Tests Of Indirect Effects Research Articles

The Influence of Work Culture, Discipline, and Motivation on Employee Performance Through Competence

This study aims to determine the effect of work culture, discipline and motivation on employee performance through competency in the Deputy for Cyber Security and Crypto Operations of the National Cyber and Crypto Agency. The research method used is quantitative research. This study uses a saturation sample or saturated sampling, which means that the entire population in the Deputy II environment became respondents in this study with a total of 345 respondents. Data analysis uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using the AMOS 29 tool. The analysis carried out is Validity Test, Reliability Test, SEM Assumption Test (Normality Test, Outliers Test, Multicollinearity Test), Goodness of Fit Test and Direct and Indirect Effect Test. The results of the study show that: (1) Work Culture has a positive and significant effect on Competence with a CR value of 2.464 and a probability of 0.014, (2) Discipline has a positive and significant effect on Competence with a CR value of 2.422 with a probability of 0.015, (3) Motivation has a positive and significant effect on Competence with a CR value of 3.499 with a probability of 0.001, (4) Work Culture has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance with a CR value of 2.032 with a probability of 0.042, (5) There is a positive and significant effect between Discipline and Employee Performance with a CR value of 2.003 and a probability of 0.045, (6) There is a positive and significant effect between Motivation and Employee Performance with a CR value of 3.021 with a probability of 0.003, and (7) There is a positive and significant effect between Competence and Employee Performance with a CR value of 2.587 with a probability of 0.010.

Goals for, insecurity in, and self-perceptions of peer status: short term longitudinal associations with relational aggression and prosocial behaviors in emerging adults

Research on relational aggression in adolescents suggests it is in part driven by the desire to attain and maintain enhanced status among peers, and recent work also suggests certain forms of prosocial behaviors are similarly status-motivated. However, these associations are not well understood in young adults. In this short-term longitudinal study across 8 months (N = 215), we examined whether relational aggression and two forms of prosocial behaviors (altruistic and public) are related to social goals for popularity and preference, social status insecurity, and self-perceptions of status (in terms of dominance and prestige) concurrently and over time in emerging adults (age 18–25). Social goals for popularity predicted increases in relational aggression and public prosociality and were negatively related to and predicted decreases in altruistic prosociality. Preference goals were concurrently negatively related to relational aggression and to public prosociality and were positively related to and predicted increases in altruistic prosociality over time. Social status insecurity moderated links between self-perceptions of status and aggressive/prosocial behaviors, which were largely non-significant without considering status insecurity. Finally, tests of indirect effects suggest that aggression and prosociality mediate associations between popularity goals and self-perceptions of dominance. Findings suggest that strategic use of aggression and prosociality may not be developmentally limited to adolescence.

Analysis of the influence of tourism promotion through influencers on increasing brand awareness of Kwala Serapuh village tourism destinations, Langkat

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of tourism promotion through influencers on increasing brand awareness of Kwala Serapuh Village Tourism Destinations, Langkat. Tourism has become one of the important sectors in the regional economy. Kwala Serapuh Village in Langkat has great potential in tourism development. However, the brand awareness of this village tourism destination needs to be improved. The use of influencers in tourism promotion has become a trend, but there have not been many studies examining their influence on tourist destination brand awareness. This study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of using influencers in tourism promotion on tourist destination brand awareness. The sample in this study was 50 respondents. The method used is SmartPLS analysis. The results showed that based on the direct effect test, Tourism Promotion has a significant positive effect on Tourism Destination Influencers. Tourism Promotion has a significant positive effect on Increasing Brand Awareness of Tourist Destinations. Influencers have no positive and insignificant effect on increasing brand awareness of tourist destinations. While the results of the indirect effect test, Tourism Promotion has no positive and insignificant effect on Increasing Brand Awareness through Tourism Destination Influencers.

