems of its preservation for the future recovery of the economy. A classification of the problems of preserving human potential in the conditions of war has been made, which will allow differential introduction of management tools in relation to different types of problems in the field of labor and human potential. The basic stages of the algorithm of the human potential preservation in Ukraine in war conditions are proposed.

Performance-Based Assessment of Bridges with Novel SMA-Washer-Based Self-Centering Rocking Piers.

This study discussed a novel self-centering rocking (SCR) bridge system equipped with shape memory alloy (SMA)-based piers, with a particular focus on the benefit of the SCR bridge system in a life-cycle context. The study commences with an introduction of the SCR bridge system; subsequently, a life-cycle loss and resilience assessment framework for the SCR bridge system is presented. Specifically, the seismic fragility, resilience, and life-cycle loss associated with the SCR and conventional bridge systems were addressed. The proposed life-cycle assessment framework was finally applied to two highway bridges with and without SMA washer-based rocking piers, considering the representative hazard scenarios that could happen within the investigated regions. The results revealed that the novel SCR pier bridge system slightly increased the bearing displacement but extensively reduced the pier curvature ductility due to the rocking mechanism. The SCR bridge system kept a lower life-cycle loss level and exhibited more resilient performance than the conventional bridge, especially in the region with higher seismic intensities. Indirect loss can be significantly larger than the direct loss, specifically for the earthquakes with a relatively low probability of occurrence. The SCR bridge system outperformed the conventional system in terms of recovery time, where a quick recovery after an earthquake and drastically decreased the social and economic losses.

PPARδ Agonist Promotes Type II Cartilage Formation in a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease accompanied by an inflammatory milieu that results in painful joints. The pathogenesis of OA is multifactorial, with genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and traumatic injury resulting in the direct or indirect loss of cartilage. The articular cartilage can also be damaged by direct focal traumatic injury. Articular cartilage provides a smooth, deformable bearing surface with a low coefficient of friction, increased contact area, and reduced contact stress. Articular type II hyaline cartilage lines the synovial joints and, when injured, has a limited ability for repair, except for the most superficial layers via diffusion from the synovial fluid, secondary to no blood supply, a complex structure, and a low metabolic rate. Restoring the articular surface can relieve pain and restore function. Although many strategies have been developed to regenerate type II collagen based on the extent of the lesion, surgical treatments are still evolving. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist and collagen treatment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance the chondrogenic capacity in vitro. We present a novel technique for cartilage restoration in a rabbit cartilage osteochondral defect model using a PPARδ agonist (GW0742)-infused 3D collagen scaffold to induce type II cartilage from MSCs.

An evolutionary game-theoretic analysis of construction workers' unsafe behavior: Considering incentive and risk loss.

The behavior of construction workers has a significant impact on the overall safety climate of a project. The purpose of this paper is to figure out the evolutionary pattern of workers' unsafe behavior and to minimize its occurrence. We constructed a two-sided evolutionary game model consisting of workers and managers to explore the focal point of interest, strategy equilibrium conditions, and behavior evolution process. The experimental results of stability analysis and system dynamics show that there are two stable states in all four cases, (Safe behavior, Negative management) as well as (Unsafe behavior, Negative management). The lower the initial willingness of workers to behave unsafely, the faster they reach a safe steady state. By contrast, managers' strategy choices have a certain lag. Workers are discouraged from choosing unsafe behavior under both the positive incentive of raising bonuses and the negative incentive of raising fines. And the sensitivity of the two incentives is similar. For indirect effect risk loss, when it is effectively controlled during safe construction, workers quickly gravitate toward safe behavior. These findings provide a reference for construction safety management. Several practical suggestions were proposed from three perspectives: the worker, the manager, and the site safety climate, focus on the theme of reducing unsafe behavior and achieving a virtuous cycle of safety climate.

A pantropical assessment of deforestation caused by industrial mining

Growing demand for minerals continues to drive deforestation worldwide. Tropical forests are particularly vulnerable to the environmental impacts of mining and mineral processing. Many local- to regional-scale studies document extensive, long-lasting impacts of mining on biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, the full scope of deforestation induced by industrial mining across the tropics is yet unknown. Here, we present a biome-wide assessment to show where industrial mine expansion has caused the most deforestation from 2000 to 2019. We find that 3,264 km2 of forest was directly lost due to industrial mining, with 80% occurring in only four countries: Indonesia, Brazil, Ghana, and Suriname. Additionally, controlling for other nonmining determinants of deforestation, we find that mining caused indirect forest loss in two-thirds of the investigated countries. Our results illustrate significant yet unevenly distributed and often unmanaged impacts on these biodiverse ecosystems. Impact assessments and mitigation plans of industrial mining activities must address direct and indirect impacts to support conservation of the world's tropical forests.

