Aggressive Research Articles

Exploring evolutionary psychology perspectives on Sex differences in aggression

This research aims to extend the understanding of sex differences in aggression by applying the lens of Life History Theory to evaluate the effects of age, muscle, occupation, and other variables on aggression tactics. The study involves a resource competition game with 200 participants of both sexes, who can use direct or indirect aggression strategies. A post-game survey will assess the relationship between these variables and the differences in aggression levels. The authors predict that even when taking into account other factors affecting aggression, men will prefer direct aggression, and women will prefer indirect aggression. In conclusion, this work is intended to expand current knowledge of sex differences in aggression and contribute to the field of evolutionary psychology.

Psychological aspects of aggression among police personnel

The article presents psychological aspects of aggression in the context of professional activity of police personnel. The nature and manifestations of aggression in the working environment of police officers are investigated, the factors that cause aggressive behaviour are considered, and its impact on the efficiency and safety of performance of official duties is analysed. The theoretical analysis has shown that everyday stress and dangerous situations in wartime create a favourable environment for the development of aggressive tendencies, which can negatively affect the quality of official duties performance. It has been found that aggression among police personnel can take various forms such as verbal conflict and physical force, which calls into question the credibility of law enforcement agencies and can have serious legal and ethical consequences. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyse various manifestations of aggression among police personnel in order to identify possible differences in their characteristics and ability to display such behaviour. The sample consisted of 200 police officers, divided into two groups by gender, 100 in each group. The first group was represented by men, the second by women. The study used the “Aggression Level Questionnaire” by A. Bass and A. Darky. Mathematical and statistical processing of the results was carried out using Student’s t-test for independent samples and Fisher's angular transformation criterion (φ). An empirical study of aggression among police officers of different gender groups has revealed significant differences in the manifestation of aggressive behaviour. Male police officers are more likely to use physical force and verbal aggression compared to female police officers. At the same time, both groups have a similar tendency to indirect aggression and negativism, which indicates a general tendency towards indirect forms of aggression and oppositional behaviour among police personnel. Female police officers show a higher level of irritability, suspicion and resentment, which may affect their interaction with others and their overall psychological state.

Modeling maladaptive personality traits with unipolar item response theory: The case of Callousness

Most IRT applications in personality assume that the measured trait is a bipolar dimension, normally distributed in the population. These assumptions, however, could be questionable for maladaptive, (quasi) pathological traits that still fall in the normal range. This study focuses on one such trait, Callousness, and uses two different instruments and samples to determine whether there is a basis for modeling it as a unipolar trait instead of a bipolar one. More specifically, the following community samples were used, recruited in several Spanish high schools: a) 719 adolescents (13-19 years old, 55.8% girls), b) 681 adolescents (13-19 years old, 44.9% girls). Callousness was assessed with the Inventory of Callous-unemotional traits and Antisocial behavior in the first sample and with the Inventory of Callous Unemotional traits in the second sample. We compared the outcomes of fitting the Graded-Response model (a bipolar-trait model) and the Log-Logistic model (a unipolar trait model) in these community samples and found that they differed considerably at the scoring level. In terms of accuracy, the conditional reliability functions had opposite patterns: it was maximum at high levels in the Graded-Response model and at low levels in the Log-Logistic model. In terms of validity, the models showed different results regarding the prediction of indirect aggressiveness and non-planning impulsiveness.

Predicting social media users' indirect aggression through pre-trained models.

Indirect aggression has become a prevalent phenomenon that erodes the social media environment. Due to the expense and the difficulty in determining objectively what constitutes indirect aggression, the traditional self-reporting questionnaire is hard to be employed in the current cyber area. In this study, we present a model for predicting indirect aggression online based on pre-trained models. Building on Weibo users' social media activities, we constructed basic, dynamic, and content features and classified indirect aggression into three subtypes: social exclusion, malicious humour, and guilt induction. We then built the prediction model by combining it with large-scale pre-trained models. The empirical evidence shows that this prediction model (ERNIE) outperforms the pre-trained models and predicts indirect aggression online much better than the models without extra pre-trained information. This study offers a practical model to predict users' indirect aggression. Furthermore, this work contributes to a better understanding of indirect aggression behaviors and can support social media platforms' organization and management.

Brief report: Social comparison, hypercompetitiveness, and indirect aggression: Associations with loneliness and mental health.

