Indirect Financial Benefits Research Articles

Regional film in the dynamics of the national film industry

Background: In the last ten years, the Indonesian film industry has experienced significant growth. The national film industry and the regional film industry, one of which is indie films produced in the city of Makassar. The development of films in Makassar began to receive national public attention with the explosion of the film Uang Panai in 2016. Also, in 2017, the success of the movie Silariang received an audience of 183.340 people. Purpose: Examining the impact of Makassar-produced films on the dynamics of Indonesia's domestic film industry is the main objective of this study, including examining its impact on cultural identity, economic variables, and its role in enhancing the uniqueness of national film. Methods: This study employs a qualitative methodology and gathers data through content analysis, observation, and interviews. Results: According to the study's findings, regional films—like those made in Makassar—are essential to the growth and advancement of the country's film industry. This demonstrates how crucial it is to acknowledge and encourage filmmaking outside of the major industrial hubs. Conclusion: Research shows that regional films have the potential to positively impact economic growth, especially in the regions where they are produced. It encourages the creative economy, creates local employment opportunities, and offers direct and indirect financial benefits. Implications: There is a need to recognize and promote regional films to encourage the diversity of Indonesian films; this study is also expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between regional films and the dynamics of Indonesian films.

Health Economic Analysis of Pharmacist-Led Annual Wellness Visits

Objective To quantify the financial and clinical implications of pharmacists completing Medicare Annual Wellness Visits (AWV). Design Retrospective, observational, population-based health economic analysis utilizing electronic medical record data. Setting A single family-practice clinic within a Missouri-based not-for-profit community health system. Patients/Participants Medicare patients in their second year of coverage who had not been seen for an AWV within the previous 12 months. Intervention Patients attended a subsequent AWV conducted by a licensed ambulatory care pharmacist between July 1 and December 31, 2021. The pharmacist completed all necessary visit requirements and helped facilitate completion of preventive screenings. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcomes measured were financial implications of pharmacists completing AWVs. The primary objective was to quantify the direct and indirect financial benefits for a health system incorporating pharmacist-led AWVs. Direct revenue was calculated based on the number of visits completed multiplied by the reimbursement rate paid to the health care system by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Indirect revenue was estimated based on the number and type of interventions completed by the patient. The secondary outcome measured was the clinical impact of pharmacist-led AWVs through quantifying preventive care service needs and completion of these services. Alongside these measures, the number of medication discrepancies and drug interactions were also measured and cost avoidance estimated. Annual cost in salary of a pharmacist was considered, but additional cost of overhead was beyond the scope of the study. Results Thirty-nine AWVs were completed. Two hundred six recommended screenings, labs, and immunizations were identified, of which 24% were completed. The pharmacists were also able to identify 205 medication issues. These visits generated $4,593.42 in direct revenue. Recommended preventive care generated $2,161.71 in indirect revenue. Conclusion Pharmacist-led AWVs are financially beneficial to the health care system and increases the number of completed AWVs while avoiding demand for additional physician time.

Life-cycle cost analysis of a hybrid algae-based biological desalination – low pressure reverse osmosis system

To fully understand the economic viability and implementation strategy of the emerging algae-based desalination technology, this study investigates the economic aspects of algae-based desalination system by comparing the life-cycle costs of three different scenarios: (1) a multi-stage microalgae based desalination system; (2) a hybrid desalination system based on the combination of microalgae and low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) system; and (3) a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination system. It is identified that the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) of scenario 1 are significantly higher than those of scenarios 2 and 3, when algal biomass reuse is not taken into consideration. If the revenues obtained from the algal biomass reuse are taken into account, the OPEX of scenario 1 will decrease significantly, and scenarios 2 and 3 will have the highest and lowest OPEX, respectively. However, due to the high CAPEX of scenario 1, the total expenditure (TOTEX) of scenario 1 is still 27% and 33% higher than those of scenarios 2 and 3, respectively. A sensitivity study is undertaken to understand the effects of six key parameters on water total cost for different scenarios. It is suggested that the electricity unit price plays the most important role in determining the water total cost for different scenarios. An uncertainty analysis is also conducted to investigate the effects and limitations of the key assumptions made in this study. It is suggested that the assumption of total dissolved solids (TDS) removal efficiency of microalgae results in a high uncertainty of life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Additionally, it is estimated that 1.58 megaton and 0.30 megaton CO2 can be captured by the algae-based desalination process for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively, over 20 years service period, which could result in approximately AU $18 million and AU $3 million indirect financial benefits for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. When algal biomass reuse, CO2 bio-fixation and land availability are all taken into account, scenario 2 with hybrid desalination system is considered as the most economical and environmentally friendly option.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage "Fast Track": A Health Economics and Health Care Redesign Approach for Early Selected Hospital Discharge.