Florivory in twoChamaecristaspecies: Are secretory trichomes effective against florivores?

AbstractFlorivory inChamaecristavaries in occurrence, intensity, and the floral structures affected. As flowers are multifunctional units, the type of damage can impact reproductive success in different ways. Oil‐resin‐secreting trichomes, present in the sepals ofChamaecristaspecies, section Absus, are suggested to inhibit florivory. We recorded florivory inChamaecrista catharticaandChamaecrista catharticoidesin order to determine the frequency of damage, floral whorls most damaged, impact on reproduction, and effectiveness of secretory trichomes in inhibiting florivory. The study was conducted in the Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Brazil. Twenty individuals of each species were monitored monthly over two bloom periods to record the flowering intensity, rates of florivory, and fruit set and to determine the effectiveness of trichomes in inhibiting florivory. The two species had different flowering patterns, annual forC. catharticaand continuous forC. catharticoides, both more intense during summer. Florivory occurred mainly in the winter and affected floral structures unevenly, resulting in loss of different floral functions. Florivory reduced the fruit set of both species, butC. catharticoideswas considerably more impacted. The diversity of damaged structures inC. catharticoidesresulted in direct (reduced female and male fitness due to loss of ovules and pollen grains) and indirect (loss of floral resources and reduced floral attractiveness) impacts. Damage to the tubular petal could further result in loss of specialized pollination mechanisms mediated by this structure. Secretory trichomes on the abaxial surface of sepals inhibited florivory of buds and herbivory of early‐developing fruits.

SRRI Methodology to Quantify the Seismic Resilience of Road Infrastructures

The assessment of the seismic risk connected with the functionality of infrastructure has become an important issue in civil engineering, and consists of estimating costs due to earthquakes. In this regard, bridges are the most vulnerable systems among the various components of road infrastructure and the assessment of their resilience has recently been proposed. However, the development of methodologies that can assess the resilience of the full road infrastructure still constitutes a gap in the literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a novel methodology to include direct and indirect losses using a probability-based approach. A case study was carried out to investigate a road network consisting of two interdependent infrastructures.

Assessment of the seismic behavior of short-to-medium overall length girder bridges under asynchronous ground motions

Proper seismic analysis and design of bridges are critical, especially in locations prone to high seismic activities where critical infrastructure is at a high risk of seismic damage leading to direct and indirect losses. The seismic performance of bridges has been widely investigated in the literature, but the effect of asynchronous ground motions for short-to-medium overall length girder bridges is a phenomenon that has not been adequately addressed by bridge codes and thus it warrants further research. For such bridges, the often-employed envelope response spectrum is not generally applicable for asynchronous ground motions as this is a multiple-support excitation problem where potential local demand concentrations are critical. This study investigates the effects of asynchronous ground motion on the seismic response of short-to-medium overall length girder bridges with reinforced concrete columns considering crustal, subcrustal and subduction earthquakes. The main source of spatial variability of ground motions considered was the variation in the local soil conditions at the foundation of 3-span (short) and 7-span (medium) overall length prototype girder bridges. Soil classes A (rocky soil) and E (softer soil) were considered to establish different combinations of soil distribution in the foundation and then compared to baseline models where site class C was applied to all the supports of the structure to study the effects of asynchronous ground motions. It was found that the variation of site class in the foundations for such structures could produce detrimental effects on the dynamic response of the structure. The presence of softer soil in most of the structure's foundations elongated the vibration period of the structure and resulted in higher displacement demands. Results also showed that critical demands are concentrated at locations where the soil conditions change, indicating increased sensitivity to seismic effects at certain locations, which would not be captured by the typical code-prescribed procedure in the presence of asynchronous ground motion effects.

Habitat Quality Assessment and Ecological Risks Prediction: An Analysis in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Suzhou Section)