Indirect aggression is commonly used in adulthood, but most researchers have focused on this behavior in romantic relationships or from an intrasexual competition perspective. Therefore, we aimed to understand the social characteristics and mental health correlates of indirect aggression by combining perspectives from developmental psychopathology and evolutionary psychology. We examined: (1) whether social characteristics (social comparison, hypercompetitiveness) contributed to indirect aggression (perpetration, victimization) and (2) whether there were indirect effects from indirect aggression (perpetration, victimization) to mental health difficulties through loneliness. In a cross-sectional sample of 475 young adults (57.7% women, 51.6% White, Mage = 20.2, SDage = 2.18), path analyses revealed that social comparison predicted indirect aggression victimization, which indirectly predicted mental health difficulties (depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms) through loneliness. In contrast, indirect aggression perpetration was only predicted by hypercompetitiveness. The findings highlight that reframing cognitions associated with social comparison could help prevent indirect aggression and mental health difficulties among young people.

Elementary School Students’ Conflict: Fundamental Understanding, Forms, Post-Conflict Effect, and the Involvement of Teachers, Parents, and Friends

Elementary school age brings out many differences between students. It does not deny that it can lead to conflict, such as hitting, direct and indirect aggression manifested in the form of verbal abuse, gesture threats, and destruction of property. The impact of mishandling conflict in the school context can cause several negative consequences. This research aims to analyze the student conflict in elementary schools. It used a qualitative approach with a phenomenology method. The research subjects were 55 elementary school students (29 girls and 26 boys) in one city in West Java province. Obtaining further data through the help of research instruments, namely open-ended surveys and in-depth interviews. This research used the Miles and Huberman analysis technique. The result showed that (1) students' comprehension of conflict meaning lies to crime, dispute, problem or riot, argument, and enmity; (2) students found conflict words from the platform and other places they are used to; (3) students’ conflict forms are psychic and verbal; (4) there are the 11 post-conflict effects; (5) other parties’ involvement are students’ friend, teacher, and parents. Students’ fundamental method to understand a conflict is their experience and view relating to the level of conflict concept and handling method. External parties’ involvement is significant in offering help to l students’ conflict impact. The research result is expected as considered for the regulation or juridical matters directed at the knowledge of conflict and ways of handling it.

Psychological and gender specific correlates of aggressive behaviour in military personnel

Participation in conflicts can have a significant impact on the manifestation of aggression among military personnel, especially those who have had intensive combat experience in war zones. The key aspects of gender psychology and the influence of military factors on aggressive behaviour are considered. The term “gender-based aggression” in military personnel is proposed, which reflects the concept that describes the difference in the manifestations of aggressive behaviour depending on the gender characteristics of a person. It is used to analyse and understand how gender and psychological factors influence the perception and expression of aggression among men and women, particularly in the context of military settings. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyse the psychological and gender factors associated with aggressive behaviour of military personnel. The study was conducted with 89 combatants, including 47 men (first group) and 42 women (second group). To achieve this goal, the Aggression Level Questionnaire by A. Bass and A. Darkey. The mathematical and statistical processing of the results was carried out using Student's t-test for independent samples and Fisher’s angular transformation criterion (φ). It has been empirically found that men have a higher tendency to indirect aggression and a high level of mistrust, while women show less physical and verbal aggression. The aggression index scores of both groups of servicemen are within acceptable norms, which indicates that the overall level of aggression among them is satisfactory. However, the hostility index score was higher than the normative values in both groups, indicating an increased tendency to hostile behaviour and conflict among servicemen. The results emphasise the importance of an individual approach to psychological support for servicemen and women, taking into account their gender identity. The findings of the study can serve as a basis for developing effective strategies for managing stress and conflict in the military environment and are an incentive for further research in the field of gender psychology.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІТЕЙ, ПОСТРАЖДАЛИХ ВІД СІМЕЙНОГО НАСИЛЬСТВА

