Indigenous System Of Medicine Research Articles

Formulation and evaluation of herbal face scrub

Herbal face scrubs have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their ability to improve skin health and are available at a low cost. These scrubs contain natural ingredients such as rice powder and orange peel powder, ficus riligiosa etc. Which work to exfoliate, whiten, and prevent free radical damage. Vitamin E, rose Oil, and almonds are used to hydrate and exfoliate the skin. Neutralizers and herbal preservatives like neem, and rosemary are used in the variuos formulations. The preparation was evaluated for various parameters, such as colour, odour consistency, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and foamability. The results from the evaluation indicated that the scrub was satisfactory after application and was non-irritating to the skin. Ficus religiosa L., commonly known as Peepal tree known to be a native Indian is a medicinally important tree species belonging to the Moraceae family. It is a large evergreen tree found throughout the India. This tree is popular indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. Ficus religiosa is sacred tree, which is having great traditional uses as well as pharmacological activities. Almost all parts of the tree are useful in traditional system. The various parts like leaf, bark, fruit, and seeds are beneficial in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, healing and curative, heart diseases, constipation, mumps and boils, gynaecological problems, fever and joint pains, respiratory problems, skin diseases orodental and ear problems. Ficus religiosa tree shows pharmacological activities analgesic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, wound healing, ant amnesic, anti-acetyl cholinesterase, proteolytic activity. The present review is hence an effort to give detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, photochemistry and medicinal applications.

A Review of the Indigenous Medicinal Plants Used by Scheduled Tribe Communities of North-East India

Background: North-eastern India is renowned for its rich bio-diversity of indigenous medicinal plants and its therapeutic properties. The tribal communities and ethnic groups residing in this region genuinely depend on the indigenous systems of medicine. They have extensive knowledge and comprehension of plants, both conventional and non-conventional, for their food and medicine, and they practice their own traditional healthcare system. Objectives:This study aims to give a systematic overview of traditional medicinal plants along with their properties used by the Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities of north-eastern region and their potential for upliftment of the socio economic status of the community. Methods: The data were collected from published paper through electronic databases viz, Google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct based on traditional medicinal plants used by the ethnic groups. Results: In this study, 236 medicinal plants were summarized with their medicinal properties used by the Scheduled Tribe people of northeastern region. Conclusion: This study provides the information on therapeutic plants which will be a valuable resource for creating an action plan and development for the herbal drug sector, with the goal of enhancing and boosting the state's economy and quality of life.

Role of ayurveda in dentistry: Incorporating indigenous system of medicine in Oro-dental care

Role of ayurveda in dentistry: Incorporating indigenous system of medicine in Oro-dental care

Research output from India's Siddha system of medicine during 1972-2019: Bibliometric analysis points need to focus on quantity and quality.

The Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is one of the Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). In recent times, it has received adequate support from the Indian Ministry of Ayush. Like many such indigenous systems of medicine globally, the SSM is based on its own theoretical principles, philosophy, and methods of practice. Nevertheless, SSM conducts and needs basic and applied research using scientific methods. Such research is evidenced by research publications. In the absence of a review, we did a bibliometric analysis of research publications from SSM for the period of 1972-2019. We used the term "Siddha" to retrieve the data from the PubMed database. We retrieved data from the National AYUSH research portal and homepages of institutions mandated to do research in SSM. We abstracted bibliometric information and used Epi info (Version 7.2) for analysis. We described the trends and key characteristics. Of a total of 2009 retrieved articles, we included 1457 (73%) for analysis. Between 1972 and 2001, the median number of publications per year was three (range: 0-13). Beyond 2012, the publications increased exponentially with an annual growth of 23%. The maximum number of publications (n = 224) was in 2019. Among 43 countries that produced the papers, India topped it (88%). Of 1457, 1.7% (n = 25) of publications from Siddha institutions were indexed in PubMed. A bibliometric review of research output from SSM suggests that the publications have increased in the last two decades. The review recommends improving research output from SSM in terms of quantity and quality.

