Indigenous System Of Medicine Research Articles

Saussurea lappa: An Important Medicinal Plant for Treatment Different Diseases: A review

Saussurea lappa is belong to the family Astreaceae. It has been cultivated in various parts of the world a commonly known and potent plant which is well studied for its medicinal uses in diverse indigenous Indian systems of medicine. It is usually known as kuth root or costus and used in different system of medicine to treat various diseases such as asthma, ulcers and stomach problems. Indian medical systems use various preparations prepared from the roots by physicians to treat cough, cold, stomachache, toothache, typhoid and fever. It is an important drug for gout and erythroderma and stimulates spermatogenesis. Several of its activities are proved and confirmed through in viro and in vivo approaches which gave a rational scientific way to the traditional claims. As a result to the significant proven activities Saussrea lappa is having major chance for new drug discovery.

COHERENCE REVIEW OF ESSENTIAL FUNDAMENTALS OF UNANI, AYURVEDA, SIDDHA AND HOMEOPATHY SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE

Medicine, defined as the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. The word medicine springs from Latin medicus, meaning “physician″. According to Henry Sigerist, the medical historian has stated that every culture had developed a system of medicine and medical history is but one aspect of history of culture. India, with its rich cultural heritage, has been in the forefront in contributing to the medical sciences, and there is plenty of proof of the same. Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) is one component of the six indigenous systems of medicine practiced in India. The art of tending to the sick is as antique as the humanity itself. The ancient civilizations probably knew about the functions, physiology and anatomy of the human physique in surprising details, and their art of tending the sick remains an evidence of their knowledge. The medical systems that are truly Indian in origin and development are Ayurveda and as well the Siddha system. Unani-Tibb and Homeopathy, though not of Indian origin, have a significant importance in health care in India. Today, India is among the leading countries as far as the practice of Unani medicine is concerned. This paper will be an attempt in analysing the insights of various fundamental principles and key concepts of Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha and Homeopathy along with their differential aspects.

Evaluation of Acute, Subacute and LD50 values of Methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus leaves in Albino mice

Sphaeranthus indicus is one of the extremely precious herbs in the Indigenous System of Medicine. The present study was carried out to acute, subacute and LD50 values of methanolic extract of S. indicus leaves in Swiss mice of both sexes. The acute toxicity studies were conducted oral administration of 1.75, 5.5, 17.5, 55, 175, 550, 2000mg/kg body weight SIME used. Observations were recorded systemically up to 24 h after dose administration for behavior related to nervous system response or autonomic functions. Food and water intake, body weight variations, hematological and biochemical parameters were assessed. In sub acute toxicity treatment there were no significant variation in the body weights and haematological parameters except dose-dependent increase in lymphocyte count was noted in both sexes supported immunostimulant activity. Pathologically, significant protective effect on hepatic, renal functions and decreased cholesterol, triglyceride levels. The results did not show any treatment related abnormalities in terms of hematological and biochemical parameters in sub-acute toxicity. After acute administration, no mortality was recorded in mice treated with the SIME orally at a dose of 1000mg/kg. The LD50 values were determined using graphical method; we found a broad therapeutic window and a high therapeutic index value showed that the LD50 of the extract is 2480mg/kg. The results suggest that the plant seems to be high margin of drug safety in mice.

Status and consolidated list of threatened medicinal plants of India.

A wide array of medicinal plants in India, primarily used by locals for health care, have found wide acceptance and adoption globally (either directly or processed) due to distinct advantages of good results, low or no side-effects and ease of access to general public. Indigenous and traditional systems of medicine in practice since historical times have shown potential (direct or indirect as immune-boosters) against many dreaded ailments including the recent global pandemic of COVID-19. With prediction of sixth mass extinction, there is worldwide concern as majority of these plants, collected from natural stands, are also facing threat of extinction. Since 1990s concerted efforts have been directed towards assessment of threat status, the basic requirement for prioritizing conservation activity to various species of plants and animals. In literature there is staggered information regarding list of threatened plants, including medicinal plants of India, compiled at either state level or national or international level. Analysis of these publications led to collation of a consolidated list of 84 species and the same is presented here. A brief account of conservation efforts in India at national level and supportive policy framework is also included. This compilation is aimed to serve as a comprehensive reference especially for beginners, researchers, conservationists, foresters, pharmaceutical professionals as well as policy makers.