Purpose. The article reveals the problem of family violence in psychology and the study of socio-psychological characteristics of children affected by family violence. Methods. In order to achieve the goal, the following methods were used in the study: Lazarus coping test, personality orientation method" V. Smekala, M. Kuchera; personal questionnaire FPI (modified form B), method of diagnosis of indicators and forms of aggression by A. Bass and A. Darka; methods of mathematical statistics, in particular (determination of average values, percentage and correlation analysis, Fisher's φ-angle transformation). Results. According to the results of the interviewed teenagers using the selected methods, it was established that teenagers who have experienced family violence or witnessed it: are task- and self-oriented, in difficult life circumstances they are more likely to demonstrate coping behavior: distancing, seeking social support, and escape-avoidance; they are characterized by a high level of: neuroticism, depression, irritability, shyness, openness and emotional lability, verbal aggression, suspiciousness, offensiveness, indirect and physical aggressiveness. On the other hand, adolescents who were not subjected to illegal actions by their parents/guardians and generally did not experience any violent actions (bullying) in social groups were found to be: focused on themselves and on building interpersonal relationships; in difficult situations, they resort to confrontational coping, social support and positive reassessment of the situation; on the one hand, they are more balanced, on the other hand, they demonstrate irritability, emotional lability, negativism, irritation, suspicion, and verbal aggression. Also, a certain level of spontaneous aggressiveness, sociability, reactive aggressiveness, ambiversion and androgynous gender identity was determined in both groups of teenagers. Conclusions. Socio-psychological features of children affected by family violence are characterized by a certain connection among the interviewed teenagers. Namely, in adolescents who have experienced violence, a connection was determined: distancing with depression, escape-avoidance with neuroticism and reactive aggressiveness; self-directedness with coping seeking social support and negative association with shyness. In adolescents who did not experience violence in the family, connections were established: coping, problem solving planning with a focus on interaction, positive reevaluation with sociability; a negative relationship between the search for social support and neuroticism and depression.

Chemical cousins with contrasting behavioural profiles: MDMA users and methamphetamine users differ in social-cognitive functions and aggression

Methamphetamine (METH, “Crystal Meth”) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) share structural-chemical similarities but have distinct psychotropic profiles due to specific neurochemical actions. Previous research has suggested that their impact on social cognitive functions and social behaviour may differ significantly, however, direct comparisons of METH and MDMA users regarding social cognition and interaction are lacking. Performances in cognitive and emotional empathy (Multifaceted Empathy Test) and emotion sensitivity (Face Morphing Task), as well as aggressive social behaviour (Competitive Reaction Time Task) were assessed in samples of n = 40 chronic METH users, n = 39 chronic MDMA users and n = 86 stimulant-naïve controls (total N = 165). Self-reports and hair samples were used to obtain subjective and objective estimates of substance use patterns. METH users displayed diminished cognitive and emotional empathy towards positive stimuli, elevated punitive social behaviour regardless of provocation, and self-reported heightened trait anger relative to controls. MDMA users diverged from the control group only by exhibiting a distinct rise in punitive behaviour when faced with provocation. Correlation analyses indicated that both higher hair concentrations of MDMA and METH may be associated with reduced cognitive empathy. Moreover, greater lifetime MDMA use correlated with increased punitive behaviour among MDMA users. Our findings confirm elevated aggression and empathy deficits in chronic METH users, while chronic MDMA users only displayed more impulsive aggression. Dose-response correlations indicate that some of these deficits might be a consequence of use. Specifically, the dopaminergic mechanism of METH might be responsible for social-cognitive deficits.

Indirect aggression use and its experience in penitentiary incarceration

Indirect aggression use and its experience in penitentiary incarceration

To meme or not to meme? Political social media posts and ideologically motivated aggression in job recommendations

ABSTRACT This study tested the notion of ideological asymmetry, which proposes that conservatives are more prejudiced than liberals. It involved 682 self-identified conservative (n = 383) and liberal (n = 299) perceivers (MTurk workers; 54% female) who evaluated a target person’s professional attributes, personal character, and job suitability based on the target’s social media posts. The results did not support ideological asymmetry as both conservative and liberal participants negatively evaluated an ideologically opposite target. Interestingly, liberals showed three times more bias than conservatives. This study better supports a worldview conflict hypothesis, an alternative to ideological asymmetry, with both sides showing indirect aggression in an apolitical setting.