Assessing the Impact of Health Disparities on Latinx Immigrant Young Adults’ Critical Consciousness Development

This study tested a theory-based model linking the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on health domains (i.e. work, home life, social life, emotional health, physical distancing) with critical consciousness (CC) development among a diverse sample of 291 Latinx immigrants ages 18–30. Results from global and local fit indices using structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated good model fit. Greater pandemic health impact from the COVID-19 pandemic was linked to greater critical reflection and action, but not agency. Tests of indirect effects with bootstrapping showed that CC development among Latinx immigrants took place in ways that align with theoretical postulations.

Identifying mechanistic links between sleep disturbance and binge eating: the role of depressed mood

ABSTRACT Global sleep disturbance is robustly linked with a subjective sense of loss-of-control over eating (LOC). Depressed mood has been proposed as a mechanism to explain the bi-directional relationship between sleep disturbance and LOC eating. The current study evaluated whether sleep disturbance indirectly affects LOC eating via depressed mood. Adults seeking treatment for a DSM-5 binge-spectrum eating disorder (e.g. bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder) were recruited (n = 79) and asked to complete self-report questionnaires assessing sleep disturbance and depression, and a semi-structured interview assessing LOC eating. Tests of indirect effects evaluated the effect of depressed mood on the association between global sleep disturbance and LOC frequency covarying for BMI and parent study. A significant indirect effect of depressed mood on the association between global sleep disturbance and frequency of LOC eating was identified (Est = 1.519, S.E. = 0.859, p = .033). The indirect effect of depressed mood on the association between sleep disturbance and LOC eating may indicate that depressed mood serves as a mechanistic link between sleep disturbance and LOC eating. The findings offer preliminary support for adjunctive treatments targeting both sleep disturbance and depressed mood for LOC eating. Future research should explore these pathways in a larger clinical sample.

Relationship among group learning, individuals’ and groups’ internalization of evidence-based practice, and nurses’ sustainment of the practice: a cross-sectional study

PurposeThis study, by applying the feedback process of the organizational learning model, examined the relationships among group learning, individuals’ and groups’ internalization of institutionalized evidence-based practice (I-EBP), and nurses’ sustainment of I-EBP.Design/methodology/approachTwelve hospitals were included in this cross-sectional study, with 1,741 nurses from 59 wards. Anonymous questionnaires were administered from October to December 2021. Participants self-reported their wards’ group learning, internalization of I-EBP, sustainment of I-EBP, EBP beliefs, intra-hospital transfers, and nursing research experiences. The number of nurses and I-EBP introduction length and type of I-EBP were assessed. Internalization of I-EBP of nurses and groups was considered the mediating variable, while group learning and nurses’ sustainment of I-EBP were the independent and dependent variables, respectively. Significant variables in bivariate analyses were used as control variables. Multi-level Mediation Analysis and a significance test of indirect effect using the bootstrap method were conducted.FindingsResponses from 360 nurses in 48 wards from 12 hospitals were analyzed. Groups’ internalization of I-EBP significantly mediated the relationship between group learning and nurses’ sustainment of I-EBP. In contrast, no significant mediating effect of nurses’ internalization of I-EBP was observed.Originality/valueIn the feedback process of organizational learning, group learning and its subsequent effects on individuals and groups have not been previously examined. Regardless of the nurses’ degree of internalization of I-EBP, those who belong to the ward with a high degree of internalization of I-EBP are more likely to sustain it. Conducting group learning may prevent superficial practice, resulting in its sustainability.

Pengaruh Selebgram Endorsement dan E-Wom terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Bittersweet by Najla melalui Niat Beli

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of celebrity Instagram endorsements and e-WOM on the purchasing decisions of bittersweet consumers through purchase intention. Methodology/approach: The research method used was ex post facto with a quantitative approach. Non-probability sampling was the sampling technique employed. Questionnaires were the primary means of data collection. Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS tools. Results: Celebrity Instagram endorsements have a positive and significant impact on purchase intention and purchase decisions. Purchase intention also had a positive and significant impact on purchasing decisions. However, e-WOM does not have a significant impact on purchase intentions or purchase decisions. The results of the hypothesis testing for indirect effects indicate that celebrity Instagram endorsements have a positive and significant impact on purchase decisions mediate purchase intention, but purchase intention does not successfully mediate the influence of e-WOM on purchasing decisions. Limitations: This research does not cover the entire consumer population of Bittersweet By Najla, which is only represented by 103 respondents. The variables used by researchers do not fully fulfill the influence of purchasing intentions and decisions. The variables used by researchers can also be expanded by using other variables. Contribution: Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the researcher wants to provide input to Bittersweet using Najla as a research object: Researchers suggest that Bittersweet by Najla can endorse honest celebrities, such as Titan Tyra. Researchers have also suggested that Bittersweet by Najla makes social networks as attractive as possible. Research suggests that Bittersweet by Najla can develop more food products so that if consumers do not eat the products, they will feel less.