An Indian Herb : Emblica Officinalis and Its Therapeutic Significance

Medicinal plants are the best gift of nature which play an important role in the healthcare system of developing nations and a source of medicament to heal various ailments in the world. They play a vital role in securing our health. Herbal care or traditional systems of medicine have been used since ancient times; herbs have been the source of most of the drugs. Today approximately 70% of the world's population depends on medicinal herbs. Medicinal plants contain so many chemical compounds which are the major source of therapeutic agents to cure human diseases. Emblica Officinalis (Amla)/Indian Gooseberry has an important position in Ayurveda- an “Indian Indigenous system of medicine”. It is a deciduous tree and the Fruit of amla is widely used in the Indian system of medicine as a diuretic, laxative, liver tonic, refrigerant, hair tonic, ulcer preventive, stomachic, restorative, antipyretic and for the common cold, and fever. Nowadays the use of herbal products has become the chief option for people everywhere because of curing treatment without any side effects

Qualitative investigation and screening of antimicrobial activity of stem extract in Clerodendrum infortunatum plant

Clerodendrum infortunatum is known as hill glory bower and a plant which is widely distributed throughout the whole world. Up to now, many species of C. infortunatum have been described in various indigenous systems of medicine that are used in preparation of folklore medicines for the treatment of various life-threatening diseases, and much of this plant have been very well studied for their chemical constituents and biological activities. It also is used in Unani, Ayurveda, and siddha system of medicine for many years. From Clerodendrum infortunatum many compounds, including mono-turpentine and its derivatives, sesquiterpene, diterpenoids, tri-terpentine, flavonoid, quercetin, acacetin, gallic acid, sterol and flavonoid glycoside, phenylethanoid glycoside, steroids and steroid glycosides, cyclohexylethanoids, anthraqunine, cyanogenic glycolsides, and others have been isolated and identified. In the present study, Chloroform, pet. ether, and water stem extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum obtained by Soxhlet extraction was screened to detect the presence or absence of several bioactive compounds which are reported to cure different diseases. Anti-microbial analysis of stem extract was carried out against lactobacillus, E.coli and staphylococcus aureus organisms by agar well diffusion method. It was observed that the zone was recorded against this organism. The results indicate that the chloroform, pet.ether and water extracts of C. infortunatum are having anti- microbial efficiency in controlling the microorganisms. So, Clerodendrum infortunatum is the plant which are beneficial on human health.

Our Plants as Doctors in Today’s Animal Health

Svante Arrhenius, Swedish scientist predicted as early as 1896 that human activity would interfere with the way sun interferes with the earth- leading to global warming, climatic change and loss of biodiversity. Environmental change has affected most biological systems on our planet, mostly negatively. This is becoming an increased concern for the well-being and survival of many species. The effect of environment encompasses endocrine disruptions, sex ratio changes and decreased reproductive parameters, also include physiological, genotoxic, tetrogenic, immune suppressing effect, that lead to disease directly or increase of acquiring disease. Utilization of plants has been in vogue from time immemorial for various needs. Plants with medicinal properties enjoy the highest considerations in indigenous systems of medicine. Knowledge of the curative properties of specific plants is an accomplished art which is passed on from one generation to the next. Healthy animals are more likely to result in safer food supplies, higher production, reduced environmental impacts, improved animal well-being and most importantly reduced use of antibiotics. Plants are nature’s doctors, so plants when used for correction of animal health problems, reduce the disease management expenditure by nearly 40%. More plant utilization with re cropping will bring down the negative impacts of the environmental issues. Very easily available neighbourhood wild plants happen to be solutions for great health problems of animals. Utilization of this plant treasure can work the wonder wand for a better environment free of Global environment concerns.

The Science behind Ashwagandha: A Review of its Therapeutic Potential

Ashwagandha, scientifically known as Withania somnifera, holds a prominent place in Ayurvedic medicine. It has served as a rejuvenating tonic, nootropic, and a potent natural adaptogen. This herb extract has been widely employed for overall health and specific health conditions. It boasts a rich history of over 3,000 years of use in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicinal systems on the Indian subcontinent. One of its key attributes is the presence of bioactive compounds called withanolides, with withaferin-A and withanolide-D being particularly noteworthy. In experimental studies, Ashwagandha has demonstrated its ability to enhance endurance in rats during swimming tests and shield against stress-induced changes in adrenal gland components like ascorbic acid and cortisol. Pre-treatment with Ashwagandha has exhibited significant protection against stress-induced gastric ulcers. Moreover, it has shown anti-tumor effects on CHO cell carcinoma and was effective against lung adenoma induced by urethane in mice. In some instances, Ashwagandha has been used to manage conditions like uterine fibroids and dermatosarcoma with long-term treatment. It has also demonstrated cognitive enhancement, proving beneficial for children with memory deficits and elderly individuals experiencing memory loss. Additionally, Ashwagandha has shown promise in addressing neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's. Its anxiolytic properties, as well as its ability to boost energy levels and support mitochondrial health, make it a valuable natural remedy. Furthermore, it serves as an anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic agent, finding application in clinical cases of Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis.