Labor Migration of Parents and Aggression Among Their Offspring in China

In China, parental labor migration often leaves children behind and is potentially adversely associated with children's health. However, the association between parental migration and aggression among their offspring remains largely underexplored. To investigate the associations of parental labor migration with total and subtypes of aggression among their offspring as well as potential sex differences therein. This cross-sectional study was conducted from February to October 2015 among students aged 11 to 20 years from 45 public middle and high schools across 5 provinces of China. Data analysis was performed from December 1, 2022, to August 1, 2023. Parental migration, including migration status (yes or no), pattern (father, mother, or both), and the child's age at the initial parent-child separation. Total and subtypes of aggression (including physical aggression [PA], verbal aggression [VA], indirect aggression [IA], anger, and hostility) were measured using the Chinese version of the Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used separately to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs of parental migration by total and subtypes of aggression. A total of 15 301 participants (7900 [51.6%] male and 7401 [48.4%] female) aged 11 to 20 years (mean [SD] age, 15.1 [1.8] years) were included. Of these participants, 5961 (39.0%) experienced parental migration; 2451 (16.0%) met the criteria for total aggression, 2407 (15.7%) for PA, 2283 (14.9%) for VA, 2899 (18.9%) for IA, 2307 (15.1%) for anger, and 2564 (16.8%) for hostility. Parental migration was associated with total aggression (aOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.22); no significant association between parental migration and subtypes of aggression was found except for PA (aOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.25). Compared with children whose parents did not migrate, the aORs for total aggression and PA for participants whose father migrated were 1.12 (95% CI, 1.01-1.28) and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.03-1.29), respectively; for participants with both parents having migrated, the aORs were 1.16 (95% CI, 1.02-1.31) and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04-1.24), respectively. Compared with children whose parents did not migrate, children who experienced initial separation from 1 or both parents at adolescence had an aOR for total aggression of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.04-1.36), children who experienced initial separation from 1 or both parents at school age or adolescence had an aOR for PA of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01-1.32) and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.04-1.51), respectively. No sex differences were found in these associations. In this cross-sectional study of Chinese children and adolescents, we found that parental migration, mainly of the father or both parents or an initial separation at adolescence or school age from 1 or both parents, was associated with higher odds of total aggression and PA among offspring. These associations were similar between male and female participants.

Daily life affective dynamics as transdiagnostic predictors of mental health symptoms: An ecological momentary assessment study

BackgroundAffective dynamics have been identified as a correlate of a broad span of mental health issues, making them key candidate transdiagnostic factors. However, there remains a lack of knowledge about which aspects of affective dynamics – especially as they manifest in the course of daily life – relate to a general risk for mental health issues versus specific symptoms. MethodsWe leverage an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study design with four measures per day over a two-week period to explore how negative affect levels, inertia, lability, and reactivity to provocation and stress in the course of daily life relate to mental health symptoms in young adults (n = 256) in the domains of anxiety, depression, psychosis-like symptoms, behaviour problems, suicidality, and substance use. ResultsDynamic structural equation modelling (DSEM) suggested that negative affect levels in daily life were associated with depression, anxiety, indirect and proactive aggression, psychosis, anxiety, and self-injury; negative affective lability was associated with depression, physical aggression, reactive aggression, suicidal ideation, and ADHD symptoms; negative affective inertia was associated with depression, anxiety, physical aggression, and cannabis use; and emotional reactivity to provocation was related to physical aggression. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design, the limited span of mental health issues included, and the convenience nature and small size of the sample are limitations. ConclusionsFindings suggest that a subset of mental health symptoms have shared negative affective dynamics patterns. Longitudinal research is needed to rigorously examine the directionality of the effects underlying the association between affective dynamics and mental health issues.

WITHDRAWN: Handling procedures in ornamental fishing affect the behavioural response of dwarf cichlids (Apistogramma juruensis)

Ornamental fish species are often subjected to netting stress and subsequent air exposure during harvesting and often returned to the water as non-targeted fish species with an assumption that the entire process poses no threat to the behaviour and welfare of these fish species. However, despite the increasing number of scientific research on the welfare of fish species, the ornamental species have been understudied. Here we examined the behavioural response of Apistogramma juruensis (n=40, 0.556±0.23g) to acute handling stress under laboratory conditions. The fish species were exposed to a control group (T1), 10 secs netting (T2), 10 secs netting plus 30 secs air exposure (T3), 10 secs netting plus 60 secs air exposure (T4) to simulate durations of handling stress as obtainable in the ornamental fish trade sector. Video recordings of the behavioural traits of the fish species were done. A. juruensis were randomly assessed for behavioural (swimming (active swimming (AS) and inactive swimming (IS), feeding (latency to feed (LF) and feed intake (FI), aggression (AG), opercula beat rate (OBR) and shelter use (SU) traits. Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed-effect models in the R Statistical tool (v 4.2.1). The interaction between treatment and weight influenced (p<0.05) the swimming pattern of the fish. AS was significantly (p<0.01) different between treatments and IS was similar (p=0.427) in T1 and T2. LF was highest in T4 and weight (LME, Weight: df = 34.00, t= -1.731, p=0.09, mR2 = 0.929, cR2 = 0.944) did not affect the LF of A. juruensis. In addition, the weight (LME, Weight, p=0.831) of the A. juruensis did not affect the FI. A. juruensis was most aggressive in T2 with significant (LME: Treatment; t = 2.49, df = 133.09, p <0.01, mR2 = 0.415, cR2 = 0.529) differences between treatments. Handling stressors affected (p<0.01) the OBR and this increased with treatment. Fish in T4 spent 66.9% of their time close to the shelter compared to T1 and the effect of weight indicated that larger-sized fish had a higher duration of SU (LME: Weight: t =10.53, df =59.38 p = 0.05, mR2 =0.86, CR2 = 0.95). However, the treatments applied did not result in mortality during the study. In conclusion, our study provides insight into the behavioural implication of netting stress and air exposure during ornamental fish handling and highlights how this could alter the welfare of A. juruensis.

Explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in striking combat sports.

Aggression in sports is often perceived as a necessary trait for success, especially in martial arts. Aggression can be assessed both explicitly and implicitly, taking into account the dual processing model. The purpose of the research was to examine explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in competitive athletes practicing striking combat sports, according to gender and sports performance. At the same time, we verified whether aggression (implicit/unconscious and explicit) predicts sports performance in martial artists. A total of 85 athletes practicing striking combat sports took part in the research. For implicit, latency-based measure of aggression, an Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was used, while explicit aggression was assessed with the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. Data analysis revealed (using multivariate analysis of variance) that athletes from striking combat sports having international sports performances registered significantly higher D-scores (IAT, p = 0.014) and lower values for Go-ahead factor (p = 0.006), compared to athletes without outstanding results. Goodman and Kruskal tau association test was used to check the existing associations between athletes' gender and martial arts athletes' level of explicit and implicit aggression. In addition, binomial logistic regression procedures were performed, predicting martial artists' likelihood to obtain higher sports results, based on explicit and indirect aggression. A stronger association between Aggression and Others (at implicit/unconscious level) and a moderate level (generally) for Go-ahead factor of explicit aggression are associated with an increased likelihood of sports performances in athletes. In addition, male martial arts athletes are more persistent despite obstacles, remaining more on the offensive (no gender-related association were found in terms of indirect/unconscious aggression, and for Foul Play and Assertiveness factors of explicit aggression). The study underlines the importance of addressing athletes' subconscious level to promote more constructive behaviors in competitions.

The relationship between impulsiveness and indirect aggression among Arab female adolescents in Israel: The mediating role of affiliation with delinquent peers and moderating role of closeness to parents.

This study examined the mediating role of affiliation with delinquent peers (ADP) and the moderating role of closeness to parents in the relationship between impulsivity and perpetration of indirect aggression. Arab female adolescents in Israel (aged 12-21; N = 404) completed a self-report questionnaire. The mediation-moderation model was examined after controlling for intersectional factors related to the females' unique social locations in Arab society. The study found that 66.1% of the girls had perpetrated at least one indirect act of aggression at least once during the past month. Moreover, most reported agreement with at least one item that examined their closeness to their father and mother (75.7% and 77%, respectively). The results also showed that the direct effect of impulsivity on perpetration of indirect aggression against others became significant after including the mediation factor (ADP). Finally, for high closeness to parents, the association between impulsivity and ADP was positive and significant, whereas it was insignificant for medium and low closeness. The findings highlight the importance of operationalized as parent-closeness to parents, child communication skills, boundary setting, and monitoring, which may decrease the tendency of adolescents to perpetrate aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Boldness, meanness and disinhibition as predictors of indirect/direct type of aggressive behavior in youth.

Numerous studies show that a high level of psychopathic traits in youth is related to the propensity to use various types and forms of aggression. The presented study focuses on the relations between psychopathy and aggression, both indirect (relational) and direct in this age group. The triarchic model of psychopathy was used, according to which psychopathy is described as a configuration of boldness, meanness and disinhibition. It was assumed that boldness would be a predictor for indirect aggression and disinhibition - for the direct forms of aggressive behaviors. The sample consisted of 200 older adolescents (108 boys and 92 girls), aged 16-19. Two groups were distinguished for comparison: juveniles from youth fostering centers and youth not violating legal norms. For the measurement of the variables the following self-reports were used: Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, Indirect Aggression Scale (Aggressor Version) and Aggression Questionnaire. From among the dimensions of psychopathy, the strongest predictor for both forms of aggression (indirect and direct) was disinhibition. The study also revealed the differences in the intensity of psychopathic traits and aggressive behaviors with reference to gender and institutionalization. However, the hypothesis on the relationship between boldness and indirect aggression was not confirmed. The results showed that disinhibition and meanness can be considered as significant personality risk factors for aggressive behaviors and violence not only in adults but also in adolescents. The study supported also the heterogeneity of the triarchic model of psychopathy itself.