ObjectiveTo determine whether earlier hospital discharge is feasible and safe in selected patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using an outpatient “fast-track” protocol.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a prospective quality improvement cohort study with the primary feasibility end point of patients with SAH deemed safe for discharge by treating team consensus. All patients received detailed education and outpatient transcranial Doppler monitoring; caregivers could contact the on-call team 24-7. Primary safety end points were adverse events after discharge and hospital readmission.ResultsFrom January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2015, our center had 377 SAH diagnoses, of which 200 were included in the final cohort, 36 qualifying for fast-track early discharge. The 30-day readmission rate for fast-track patients was 11.0% (4 of 36) compared with 11.4% (18 of 164) for non–fast-track patients. The rate of delayed cerebral ischemia and stroke was 3% (1 of 36) in the fast-track group vs 25.0% (41 of 164) for the non–fast-track group. Adverse events occurred in 11.0% (4 of 36) of the fast-track group compared with 26.0% (43 of 164) in the non–fast-track group. The mean length of stay was reduced 60% from 15 days to 6.6 days in the fast-track group.ConclusionAlthough our fast-track group was relatively small, data suggested early feasibility and safety in a carefully selected group of patients with SAH. Direct and indirect financial benefits of early discharge over a 5-year period were an estimated savings at least $864,000 in overall costs. A comparative effectiveness study is planned to replicate and validate these results using a larger multicenter design.

Is Egyptian soccer well-positioned for business purposes? Assessing competitive balance in the Egyptian Premier League

PurposeThe Egyptian Premier League (EPL) holds a prominent place in Egypt’s sporting culture and serves as the stage for some of Africa’s most competitive soccer clubs. However, the actual competitive balance in this league has come under scrutiny in recent years as the two historically dominant Cairo clubs, Ahly and Zamalek, continue to retain the EPL championship. A major concern is that the competitive imbalance of the EPL may actually be hampering the league’s progress and the progress of soccer in Egypt. In order to more closely assess this situation, the purpose of this paper is to use historical EPL performance data to conduct a series of competitive balance analyses on league results from 1948 to 2014. The findings revealed that competition in the league is almost nonexistent as Ahly and Zamalek continue to enjoy a number of direct and indirect financial benefits that are unrealized by their competitors. The dominance of these clubs has compromised the elements of match uncertainty and drama that are traditionally viewed as being important to the prestige and financial achievements of leagues and teams. Discussion is therefore offered for how the EPL could go about resolving some of its organizational and competitive balance issues.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted four basic measures of competitive balance to conduct descriptive analyses on EPL data that were collected from egyptianfootball.net and the Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation. These analyses began with the EPL’s inaugural season (1948-1949) and extended to the conclusion of the 2014-2015 season. During this timeframe, seven seasons were canceled due to global and political tensions and four more went unfinished. Because these seasons were excluded, the total sample size consisted of 56 seasons, each of which contained between 10 and 24 EPL teams. The data were analyzed using variations of the following competitive balance measures: the range and standard deviation of winning percentages, the ratio of the standard deviation/Noll-Scully approach, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, and five-club concentration ratio.FindingsThe results confirmed that the league is largely imbalanced, leading the authors to recommend systemic and structural changes that could help promote competitive balance in the league. The call for competitive balance in the EPL was bolstered by a literature review of studies that advocated for parity in professional sports leagues. In the end, the researchers recommend the EPL to improve its organizational policies and consider a revised revenue-sharing system that would allow the small-market teams to survive and thrive.Originality/valueThe EPL holds a prominent place in Egypt’s sporting culture and serves as the stage for some of Africa’s most competitive soccer clubs. The primary purpose of this study was to perform a series of competitive balance analyses on EPL results from 1948 to 2015 in an effort to better understand the various degrees of competitiveness in the league during this time.

Medicaid and Financial Health

This paper investigates the effects of the Medicaid expansion provision of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on households' financial health. Our findings indicate that, in addition to reducing the incidence of unpaid medical bills, the reform provided substantial indirect financial benefits to households. Using a nationally representative panel of 5 million credit records, we find that the expansion reduced unpaid medical bills sent to collection by $3.4 billion in its first two years, prevented new delinquencies, and improved credit scores. Using data on credit offers and pricing, we document that improvements in households' financial health led to better terms for available credit valued at $250 million per year. We calculated that the financial benefits of Medicaid double when considering these indirect benefits in addition to the direct reduction in out-of-pocket expenditures.