The Effect of Health Information Technology Assets on the Sustainability of Health Management Information Systems Usage Moderated by Strategy in Kendari City

Background:Health policies in Indonesia facilitate public access to healthcare information in efforts to improve public health. These policies rely on the support of electronic healthcare information systems to provide health data and information. However, the usage of these systems faces various challenges that affect their sustainability. Objective:To determine the effect of healthcare information technology assets on the sustainability of healthcare management information systems and the role of healthcare information technology strategies as a moderating variable. Methods:This is a quantitative and explanatory research study. The sample consisted of 350 respondents, with a significance level of 0.05. Latent variables included the sustainability of healthcare management information system usage, healthcare information technology assets, and information system strategies, which also served as an intervening variable. Results:The direct effect test yielded a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Thus, healthcare information technology assets and healthcare information technology strategies have a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of healthcare management information system usage. The indirect effect test yielded a p-value of 0.003 (<0.05), also leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. These results indicate that the healthcare information technology strategies variable moderates the effect of healthcare information technology assets on the sustainability of healthcare management information system usage. Conclusion:Healthcare information technology strategies strengthen the effect of healthcare information technology assets on the sustainability of healthcare management information system usage. Keywords:Health Policy; Health Information Systems; Information Technology; Indonesia

Understanding the moral cognition of aggression: Longitudinal serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on within-person changes in civic moral disengagement.

Moral disengagement is an important aggressive and moral cognition. The mechanisms of changes in moral disengagement remain unclear, especially at the within-person level. We attempted to clarify this by exploring the serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on civic moral disengagement. We conducted a three-wave longitudinal survey with 1058 undergraduates (63.61% women; mean age = 20.97). The results of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model showed that personal relative deprivation at Wave 1 and hostility at Wave 2 formed a serial effect on the within-person changes in civic moral disengagement at Wave 3, and the longitudinal indirect effect test showed that the within-person dynamics in hostility at Wave 2 acted as a mediator. The results of multiple group analysis across genders further showed that the longitudinal indirect role of hostility at Wave 2 was only observed for men, but not for women, which indicates the moderating effect of gender. These findings facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of aggressive cognitions at the within-person level and offer implications for the prevention and intervention of aggression from the perspective of moral cognition.

Drinking to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic Mediates Pathways From COVID-19 Anxiety to Alcohol Use and Alcohol Myopia Consequences

Objective People may consume alcohol to cope with the stressors and anxieties of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study applied the self-medication hypothesis, tension reduction hypothesis, and alcohol myopia theory to understand COVID-19 alcohol coping as a mediator of the pathways from COVID-19 anxiety to alcohol use and alcohol consequences. Methods Participants (N = 477) were undergraduate college students. The mean age was 22.14 (SD = 5.66) years. Gender distribution included 73% females, 26% males, and 1% transgender. Racial categories included 70% White, 11% Latino, 5% Black, 5% Asian, and 9% multiracial. They completed the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the COVID-19 Alcohol Coping Scale developed and validated in the present study, measures of drinking frequency and drinking quantity, and the Alcohol Myopia Scale to assess alcohol consequences. Results First, confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement structure of the COVID-19 Alcohol Coping Scale. Second, a general structural equation model containing only latent factors provided evidence for the following pathways: COVID-19 anxiety to COVID-19 alcohol coping to overall alcohol use to alcohol myopia consequences. Third, a specific structural equation model separated the overall alcohol use factor into two measures of drinking frequency and drinking quantity. Results found that COVID-19 alcohol coping uniquely explained drinking frequency (but not drinking quantity), indicating that the pursuit of alcohol to cope with the pandemic was related to more frequent days of alcohol use but not more concentrated use on drinking days. Tests of indirect effects corroborated the mediational pathways in the explanatory models. Conclusions The research offers insights into understanding that the risk connections from COVID-19 anxiety to alcohol behavioral outcomes are mediated by alcohol use to cope with the pandemic.