Can Empathy Moderate the Interaction Between Anxiety and Indirect Aggression? Evidence-Based Study of Adolescent Girls

The current study looked into the connections between adolescent females' anxiety, empathy, and indirect aggression. It was hypothesized that the three different forms of anxiety (i.e., state, trait, and social anxiety) would predict and positively correlate to indirect aggression while empathy would moderate this relationship. A descriptive-predictive research design was employed and a sample of (N = 210) adolescent girls between the ages of (13 and 18) years (M = 14.54, SD = 1.27) was taken through a non-probability purposive sampling method. Study variables were assessed through the short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Social Interaction Anxiety Inventory (SIAS), the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), and Relational Aggression Scale. Results showed a positive correlation among study variables and all three types of anxiety predicted indirect aggression while empathy moderated the relationship between them. This study was an empirical and research-based addition to the already existing indigenous body of literature regarding anxiety in school environments that could potentially cause indirect aggression among adolescent girls. Moreover, it provided insight into associations and predictions regarding study variables and filled the existing gap in the literature. These findings have implications within the fields of school psychology, gender psychology, and social psychology.

Study of Gambling Addiction in Adolescents with Mental Retardation

Introduction. The article discusses the features of the manifestation of gambling addiction in adolescents with mental retardation (AMR). The purpose of the article is to determine the level and manifestations of gambling addiction in adolescents with mental retardation in comparison with adolescents with normative development. Materials and Methods. The study sample consisted of adolescents aged 13–14 years, who were divided into two groups. The first included students of the 7th grade of the State Educational Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region “Ekaterinburg School No. 9”, who were recommended training in an adapted educational program for children with mental retardation (20 people); the second group consisted of students of the 7th grade of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary School No. 107, who did not have developmental features (20 people). The paper uses: a test questionnaire of the degree of enthusiasm of younger adolescents for computer games by A. V. Grishina; screening diagnostics of computer addiction (L. N. Yurieva, T. Y. Bolbot); the technique of “Aggressive behavior” (E. P. Ilyin, P. A. Kovalev); G. V. Lozova’s test for the presence of dependence on 13 types of addictions in the sample of the two groups of adolescents aged 13–14 years (20 people with PSD and 20 people without developmental characteristics). Statistical differences were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test, correlation analysis was carried out using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results. A comparative and correlation analysis was carried out, as a result of which no significant differences in the indicators of gambling addiction in the selected groups were revealed. At the same time, adolescents without developmental characteristics have higher indicators of computer dependence on the level of aggression and a tendency to direct physical aggression. The relationship between aggression and gambling addiction was found. Discussion and Conclusion. In adolescents with mental retardation of both sexes, there is a relationship between a tendency to direct physical aggression and a scale of preference for virtual communication to real one. In female adolescents without developmental features, there is a relationship between a tendency to indirect verbal aggression with a scale of emotional attitude to computer games, a scale of self-control in computer games and index of interest in computer games. There is also a relationship between the level of aggression and the tendency to direct verbal aggression with the scale of preference for virtual communication over real. The relationship between the tendency to indirect verbal aggression and the scale of target orientation in computer games was revealed. In male adolescents without developmental features, there is a relationship between the tendency to indirect physical aggression with the scale of emotional attitude to computer games, the scale of self-control in computer games, the scale of preference for virtual communication to real and the index degree of interest in computer games. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the relationship between aggression and gambling addiction is traced. At the same time, adolescents without developmental features have much more of these connections. They have a higher index of computer addiction, meaning they may be more engaged in online communication and generally spend more time on the computer.

“You look like my 14-year-old daughter”

Abstract The main purpose of this corpus-based study is to examine the different types of sexist language women are subjected to in their daily interactions with men, together with their hidden ideologies. To this end, we analysed a total of 1,118 English tweets posted on the hashtag #everydaysexism on Twitter over a year. Results indicate that women experience both overt and indirect verbal aggression in different domains of life, expressed through a range of sexist linguistic markers, and that such aggression often reflect the users’ beliefs and values about men and women. By using a category-based model to examine a feminist narrative hashtag where women’s experiences of sexism are shared, our study offers a robust and principled approach to conducting a corpus-based, cross-domain discourse analysis of sexism in daily communication.