O Impacto Financeiro das Auditorias da Qualidade nas empresas Portuguesas

This paper discusses the main theme the financial implications that Portuguese companies with the implementation and subsequent certification of the Quality System and respective Quality Audits. The literature review shows that companies do not publish financial results on the subject in question, making it necessary to acquire information through a questionnaire. About 126 questionnaires were sent. Our sample is however 32 validados.Pode to complete questionnaires that the top 5 overall benefits or indirect financial benefits for Portuguese companies were, respectively: improving internal organization; improving the company's image; increasing customer satisfaction; continuous improvement in customer service; improving competitive position. In terms of direct financial benefits the 3 main benefits obtained by the companies were: turnover increase; Performance (cost reduction); Increased business productivity. So it is expected to contribute to the knowledge of the impact, notably financial of Quality Management Systems and respective audits in Portuguese companies.

Clinical and Financial Considerations for Implementing an ICU Telemedicine Program

As the population in the United States increases and ages, the need to provide high-quality, safe, and cost-effective care to the most critically ill patients will be of great importance. With the projected shortage of intensivists, innovative changes to improve efficiency and increase productivity will be necessary. Telemedicine programs in the ICUs (tele-ICUs) are a successful strategy to improve intensivist access to critically ill patients. Although significant capital and maintenance costs are associated with tele-ICUs, these costs can be offset by indirect financial benefits, such as decreased length of stay. To achieve the positive clinical outcomes desired, tele-ICUs must be carefully designed and implemented. In this article, we discuss the clinical benefits of tele-ICUs. We review the financial considerations, including direct and indirect reimbursement and development and maintenance costs. Finally, we review design and implementation considerations for tele-ICUs.

The business case for provider participation in clinical trials research

Provider-based research networks (PBRNs) make clinical trials available in community-based practice settings, where most people receive their care, but provider participation requires both financial and in-kind contributions. The aim of this study was to explore whether providers believe there is a business case for participating in PBRNs and what factors contribute to the business case. We use a multiple case study methodology approach to examine the National Cancer Institute's community clinical oncology program, a long-standing federally funded PBRN. Interviews with 41 key informants across five sites, selected on the basis of organizational maturity, were conducted using a semistructured interview guide. We analyzed interview transcripts using an iterative, deductive process to identify themes and subthemes in the data. We found that a business case for provider participation in PBRNs may exist if both direct and indirect financial benefits are identified and included in the analysis and if the time horizon is long enough to allow those benefits to be realized. We identified specific direct and indirect financial benefits that were perceived as important contributors to the business case and the perceived length of time required for a positive return to accrue. As the lack of a business case may result in provider reluctance to participate in PBRNs, knowledge of the benefits we identified may be crucial to encouraging and sustaining participation, thereby preserving patient access to innovative community-based treatments. The results are also relevant to federally funded PBRNs outside of oncology or to providers considering participation in any clinical trials research.

Drivers and Socioeconomic Impacts of Tourism Participation in Protected Areas

Nature-based tourism has the potential to enhance global biodiversity conservation by providing alternative livelihood strategies for local people, which may alleviate poverty in and around protected areas. Despite the popularity of the concept of nature-based tourism as an integrated conservation and development tool, empirical research on its actual socioeconomic benefits, on the distributional pattern of these benefits, and on its direct driving factors is lacking, because relevant long-term data are rarely available. In a multi-year study in Wolong Nature Reserve, China, we followed a representative sample of 220 local households from 1999 to 2007 to investigate the diverse benefits that these households received from recent development of nature-based tourism in the area. Within eight years, the number of households directly participating in tourism activities increased from nine to sixty. In addition, about two-thirds of the other households received indirect financial benefits from tourism. We constructed an empirical household economic model to identify the factors that led to household-level participation in tourism. The results reveal the effects of local households' livelihood assets (i.e., financial, human, natural, physical, and social capitals) on the likelihood to participate directly in tourism. In general, households with greater financial (e.g., income), physical (e.g., access to key tourism sites), human (e.g., education), and social (e.g., kinship with local government officials) capitals and less natural capital (e.g., cropland) were more likely to participate in tourism activities. We found that residents in households participating in tourism tended to perceive more non-financial benefits in addition to more negative environmental impacts of tourism compared with households not participating in tourism. These findings suggest that socioeconomic impact analysis and change monitoring should be included in nature-based tourism management systems for long-term sustainability of protected areas.