With the fast pace of global urbanization, anthropogenic disturbances not only lead to frequent disasters, but also cause direct and indirect ecological and economic losses. To reduce the adverse effects of anthropogenic disturbances as part of sustainable ecosystem management, assessments of habitat quality and ecological risk are necessary. The objectives of this study are to analyze environmental conditions of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Suzhou section) for evaluating habitat quality and habitat degradation, and to conduct ecological-risk early warning assessment in this section. The Grand Canal is the longest and first canal in the world to be artificially excavated from natural rivers and lakes. By evaluating habitat quality using the InVEST suite of open-source software models for mapping and valuing the ecosystem, it was found that the natural lands with high habitat quality such as wetlands, forests and lakes along the Suzhou section of the Grand Canal have gradually decreased, while construction lands such as roads and buildings have gradually increased; there is a clear trend of decreasing areas with high habitat quality and increasing areas with low habitat quality, which is likely the result of urbanization. It was also found that the region has a high habitat degradation index, meaning that areas located at the junction of different land types are vulnerable to the surrounding environment due to narrow buffer zones that allow areas with high habitat quality to be easily affected by areas with low habitat quality. In terms of ecological risks, it was found that the natural land area with high habitat quality in the downstream locations was declining, thereby increasing the risks of pollution and flooding events while reducing the ecosystem’s resilience. The valuation model used in this study can be used as an effective decision-support tool to prioritize important ecological areas for conservation in the Grand Canal, and can also be adapted for use in the ecosystem management of other regions.

Reactivity and Loss Mechanisms of NO3 and N2O5 at a Rural Site on the North China Plain

NO3, NO2, O3, and relevant parameters were measured at a rural site on the North China Plain during June 2014. During the campaign, the average concentrations of NO3 and N2O5 were 4.8 ± 3.3 pptv and 30.5 ± 35.4 pptv, respectively. The average NO3 production rate was 1.03 ± 0.48 ppbvh−1, and the steady-state lifetimes of NO3 and N2O5 were 26 s and 162 s, respectively, indicating that the NOx chemistry in the rural site during summer was active. The uptake coefficient range of N2O5 was 0.023 to 0.118, with an average value of 0.062 ± 0.035. Meanwhile, the fitting for kNO3 was 0.013 ± 0.016 s−1, corresponding to the shorter NO3 lifetime below 1 min. The results show that the indirect loss pathways caused by the heterogonous uptake of N2O5 contributed 64–90% of the overall NO3 loss, with an average of 81%, suggesting that the N2O5 heterogeneous reaction dominated the nocturnal NOx loss over this region.

A Synergy Value Analysis of Sustainable Management Projects: Illustrated by the Example of the Aesthetic Medicine Industry

This study aims to construct a mathematical model to determine the dimensions of an economic, social, and environmental project with the goal of sustainable management. By identifying the optimal weights, the synergy values for sustainable management can be maximized. Taking aesthetic medicine companies as examples, this study attempts to construct the index projects of the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable management in an uncertain environment. Linear relationships (a combination of fixed synergistic values and varying synergistic values) are used to calculate the import optimal weight under optimistic, normal, and pessimistic circumstances. This study helped companies to introduce triple bottom line (TBL) indices to plan their issues under sustainable management and development, thus, enabling the parent company to achieve the optimal weight for the project costs to put in its subsidiaries. Additionally, this study prioritizes the weight of the influence on the management of the aesthetic medicine industry according to the risk probabilities, to minimize the uncertainties of risk management in corporate management and reduce the possibility of direct and indirect cost losses caused by financial distress, functional fluctuations, and negative impact on the medical equipment market, thereby maximizing the estimated total project value under sustainable management. This study constructs an aesthetic medicine-specific mathematical model concept using the triple bottom line model as the basis for sustainable corporate management and proposes an approach to obtain sustainable weight in uncertain conditions. By doing so, companies can add various managerial methods for the same industry, and new ideas are provided to the academic community to discuss the development of decision-making assessment criteria for risk assessments in sustainable management.

Моделирование влияния различных сценариев национальной политики и финансирования в области ВИЧ-инфекции на социальные и демографические показатели России

A number of governmental anti-HIV strategic programs are being implemented today in Russia; however, as of 2020, only 74.5% of the infected were aware of their status and only 67.4% of them were receiving the therapy. Under such conditions, it seems reasonable to assess future social and economic consequences depending on various scenarios of centralized financing of anti-HIV activities in the future. With the use of mathematic modelling, an economic analysis was performed for the “no change” scenario of maintaining costs for HIV control at the level of 2020, and a prognosis was made for 4 possible scenarios of national policy changes in relation to federal expenditures: a 25% and 50% increase in expenditures from the level of 2020, a “maximum extensive scenario” (which assumes reaching the upper limit of expenditures with approximately 60% growth while maintaining the current structure of costs), and an “intensive” scenario with an increase in nominal expenditures and shifting costs to purchasing newer third-generation antiretroviral therapy regimens. According to the modelling results, the current financial strategy (the “no change” scenario) in nominal terms will result in HIV mortality growth up to 25 thousand cases annually, the economic burden over the period of 2020–2030 will exceed RUB 4 bln and will not let achieving the national target of “90-90-90” by 2024. Under this scenario, Russia would remain the leader in HIV prevalence among the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The “no change” scenario would result in indirect economic losses of RUB 3,481.06 bln per year, with epidemiological parameters still high. The most efficient scenario turned out to be the “maximum extensive scenario” that suggests an increase in federal budget expenditures on combating HIV infection by approximately RUB 20 bln annually. This course of events would allow reducing HIV mortality to 5.4 cases per 100 thsd population by 2030, which is comparable to the current HIV mortality in Spain, Italy and Switzerland, and reducing HIV mortality by 111,9 thsd cases to a level comparable to that of the USA, Chile and New Zealand in 2019. The economic benefit from the implementation of this scenario in 2020–2030 would amount to RUB 1,663.02 bln due to decreased direct non-medical and indirect costs in the form of GDP growth and reduced payments of pensions and disability benefits.