Impact of job satisfaction and job burnout on nurses' turnover intention at X Regional Hospital

Introduction: As one of Indonesia's largest regional government-owned hospitals, Hospital X faces high nursing staff resignations, with turnover rates surpassing the ideal rate of 4%. Job dissatisfaction and burnout indication contribute to nurses' intention to leave. Consequently, this study analyses job satisfaction and burnout on nurses' turnover intention at X Regional Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 14 and December 14, 2022. Data was obtained through Google Forms and distributed to 293 nurses with a total sampling technique. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 4 software. Results: As many as 274 respondents were declared willing to participate in this study. The job satisfaction has an insignificant negative influence on nurses' turnover intention. However, job satisfaction has a significant negative relationship with job burnout, and job burnout has a significant positive effect on nurse turnover intention and a significant adverse effect on job satisfaction. Demographic factors also significantly influence nurses' job satisfaction and job burnout. Then, in the indirect effect test, job burnout mediates the relationship between job satisfaction and nurses' intention to leave work. At the same time, demographics affect nurses' intention to leave work through their level of job burnout. Conclusion: However, the results indicate no significant influence of job burnout mediated by job satisfaction and demographic factors mediated by job satisfaction on turnover intention. Hence, HR management should support and implement proactive measures, including revising the SOP for nurse schedule exchanges. Additionally, counseling programs should be considered to address low personal achievement issues among nurses.

Coping skills and perceived stress as pathways to well-being in adolescents experiencing cyber-victimization

Adolescents experiencing high levels of cyber-victimization may suffer from reduced well-being. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal factors that can increase the well-being of adolescents who experience cyber-victimization. This study examined the mediating effects of perceived stress and coping skills in the relationship between cyber-victimization and well-being. Participants consisted of 543 high school students (45.7% boys, 54.3% girls; Mage = 15.59). Results indicate that cyber-victimization was related to lower well-being through perceived stress, problem solving, and cognitive avoidance. In addition, behavioral avoidance and help-seeking did not play a mediating role in the impact of cyber-victimization on well-being. Lastly, indirect effects tests supported a pathway from cyber-victimization to well-being through perceived stress, problem-solving, and cognitive avoidance. These results improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism between cyber-victimization and well-being by considering the roles of perceived stress and coping skills.

부⋅모⋅자녀의 스마트 기기 의존, 가족과 함께하는 시간의 양, 아동 집행기능 곤란의 구조적 관계 탐색

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the structural relationships among fathers', mothers', and children's smart devices dependence, the amount of family time spent together, and executive functioning difficulties.
 Methods Data from 548 pairs of parents and children who responded to all relevant factors in the 13th Korean Child Panel Survey(2020) were analyzed. Reliability analysis for scales, correlation analysis between variables, and descriptive statistics analysis were conducted. Validity was confirmed through measurement model validation, and structural model analysis was conducted by applying the maximum likelihood method (MLB) to the theory-based research model. Afterward, a mediation effect test based on bootstrapping and an individual indirect effect test using phantom variables were conducted.
 Results The results showed that mothers' dependence on smart devices increased children's dependence on smart devices, and the amount of family time spent together reduced both dependence on smart devices and executive functioning difficulties. In addition, children's smart device dependence increased executive functioning difficulties and mediated the relationship between maternal smart device dependence and children's executive functioning difficulties.
 Conclusions Exploration of the structural relationships among the study variables confirmed that maternal and child dependence on smartphones and the amount of family time spent together influenced children's executive functioning difficulties.