Conservation outside of parks: attitudes of local people in Laikipia, Kenya

Conflict between wildlife and people can erode local support for conservation. Wildlife-based benefits are intended to offset costs and encourage tolerance or stewardship, but where the linkage between benefits and wildlife is not understood, benefits may be ineffective at bolstering conservation. In Laikipia, Kenya, wildlife and areas devoted to wildlife are on the increase, but most residents still suffer losses to wildlife and derive minimal benefits. The elephant situation is particularly problematic because elephants may compete with livestock for resources, raid people's crops, and chase and kill livestock and people. Although most unprotected elephant range in East Africa is in semi-arid rangelands occupied by pastoralists, previous research has emphasized agricultural, not pastoral or agri-pastoral conflicts. Between 1999 and 2002, interviews were conducted in Laikipia District to examine whether pastoralists also experience conflict, and to determine whether wildlife conservation provided appreciable benefits to residents, or fostered pro-conservation attitudes among residents. Three properties, Endana, Koija and Mpala, were selected to include the two primary land uses in Laikipia (livestock and agriculture) and two levels of wildlife-based benefits (indirect benefits and direct benefits from a locally-owned tourism operation). People were negative about many aspects of local wildlife conservation, especially animals that raided crops or were dangerous. Fundamental differences in attitudes were attributable to primary land use; within ethnic groups, people practising agriculture were less tolerant of elephants than people practising pastoralism. Despite evidence that elephants may compete with livestock for forage, ecological competition was not a primary concern among cattle-keeping people. In communities that received indirect benefits from tourism or wildlife, the connection between wildlife and employment or aid in kind was usually overlooked. Unlike elsewhere in Africa, education and wealth did not correlate with positive attitudes towards wildlife because the tourism programme was improving the situation and the outlook of people lacking education and material wealth. Pastoral people with indirect financial benefits expressed positive attitudes towards elephants for aesthetic reasons, while pastoral people with direct benefits cited financial rewards derived from tourism but attributed aesthetic values to living with elephants. The programme in the pastoral community receiving benefits was exemplary in that benefits were tangible, and the participants appreciated the linkage between benefits and active conservation. Land conversion from pastoralism to agriculture threatens elephant survival, not only in terms of habitat loss, but also in terms of lost tolerance among people who have shifted to farming.

The Financial Benefits of Implementing ISO 14001 within Construction Contracting Organizations

ISO 14001 is a specification with guidance for use in relation to the implementation of environmental management systems. This research aimed to investigate the issues associated with ISO 14001 implementation in construction firms and the financial benefits that could be achieved by the organizations. Through both qualitative and quantitative research methods based upon literature, four detailed case studies, a web-based questionnaire and two semi-structured interviews, this research identified the stages of ISO 14001 implementation, measures implemented to protect the environment, and some direct and indirect financial benefits that arise as a result of ISO 14001. The research established that there are direct and indirect financial benefits as a consequence of ISO 14001 at all levels of an organization. The case studies showed that an average saving of around 41% could be achieved on costs associated with waste disposal, landfill tax, energy consumption and timber used, compared with the monthly costs of those items before ISO 14001 was implemented on the sites.

Risk factors for prolonged stay after ambulatory surgery: economic considerations

The risk factors that prolong length of stay of ambulatory patients can be classified as preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. Preoperative factors include the type of surgery, ear, nose and throat and strabismus surgery, old age and pre-existing congestive heart failure. Intraoperative factors include increasing length of surgery, and general anesthesia, while postoperative factors include postoperative nausea and vomiting, excessive pain and adverse cardiovascular events. The factors that anesthesiologists can address to reduce length of stay are postoperative nausea and vomiting and excessive pain. Multimodal management of postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain can minimize adverse events and thereby reduce length of stay in the postanesthetic care unit, but will not necessarily lead to a reduction in staffing levels. As personnel costs contribute the majority of postanesthetic care unit costs, more than 95%, direct financial savings may not be possible from eliminating adverse events alone. Optimizing the use of the postanesthetic care unit and reducing total hours in the unit with higher operating room turnover may lead to indirect financial benefits.

Indirect Financial Benefits from Service Quality

Improving service quality can increase revenues through (1) retaining a higher percentage of existing customers, (2) attracting more customers through positive word of mouth, and (3) increasing the usage rates of existing customers. While the direct ben..

2.2.1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE BOTTOM LINE

AbstractSystems Engineering (SE) cannot be viewed in isolation, but rather as a subset of, first, the Integrated Product Development process, and secondly, as part of a commercial or non‐governmental corporation's business enterprise. This paper discusses four ways in which the SE process directly affects the financial operations of a company and how SE can be employed to improve the financial performance. First, the design‐to‐cost process can be brought to bear to maintain predictable and affordable products. Second, the normal business cycle in commercial industries, presents cost and schedule constraints which can be treated by considering them as a natural part of the SE process. Next, the improved product quality through the SE process results in many direct and indirect financial benefits through reduced development cost, reduced unit cost, reduced operating cost, and improved sales. Finally, the SE process provides consistent methodology for obtaining superior products from suppliers, and hence enhances the business prospects for the product. Examples in this paper focus on the commercial aircraft industry, although the principles found in it may be applied to many industries.