Pharmacognostic Study of <I>Asclepias curassavica</I> Linn.

Asclepias curassavica L. (Family: Asclepiadaceae), commonly known as 'Kakatundi' an important Ayurvedic drug used as emetic, astringent, anthelmintic and a remedy in piles and gonorrhoea. All the parts are used in the indigenous system of medicine. The present investigation deals with the macro-microscopical structure of the leaf, micro chemical tests, quantitative study, study of the powdered drug, fluorescence analysis and determination of physical constant values. Leaf is dorsi-ventral, stomata present on both the surfaces. Latex is present in laticifers.

Pharmacognostical Study of Root Bark of <I>Erythrina indica</I> Lam. Paribhadra

Paribhadra, one of the reputed drugs of the indigenous system of medicine, is equated with Erythrina indica Lamk. Syn. E. variegata Linn. var. orientalis Linn., Family Fabaceae. Some other species of Erythrina viz. E. suberosa Roxb. and E. stricta Roxb., have also been mentioned as 'Paribhadra in different text books on Indian Medicine and are used as substitutes for the genuine drug, Erythrina indica.The pharmacognostical study is made of the root and root bark of E. indica Lamk., as based on material collected from authentic specimens and covers macro- and microscopical characters highlighting the diagnostic features, micro-chemical tests, examination of the powdered drug and preliminary phytochemical investigation.

Pharmacognostic Studies on the Genus <I>Solanum</I> Linn. Part I

The pharmacognostic anatomical studies on the high solasodine yielding berries of Solanum viarum Dunal, S. elaeagnifolium Cav. and also the leaves of S. trilobatum Linn., S. nigrum Linn. root, of S. trilobatum Linn. which are used in the indigenous system of medicine are presented.

Pharmacognostic Studies on the Leaf of <i>Calotropis gigantea</i> R. Br. Ex Ait.

The macroscopic and microscopic characters of the leaf of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. ex Ait. which is used in the indigenous system of medicine are described. Three layers of closely packed palisade cells, multicellular thin walled trichomes and presence of half stomata in the lower epidermis besides the rubiaceous type of stomata, absence of tannin and presence of fats and oils are the chief diagnostic characters.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable lung disease. It is characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to abnormalities of the airways caused by continuous exposure to noxious particles or gases. COPD occupies the third position for the cause of death worldwide. The major risk factor for the development of COPD is tobacco smoking. The inhalation of toxic particles, biomass exposure and outdoor air pollution along with other host factors including abnormal lung development and accelerated lung aging can also contribute. Spirometry characterized by non-fully reversible airflow limitation i.e., FEV1/FVC < 0.7 post bronchodilation, confirms the diagnosis of COPD. The major goals of management are to reduce risk factors, manage stable COPD, prevent and treat acute exacerbations, and manage associated illnesses. The conservative management comprising of antibiotics, inhaled corticosteroids, mucolytics etc. offer promising results in this condition. But tachycardia, glossitis, glaucoma, nausea are some of the common adverse reactions noticed on chronic use of these group of drugs. The contemporary health scenario demands more contribution in this regard from the indigenous system of medicine. In Āyurvedic view, COPD can be considered under the spectrum of Prāṇavaha srotodushti vikaras. The clinical features and etiology mentioned for diseases mentioned in Ayurveda such as Kāsa, Tamaka śvāsa, Rajayakshma etc has similarity with that of COPD. Though COPD cannot be correlated to any single condition of Prāṇavaha sroto duṣti, Tamaka śvāsa can be considered as includes most of the clinical features including cough. When the etiological factors favour, the vitiated and aggravated Kapha dosha blocks the channels of Prāna and Udāna vāta causing the onset and symptoms of the disease.