Effect of Entrepreneurship Leadership on Business Performance Mediated by Competitive Advantage and Dynamic Capability in Batik Giriloyo MSMEs

This study examines and analyses the effect of entrepreneurship leadership on the business performance of Giriloyo Batik MSMEs by involving the mediating variables of competitive advantage and dynamic capability. The research method uses a quantitative approach with a sample of 80 respondents. The analysis tool uses PLS. The research findings show that entrepreneurship leadership positively affects business performance, which has yet to be accepted. In contrast, entrepreneurship leadership positively and significantly impacts competitive advantage and dynamic capability is accepted. Competitive advantage that has a positive effect on business performance is not taken; dynamic capability has no effect and is not significant to business performance. While the indirect effect test results show that entrepreneurship leadership impacts business performance mediated by competitive advantage, it is not supported; entrepreneurship leadership's effect on business performance mediated by dynamic capability is also not supported, which means that the direct and indirect effects are insignificant. In other words, entrepreneurship leadership's effect on business performance mediated by competitive advantage is not supported, and entrepreneurship leadership's effect on business performance mediated by dynamic capability is also not supported. In other words, competitive advantage and dynamic capability have yet to be able to mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship leadership and business performance at this time. This is a future challenge for Giriloyo Batik MSMEs.

The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Through Organizational Commitment (Study of Employees at the Mona Plaza Hotel Pekanbaru)

This research was conducted because the author found problems regarding weak organizational citizenship behavior of employees seen from the development of the number of employees who experienced fluctuations and the development of employee absenteeism levels which showed that every year all employees were still found to be absent from work.
 The purpose of this study was to ascertain and examine how organisational culture affects organisational citizenship behaviour in Mona Plaza Pekanbaru hotel workers through organisational commitment. There were two categories of data that were gathered for this study: primary and secondary data. Respondents filled out surveys in order to provide primary data.
 The results of the Indirect Effect test indicate that the results are significant for the organisational culture variable on organisational citizenship behaviour through organisational commitment at the Hotel Mona Plaza, Pekanbaru. The results of the Direct Effect test showed that the results were not significant on the organisational culture variable on organisational citizenship behaviour at the Mona Plaza Hotel Pekanbaru. The results of the Significant Results test showed that the results were significant on the Organisational Culture variable on Organisational Commitment at the Mona Plaza Hotel Pekanbaru.

The Role of Social Support and Academic Infrastructure on Student Learning Achievement with Learning Intensity

This research is based on the research gap between the involvement of social support and academic infrastructure on student learning achievement. High or low social support has no effect on learning achievement, but if it is mediated by learning intensity, there is an influence on learning achievement. The aim of the research is to examine the influence of Social Support and Academic Infrastructure on Academic Achievement with mediation in the form of Learning Intensity for Muhammadiyah University Gresik students. The location of the research was at Muhammadiyah University Gresik which has a population of 5,411 people. This research uses quantitative methods with a population of all Muhammadiyah University Gresik students, using Stratified Random Sampling for each faculty. The number of samples obtained was 372 respondents. The results of this research show that (1) Social Support does not have a significant influence on Learning Achievement, (2) Academic Infrastructure has a significant influence on Learning Achievement, (3) Learning Intensity has a significant influence on Learning Achievement, (4) Social Support also influences Learning Intensity, ( 5) Academic Infrastructure has a significant effect on Learning Achievement, (6) For the results of the indirect effect test through the mediating variable Learning Intensity, Social Support has a significant effect on Learning Achievement with the mediation of Learning Intensity, (7) Academic Infrastructure has a significant effect on Learning Achievement with the mediation of Intensity.

한국인의 소득수준과 자기 삶에 대한 평가가 전반적 행복감에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aimed to explore the mechanisms linking income and happiness, focusing on how Korean individuals' self-evaluation of their lives and stress levels influence this relationship among various other variables.
 Methods To this end, we used the 2022 data from the National Assembly Future Research Institute's ‘Korean Happiness Survey’ to determine how stress regulates the impact of income level and life evaluation on happiness, and 12,998 people were surveyed, excluding those without personal income. The moderated mediation model was verified using the responses.
 Results As a result, first, the suitability of the measurement model was verified, and all direct effects between latent variables were found to be significant. Second, in the relationship between Koreans' income level and overall happiness, we confirmed through a conditional indirect effect test whether the indirect effect of life evaluation is moderated by stress. As a result, the conditional indirect effect was found to be significant regardless of the stress level.
 Conclusions Discussions and implications were described based on the results of this study, and suggestions for follow-up research were made.