REVIEW AFRICAN SWINE FEVER: PENULARAN, FAKTOR RESIKO DAN DAMPAK EKONOMI YANG DITIMBULKAN

African swine fever or also known as African Swine Fever (ASF) is a serious viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars and is highly contagious which causes disease in pigs, generally characterized by high fever, hemorrhages, ataxia, and severe depression . African swine fever virus is a major threat to pig production as it has mortality rates approaching 100% . By early 2018, ASF had spread throughout China, Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. The disease is spread through direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids or indirectly through contaminated vehicles, equipment or food containing meat from infected pigs. Several risk factors have contributed to the introduction and transmission of the disease into farmers/countries including biosecurity practices, animal movements, and husbandry practices. The disease has caused huge direct and indirect economic losses around the world. It currently has no specific treatment or vaccine available. Key Words: African Swine Fever, Demam Babi Afrika, Babi, NTT

Risk assessment of rehabilitation strategies for steel lattice telecommunication towers of Greece under extreme wind hazard

The risk and losses associated with the wind-induced failure of existing steel lattice telecommunication towers are assessed for a number of upgrade/replace/redesign schemes. Specifically, a performance-based wind engineering framework is employed for assessing a typical tower topology used by EU telecommunication network operators over four different cases: a conventional design, its corroded version after 60 years, a strengthened version of the corroded tower by applying fibre-reinforced polymer plates, and a redesign with high-strength steel. Multiple potential sites of installation were considered throughout coastal and mainland Greece, comprising two different groups of design wind speed. Mischaracterization of the site-specific wind distribution is by far the most important risk factor, with corrosion coming right behind. Still, selecting a rehabilitation approach does not depend only on site and tower characteristics, but also on the projected direct and indirect losses. By considering service to different populations, even after 60 years of corrosion, the “Do Nothing” approach may still be competitive when serving few residents and for short projected lifetime, while an upgrade is considered optimal for larger towns, or wherever higher revenue is on the line.

The probability of community-scale building damage and economic loss in Thailand increased after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

Understanding the impacts of tsunamis, especially in terms of damage and losses, is important for disaster mitigation and management. This study aims to estimate the building damage and economic loss (direct and indirect) changes for two periods before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT) on Patong Beach in Phuket Province, Thailand. We begin to produce the tsunami hazard map using the TUNAMI-N2 model and examine the change in buildings during the two periods. Next, the fragility curve established from the 2004 IOT was applied with the hazard map and construction unit cost to estimate the damage losses as direct losses. Then, we adopt the exogenous multiregional input–output (MRIO) table method to distinguish the indirect regional economic losses throughout the country. Finally, the indirect losses are estimated by using the economic structure based on the MRIO table. Our results show that over a 15-year period, the number of buildings in Patong Beach increased by approximately 30% since the 2004 IOT. The greatest increase was observed for hotels/restaurants (18%), followed by houses (10%). The increase in building density affected the water level, increasing in the area close to the coastline while decreasing in the area far from the coastline. This impact reveals that the mean inundation in the whole area is reduced by 4%. Buildings show higher damage in the area close to the coastline, which increased by approximately 10%. Based on the 2004 IOT, the direct damage losses also increased by approximately 58%, in which the highest direct loss was in hotel/restaurant buildings, followed by stores/warehouses. The indirect losses of the inundated building increased by approximately 55% compared with the direct losses from the 2004 IOT. Among the impacted sectors in the MRIO table, the hotel/restaurant sector suffered the highest losses; within this sector, the fishery sector was most affected, followed by the food production sector and then the crop sector. On the regional scale, Bangkok has the highest impact, with the second-highest impact in the east and the next highest impact in the west. To consider the difference between the two periods, the indirect loss increased by 48% and 43% on the sector and regional scales, respectively. Approximately 55% of the overall economic losses were indirect, including the economic impacts of increased construction in the coastal risk area of Phuket Island on Thailand's economy. This approach could be useful for stakeholders and policymakers for future tsunami mitigation in cases at the community scale.