A CRITICAL PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SARIVA FROM ITS NATURAL HABITAT

The material medica has over 25000 plant species having therapeutic value, and more than 500 are used in indigenous systems of medicine. Sariva is one such drug having multifaceted activities widely used as coolant, blood purifier. In Ayurvedic classics two varieties have been mentioned, Shweta and Krishna. Regarding the botanical identity of both the varieties, Shweta Sariva is unanimously accepted as Hemidesmus indicus, where as for Krishna Sariva is accepted as both Ichnocarpus frutescens, Cryptolepis buchnani. In the market, by the name of Sariva Decalepis hamiltonii is usually sold. Hence all the four sources were collected from their natural habitat, subjected for phytochemical analysis, including its morphological features and HPTLC was carried out. In this research work it was found that the four sources of Sariva have match with standards mentioned in quality standards of Indian medicinal plants, published by ICMR, New Delhi. Further these sources should be subjected for pharmacological evaluations pertaining Sariva as to confirm the genuine source and best substitute.

Health and Healing: Retention of the Popularity of Ashtavaidya Tradition during the Colonial Regime

During the early 19th century, health and medical care was one of the avenues of contestations whereby the British Raj sought to establish their hegemony. With the introduction of western epistemic framework, allopathic medicine became the official medical system of British India. Licenses, charters, permits and acts, colonial hospitals and doctors came together to disparage the indigenous system of medicine and healthcare. Assailed as using “unscientific Oriental procedures’ several folk healers lost their traditional practice and livelihood. However, amidst all these colossal manoeuvres, the popularity and relevance of the Ashtavaidya tradition, practiced by eighteen Namboodiri families in Kerala remained unscathed. The medical practices customized by the Ashtavaidyans who themselves were an “outcaste” within the Namboodiri community was highly codified and has remained a closely guarded secret within their lineage. This essay probes into the multiple reasons behind how the Ashtavaidya tradition retained its relevance, despite the colonial gambit to repudiate the indigenous practices. Through the legends and mythical stories woven around the healing practices of Ashtavaidyans in Aithihyamala by the court scribe of 19th century, Kottarathil Sankunni, the essay argues that the relevance of the Ashtavaidyans could be due to the transformation of Ashtavaidya tradition as markers of cultural pride and the popular image generated by various myths and legends that got registered in the public consciousness.

COMPARATIVE ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF SELECTED SOLANUM SPECIES

Synthetic analgesic drugs have prominent side effects like gastritis, gastric ulcer, kidney disorder and cardiac arrhythmias. The genus Solanum has been primarily used for various therapeutic effects, mainly analgesics, in the indigenous system of medicine. The current research aimed to investigate and compare the analgesic activities of methanolic extracts of leaves of Solanum indicum, Solanum surattense and Solanum torvum. Using acetic acid induced writhing method and hot plate method, the analgesic activity was evaluated. Significant anti-nociceptive effects were observed on both animal models after the application of different doses of the extracts of Solanum species. The results exhibited that MESI, MESS and MEST at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg produced analgesic effects equivalent to diclofenac (10 mg/kg). However the extracts at 400 mg/ kg exhibited more pronounced analgesic activity. The results of this study demonstrated that the analgesic effects of all the three species were significant to each other and validate the traditional use of the plants of this Genus for the treatment of pain.

EFFECT OF BALA TAILA MATRA BASTI AND YONIPICHU IN ACHIEVING SUKHAPRASAVA (NORMAL LABOUR) - A CASE STUDY.

Ayurveda is an indigenous system of medicine, emphasizing the Garbhavakranti (process of development of various components in Embryo) to prasavaprocess of normal labour) & Sutika (puerperium) very well. Nowadays due to changing lifestyle and daily habbits most of the women tend to go for caesarean section. Which has its own remote complications. Normal delivery is not only safe for mother but also for the baby. In Garbhini Paricharya Acharyas have mentioned Basti and yoni pichu moreover with Madhura aushadi siddha taila to facilitate sukhaprasava (eutocia). Aim- To study Bala taila Matra basti & Yonipichu in Sukhaprasava. Methodology- Use of Bala taila Matra basti & Yonipichu in Prakruta Garbhini for Sukhaprasava based on theoretical research using texts of Ayurveda. Result-A full-term spontaneous delivery (sukhaprasava) of a primi patient with vertex presentation of live female child of weight 3.2 kg on 15th February 2021 at 3.20pm.