Metabolic Disorders Solving Programme

We see that metabolic disorders are an epidemic in the world. All Allopathic, Ayurveda, Homeopathic, colour path, Iso path, naturopathy, Antipathy, Zyso pathy, Bio-chemic- path, fruit path, vitamin path, home path, acupressure path, acupuncture path, spiritual path, rake path electro-homoeopath, leaf path, flower path, Unani, Siddha, and Every country have Indigenous systems of medicine, Traditional systems of medicine but all are failed to cure diabetes and metabolic disorders.

Vaidyaratna Captain G. Srinivasa Murthy: A legend who revived Indian Medicine

Abstract Captain Dr. G. Srinivasa Murthy, born in 1887, was a multifaceted personality with a strong background in both Allopathic and Indian systems of medicine. He played a significant role in the recognition and encouragement of indigenous systems of medicine. Dr. Murthy was a member of the Usman Committee formed to report on how the indigenous systems of medicine could be best developed. He produced a report, “The Science & the Art of Indian Medicine,” for the committee as his magnum opus. He founded the School of Indian Medicine in 1925 and developed an integral system combining Ayurveda and Allopathy. He was the founder president of the Indian Medical Practitioners Co-operative Pharmacy & Stores. His unselfishness and passion inspired the younger generation in the field of Indian medicine. Dr. V Narayana Swamy, a disciple of Murthy, founded the Captain Srinivasa Murthy Research Institute in 1963, which later became part of the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences.

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF DRUG: DARUHARIDRA (BERBERIS ARISTATA DC.)

Ayurveda is an ancient life science that came 5000 years ago and is known as ‘the Mother of all healings’. Knowledge of Ayurveda enables one to understand how to create balance in one’s physical body, mind and consciousness. The Ayurvedic system of medicine has been prevalent in India since the Vedic period and as early as the dawn of human civilization. In Dravyaguna, all the Aushadhadravya (medicinal herbs) are mentioned that act on the body based on their rasa (taste), guna (property), veerya (potency), vipaaka (post-digestive effect) and prabhava (specific property). It includes knowledge of different Aushadhadravya (herbal plants), which could heal different ailments with their pharmacological actions. Crude drugs are the starting raw materials for manufacturing herbal medicines in all indigenous systems of medicine. Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC.) is one such popular Aushadhadravya (herbal drug) in Ayurvedic literature, and it has been used globally for its aushadha karma (therapeutic properties). It has been mentioned in Vedas, and Brihattari later described it in Nighantus (glossaries of Ayurveda). It has different varieties. It is mainly used in Netraroga (eye disorders), Pandu (anaemia), Kushtha (skin disorders), Mutrakruccha (urinary disorders), Pratishyaya (cold), and Prameha (diabetes). Clinical and experimental studies show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties. This article deals with different aspects of Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC.) and the contribution of different Acharyas towards it.

Effect of Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. aerial parts on some non-communicable diseases: in vitro study and HPLC-QTOF/MS-MS analysis

Carissa species are evergreen plants that have long been employed in treating different diseases by traditional healers in many cultures. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. known as Natal plum is characterized by bright red, edible, plum-shaped fruit that tastes like cranberries. The pharmacological studies on Carissa species validated its use in indigenous medicine systems. The evidence-based modulatory potential of C. macrocarpa aerial parts (leaves and stems) on non-communicable diseases and hepato-protective activity is herein evaluated via testing its in vitro activity against key enzymes for metabolic disorders and support it with phytochemical study to identify the key metabolites responsible for the claimed activities. Potent antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) and anti-inflammatory (iNOS, COX-1 and COX-2) potentials were observed along with significant inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase anti-diabetic enzymes. In addition, the hepato-protective activity (Annexin V apoptosis detection and evaluation of telomerase reverse transcriptase TERT) beside its beneficial effect on the neuropharmacological parameters (acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid) were also proved. The HPLC-QTOF/MS-MS analysis allowed the identification of 10 fatty acids, 6 phenolics, 6 flavonoids, 4 triterpenoid saponins, and 3 miscellaneous metabolites. These findings support the notion that C. macrocarpa is a medicinal plant with multifactorial therapeutic potentials against some non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, this study supports the claim of traditional healers that Carissa species are promising hepato-protective and anti-diabetic medicines.

A Systematic Analysis of COVID-19 Clinical Trials Registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India.

The Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI) database is a registry of various trials conducted in India and this study scrutinized the studies registered for COVID-19 from the database to detect patterns in trial design, appraising the target regions of therapiesand comprehending the terrain of research endeavors. This was a cross-sectional study that analyzed the registered trials for COVID-19 between March 2020 and September 2023. A trial search was conducted on the CTRI database to include all types of studies registered for COVID-19 with keywords like "COVID" and "coronavirus" and studies conducted on conditions other than COVID-19 were excluded. The data regarding study characteristics were noted under various sections in a preformed proforma. A total of 807 trials were taken for final analysis and there were about 344 prospective and 260 retrospective interventional trials, 35 prospective and 165 retrospective observational studies, and two prospective and one retrospective post-marketing surveillance study. The majority of the studies had duration under 12 months (91%). The maximum number of studies were registered from AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) and allied therapies (n = 283), with about 104 types of interventions, followed by the drug category having 119 trials registered and about 57 types of interventions. Kabasura Kudineer and yoga in the AYUSH category, molnupiravir, colchicine, and favipiravir in the drug category, and tocilizumaband convalescent plasma among biologics were some common interventions used. The majority of trials did not mention the trial phase and declared it as not applicable (54%), whereas 15% were registered as phase 2 and 13% as phase 3. About 54% of the studies were randomized and randomized parallel-group design (20%) was the most common study design. Only 6% of the trials were post-graduate thesis and the majority of the trials (n = 535) denied sharing their individual participant data. Only 0.86% and 0.61% of the trials were terminated and suspended, respectively, denoting proper design and conduct of the trials. In the CTRI database, the majority of trials were prospective interventional studies, with a predominance of AYUSH therapies and drug interventions. Common interventions included Kabasura Kudineer and yoga in AYUSH, and molnupiravir, colchicine, and favipiravir in drugs. Most studies had durations under 12 months and randomized parallel-group design was the most common study design. The intention to use and promote an indigenous system of medicine looks promising in the absence of any definite therapy. A minute number of registered suspended and terminated trials might bea positive picture of meticulously designed and executed trials even during a pandemic situation in India.

Valeriana jatamansi: Bioactive Compounds and their Medicinal Uses.

Valeriana jatamansi is a reputed perennial medicinal herb distributed throughout the world, where it is used in cytotoxicity, neuronal problems, insomnia, leishmania and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, antioxidant, antiviral and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. This review describes the current state of chemical characterization of isolated metabolites, which are well accepted for the treatment of various ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. This comprehensive review covers previously published research articles and reviews up to 2023 with an emphasis on the structural characterization of isolated bioactive compounds using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, the present review also focuses on the detailed medicinal and pharmacological properties of isolated compounds from this threatened herb.

Importance of the Conservation of Natural Forests in Protecting Red Listed Medicinal Plant Terminalia arjuna in the Perspective of Indigenous System of Medicine

Sri Lanka the country which is rich in natural resources has a percentage of 29.9 (1,933,000 ha) covered by forest. In present the forests are being destroyed due to various reasons. Increased population leads to increased constructions and urbanization are some reasons of forest destructions. Indigenous system of medicine explains on the importance of various natural resources which are highly effective in treating multiple ailments especially, describes on many herbal plants. The study aims on the importance of red listed plant Terminalia arjuna which is being an extinct plant due to forest destruction. A systematic literature review has been carried out to gather information from Unani and Ayurveda classical texts, Pharmacopeias, ethno-botanical literatures, scientific journals, and web. Unauthentic articles and articles which did not match the theme and eligibility criteria were excluded. 39 articles were finally included for the study. The key words used in searching were T. arjuna, forest conservation, natural resources, red list plants in Sri Lanka, Indigenous medicine and therapeutic effects. Results revealed that T. arjuna belongs to the family Combretacea which is widely spread in mixed dry deciduous tropical forests of Sri Lanka. Various parts of this plant (specially the stem-bark) are very effective in treating cardiovascular complications such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, anginal pain and congestive heart failure. This plant contains tannin, the cardiac glycoside possessed from the bark and fruit is known to be an excellent cardiac tonic which is potent in strengthening the cardiac muscles, in improving the blood circulation of coronary artery and prevents the heart muscle from ischemic damage. Therefore, this study focuses on the importance of the conservation of forests and natural resources which are being helpful in the system of Indigenous medicine in various ways. 
 Keywords: Natural resources, Forest, Indigenous medicine, Terminalia arjuna, Cardiac tonic