Fire and Explosion Economic Losses (FEEL) Index: A new approach for quantifying economic damages due to accidents in hydrocarbon storage sites

One of the areas most affected by the occurrence of fires and explosions is the economy. These accidents lead to direct economic damages, which results in the withdrawal of capital for the reconstruction of damaged areas. In addition, there are other indirect economic losses, such as business interruption and reputational losses. The DOW Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI-DOW) is currently the most complete methodology for quantifying economic losses. Notwithstanding, the F&EI-DOW focuses on quantifying the hazardous potential of process units, and, does not provide an overall criterion for the hazardous potential of the entire industrial site with regard to: the inclusion of the so-called domino effect, the probabilistic risk assessment, the updating of existing risk analysis tools with new emerging Artificial Intelligence Techniques, and the quantification of reputation losses. For this purpose, the development of a new Fire and Explosion Economic Losses-Index (FEEL-Index) is proposed, which integrates the F&EI-DOW with new factors, such as the Damaged Area Factor, the Accident Probability Factor and the Reputation Loss Factor. With regard to the application to a case study, the total losses quantified by the overall FEEL-Index predict a value higher than the one predicted by the F&EI-DOW. The results obtained on an hydrocarbon storage case study show that the application of the FEEL-Index is relevant for increasing the risk perception, as well as providing guidance for prevention, mitigation, and risk management of accidents in process industries.

Improving Power Grid Resilience Under Extreme Weather Conditions With Proper Regulation and Management of DERs—Experiences Learned From the 2021 Texas Power Crisis

Due to climate change in the past few decades, extreme weather conditions have become more frequent and caused power outages with enormous damage to the well-being and the economy. Affected by extremely cold weather, the 2021 Texas power crisis deployed the most significant firm load shedding in US history, costing the economy $10 billion to $20 billion via direct and indirect loss. The North American Electric Reliability Organization (NERC), Federal Energy Commission (FERC), and other literature studies conducted post-event analysis from the perspective of conventional power systems’ planning and operation, and little discussion was made on the distributed energy resources (DERs). Based on the actual data on the 2021 Texas power crisis, this study analyzed the role of DERs in this event and showed the importance of effective regulation and management in improving power grid resilience under such extreme weather conditions.

LOSSES AND RESCUE AREAS OF TOURISM BUSINESS UNDER THE WAR IN UKRAINE

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to assess the losses of domestic tourism from Ukraine’s war with russia and to provide recommendations for saving the tourist business based on this analysis. The analysis of tourism losses from the war with russia was carried out in several directions: actual expenses in the form of a decrease in tax revenues to the budgets of various levels (including due to a reduction in the number of taxpayers); direct losses from the destruction of tourist industry facilities; indirect losses from the reduction of income from tourism in the future; the need to restore the tourism industry. Thus, since the beginning of the armed invasion of Russia, there has been a 10% decrease in the number of tourist enterprises with a 24% decrease in the total amount of taxes paid by tourism entities. The total amount of direct losses due to the destruction of tourism industry assets, of which 28 objects were destroyed and 21 objects were damaged (excluding cultural and religious buildings), is UAH 0.40 billion. The total indirect losses of the tourism industry, measured by the decrease in income from tourism, are estimated at UAH 110.8 billion, which is 3% of all indirect losses of the Ukrainian economy from the russian invasion. The total preliminary need for the restoration of the tourism industry is estimated at 16.80 billion UAH, which is only 0.26% of the total need for the restoration of the economy of Ukraine. We concluded that the costs of restoring the tourism industry can also be divided into direct (repair and reconstruction of tourist industry facilities, costs of demining, etc.) and indirect, for example, costs of the restoration / construction of roads, bridges, airports, without which the tourist industry cannot function normally. So, the projected costs for the recovery of the tourism industry are much higher because they include the costs for the recovery of many other branches of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the losses of the tourism business of Ukraine from the war, we proposed a set of measures for the gradual recovery of tourism activities, which can be divided into 5 blocks or parts that are interconnected and complement each other’s effectiveness: financial support; territorial improvement of tourist flows (transport logistics); industry optimization (combination of enterprises into cluster formations); improving marketing through the creation of a national tourism marketing organization and its affiliates; sectoral improvement of tourism in Ukraine. The implementation of these measures, combined with the synergistic effect of their simultaneous application, will save the tourism industry of Ukraine for posterity. Key words: tourism, tourism business, tourism industry, tourism subjects, losses, expenses, tourist tax.