Resilience Approach of Ayurveda: nCOV-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The coronavirus disease, nCOV-19 pandemic is exceptional and unprecedented in many aspects and it has shaken the health care system at global level. The several studies reported on nCOV-19 suggest that, immunization is the only way to fight against it. For this, Ayurveda is the most imperative as it recommends a healthy lifestyle instead of the mere prescription of medicines. Methodology: Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy is purposed with developing education, research and propagation of indigenous alternative medicine systems in India (Ministry of AYUSH). The Ministry is headed by a Minister of State, which is currently held by Shripad Yesso Naik and has recommended some measures to be followed in building strength by following the holistic approach of Ayurveda toward Swasthavritta. Thus, the present paper focuses on analysing the public perception towards Ayurveda measures using the most popular statistical techniques as ANOVA. Results: The analysis of data indicated that, the people are mesmerised by the concept of Ayurveda and are following all the possible precautions to save themselves from the effect of COVID-19. Older generation has a firm believe on the vedic science as compared to the younger generation. Conclusion: The classic of Ayurveda ‘Charaka Samhita’ describes the epidemic management and it defines immunity as the most essential to prevent diseases and arrest its progress. The foundation of Ayurveda is to building strength of mind and body to manage with different stressors, including infections. The Ayurveda concept of immunity (Bala or strength) is categorized as natural (Sahaja), chronobiologic (Kalaja), and acquired (Yuktikrut). Henceforth, we can achieve the aim of Ayurveda i.e. the Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam and Aturasya Vikar Prashamanam, against nCOV-19 pandemic.

SCOPE OF AYURVEDA IN MODERN ERA: NEW HORIZONS

Health is elemental for good quality of life and a good healthcare system is a cornerstone of sustainable society. World health statistics 2019 summarises that, the global health status have been improved over the decades. Even though there are phenomenal achievements in global life expectancy and infectious disease management , the new outbreaks of communicable diseases and the additional burden of Non-communicable diseases stands as a flaw in the modern medical system that emerged in 18th century. It is at this point, there exists the need of bringing alternative system of medicine to the main stream for better disease prevention and management. In such a scenario- Ayurveda (the science of life) – the science coming under the umbrella of alternative system of medicine as well as the one focussing on mind ,health and spirituality becomes imperative. The current inclination for healthy diets, immunity enhancement ,rejuvenation and lifestyle management, calls for retroactive and proactive attempts to bring Ayurveda in the mainstream of health care. . In a modern era where the whole world is inclining for Ayurveda, India -the land rich for its traditions and heritage should step forward with its own indigenous system of medicine.

Morphological and Phytochemical Studies on Xanthium strumarium L.

Xanthium strumarium L. belonging to family Asteraceae is an annual herb with abundance occurring in India. This plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine for a long time in India as well as other countries. The morphological studies reveal that there is notable difference in the plant habit, leaves, stem, root and flowers among this plant. Morphological study also helps for correct identification and nomenclature of plant. The chemicals present in root, stem and leaves drugs are analyzed physically as well as chemically by qualitative and quantitative parameters. In present study reveals morphology, medicinal properties and phytochemical studies of plants for correct identification authenticity of drugs. The details are presented in the present paper.

The determinants of planetary health

The determinants of planetary health

Antiviral and Immunomodulation Effects of Artemisia.

Background and Objectives: Artemisia is one of the most widely distributed genera of the family Astraceae with more than 500 diverse species growing mainly in the temperate zones of Europe, Asia and North America. The plant is used in Chinese and Ayurvedic systems of medicine for its antiviral, antifungal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. Research based studies point to Artemisia’s role in addressing an entire gamut of physiological imbalances through a unique combination of pharmacological actions. Terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, caffeoylquinic acids, sterols and acetylenes are some of the major phytochemicals of the genus. Notable among the phytochemicals is artemisinin and its derivatives (ARTs) that represent a new class of recommended drugs due to the emergence of bacteria and parasites that are resistant to quinoline drugs. This manuscript aims to systematically review recent studies that have investigated artemisinin and its derivatives not only for their potent antiviral actions but also their utility against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Materials and Methods: PubMed Central, Scopus and Google scholar databases of published articles were collected and abstracts were reviewed for relevance to the subject matter. Conclusions: The unprecedented impact that artemisinin had on public health and drug discovery research led the Nobel Committee to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015 to the discoverers of artemisinin. Thus, it is clear that Artemisia’s importance in indigenous medicinal systems and drug discovery systems holds great potential for further investigation into its biological activities, especially its role in viral infection and inflammation.

Govaniadine Ameliorates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Kupffer Cell Activation in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