Comparison of Mediation Effects on Interaction and Multigroup Approach in Structural Equation Modeling PLS in Case of Bank Mortgage

“Structural Equation Modeling is one of multivariate statistical method that used to explain multiple relationships between latent variables simultaneously to test a mediation model to conduct a formal test on mediation effects. Application PLS-SEM for exploratory research and theory development are increasing. Under certain conditions, the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variable is also strengthened or weakened by moderating variable. In SEM, there are two approaches in analyzing moderation variables, namely the interaction method and the multigroup method. This article aims to compare the mediation effect on interaction approaches and multigroup approaches in Structural Equation Modeling. The data used is the case of timeliness of Bank X mortgage payments. In this article, statistical methods are evaluated to compare indirect effect between groups and examine indirect effect on each group. It was concluded that Collectability Status moderates the indirect relationship between Capital and the Timeliness of Payment through Willingness to Pay. Debtors with current collectability status more strongly effect the Timeliness of Payment than debtors with incurrect collectability status. Theresults of testing indirect effects on moderation with interaction and multigroup approaches are not much different. In the multigroup approach, the bootstrap interval bias is smaller than the bootstrap interval bias in the interaction approach. The Q-square Predictive Relevance value in both methods is quite high, indicating that the model is good. On the Current Collectibility Status group Q^2 is 89.3%, in the incurrect Collectibility Status Q^2 is 84.2%. While in the interaction approach, Q^2 is 70.4%. Researcher recommend a multigroup approach to data that has categorical moderation variables because differences between groups can be directly observed without adding interaction variables in the model.”

Self-Directed Learning Readiness Model: A Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy among Need-Supportive Teaching Style, Transformational Parenting and Emotional Intelligence

<p style="text-align:justify">The study aimed to explore the self-directed learning readiness model and its relationship with various factors such as emotional intelligence, transformational parenting, need-supportive teaching style, and self-efficacy as potential mediators. The research was conducted with 415 junior high school students in Surabaya, Indonesia. To ensure the reliability and validity of the instruments used in the study, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The loading factor values of all the items in the instruments were found to be greater than .50 indicating a satisfactory level of validity. Additionally, the reliability coefficient of all the instruments exceeded .90 demonstrating good internal consistency. Analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that the theoretical model of self-directed learning readiness was consistent with empirical conditions because it meets the standard value of goodness of fit. Furthermore, through the indirect effect tests, it was discovered that need-supportive teaching style, emotional intelligence, and transformational parenting significantly influenced self-directed learning readiness, with self-efficacy acting as a mediator. Among the factors examined, self-efficacy was found to have the greatest impact in explaining readiness for self-directed learning readiness.</p>

Political knowledge of youth and their proneness to prejudice: Empirical test of direct and indirect effect via right-wing authoritarianism

In this paper, we explored how political knowledge related to generalised prejudice, defined as the common variance of three highly correlated specific prejudice concerning ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation. We aligned our hypotheses with the Cognitive Ability and Style to Evaluation (CASE) model, which postulates the mechanism underlying the relationship between individual-level cognitive variables and intergroup outcomes. As knowledge in its many forms correlates with and serves as a proxy of cognitive abilities, we hypothesised that political knowledge, when considered a precursor of prejudice, can be expected to act similarly to cognitive variables within the CASE model. We performed an empirical test of the hypothesised relationships on a nationally representative sample of Croatian students in their final year of secondary education (aged 17–19). As expected, there was a significant negative association between political knowledge and generalised prejudice, both direct and indirect via right-wing authoritarianism. Youth with higher political knowledge had significantly lower levels of generalised prejudice. In addition, while there were differences in the overall levels of political knowledge, right-wing authoritarianism and generalised prejudice between students attending different secondary education programmes, the pattern of relationships between these concepts was found to be stable across educational settings.