Liver diseases such as hepatic carcinoma are one of the main health problems worldwide. Herbal drugs are largely used to treat liver injury in the indigenous system of medicine and may provide lead compounds for hepatoprotective drug discovery. The present study is investigated to test the Corydalis govaniana Wall. extract, fraction, and isolate therapeutically active constituents to explore their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. For this purpose, the antioxidant activity of govaniadine, caseadine, caseamine, and protopine was performed by assessing the scavenging events of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Hepatoprotection of govaniadine was assessed in terms of reduction in serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) caused by CCl4-induced liver injury in rats and by histopathological techniques. All the compounds showed significant antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 92.2, 86.7, 85.3, and 79.7, respectively, compared to propyl gallate 90.3%. Treatment with govaniadine reduced the serum enzyme level down to normal levels in the CCl4-treated group while inhibiting the increase of malondialdehyde, and the induction of superoxide dismutase and the glutathione level was upregulated. Histopathology showed ∼47% damage to the liver cells in the CCl4-treated group; reduction in this damaged area was found to be better upon using govaniadine. Immunohistochemistry results showed that govaniadine as compared to silymarin has exceedingly decreased the inflammation by halting the CCl4-induced activation of hepatic macrophages. In carrageenan-induced paw edema assay, govaniadine significantly alleviated the edema after 1–5 h at a dose of 20 mg/kg (26.00 and 28.5%), 50 mg/kg (22.05 and 27.0%), and 100 mg/kg (20.02 and 25.30%), respectively. The results of our experiments suggest that govaniadine showed antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity in liver injury. The hepatoprotective function of govaniadine may be associated to the scavenging of the free radical and attenuation of oxidative stress as well as inflammatory responses in the liver. Hence, govaniadine may be a lead compound for the hepatoprotective drug discovery process and further research is needed to find out their molecular mechanism of protection.

CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF BASTI TREATMENT DURING PREGNANCY – A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH THROUGH AYURVEDA

Ayurveda is an indigenous system of medicine, emphasizes the Garbhavkranti (process of descent of various components in embryo) to prasava (process of labour) and sutika(puerperium) very well. In ayurveda Garbhini paricharya is planned for systemic supervision and care of a woman during nine months of pregnancy. In pregnancy only a little change in Ahara-Vihara leads to alter the doshas state. Vata dosha has a great influence on psychological built up which exerts considerable influence on maintaining normal pregnancy. Vitiated Vat dosha is the main reason for physical and psychological abnormalities in pregnant woman like PROM, IUGR etc. Basti therapy is the best curative treatment for vitiated Vata. Generally Panchakarma procedures are contraindicated in pregnancy but there are only few Basti treatments mentioned by Acharyas in Garbhini Paricharya which can give during pregnancy which are discussed in this article.
 Keywords: Pregnancy, Vata dosha, Basti.

Therapeutic Potential of Poncirin Against Numerous Human Health Complications: Medicinal Uses and Therapeutic Benefit of an Active Principle of Citrus Species.

Medicinal plants have been used in the indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of numerous human health complications. Medicinal plants were used for the separation and isolation of pure phytochemical and some of the best examples are tubocurarine, aspirin, morphine, digoxin, atropine, quinine and reserpine. Phytoconstituents are pure, plant-derived, natural chemicals found to be present in medicinal plants and examples are flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds, etc. In modern medicine, there has been a global growth of herbal medicines due to their nutrition, physical effectiveness and pharmacological activities. Plants have been used in the traditional medicines and modern drug discoveries program. In order to investigate the biological potential of poncirin in modern medicine, here, different scientific data have been analyzed in the present investigation through various literature sources. Detailed pharmacological activities of poncirin were also investigated in the present investigation to reveal the medicinal properties of poncirin in medicine and other allied health sectors. Analytical techniques used for the isolation of poncirin from various medicinal plants have been also presented in this study. Poncirin is a flavanone glycoside found to be present in the Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus reticulate having a bitter taste. The biological importance of poncirin for their anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of PGE2 and IL-6 production has been investigated in the scientific field. The biological importance of poncirin against bacterial, viral infections, gastric disease and human gastric cancer has been investigated in medicine. Pharmacological data analysis revealed the biological application of poncirin against bone loss, inflammation, colitis, human gastric cancer, gastritis, liver injury and Alzheimer's disease. From the analysis of the presented scientific information of poncirin, it was found that poncirin has significant biological activities and health benefits in the modern health sectors for the treatment of human health complications and could be used as a drug in the future.

A Review on Therapeutic Benefits of Active Chemical Moieties Present in Polyalthia longifolia

Polyalthia longifolia (Annonaceae family) is native to the drier areas of India and is locally called “Ashoka.” It is also cultivated in Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Polyalthia longifolia is also known as Buddha tree, mast tree, cemetery tree, false Ashoka or green Champa. Generally, Polyalthia longifolia is viewed as a street tree because of its effectiveness in combating noise pollution. Macroscopically, the versatile Polyalthia longifolia can reach over 15.0 m high with symmetrical pyramidal growth and weeping pendulous branches. The term Polyalthia is derived from Greek roots, with “poly” meaning many and “althia" meaning cure, indicating that this plant has been used to treat various diseases/disorders. In traditional and indigenous systems of medicine, Polyalthia longifolia has been commonly used in the treatment of fever, helminthiasis, diabetes and various cardiac problems. Pharmacological investigations have shown that Polyalthia longifolia possesses significant biological and pharmacological activity, which may include antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, anti-ulcer, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. To date, more than 30 studies have analyzed extracts from bark, leaves, roots, seeds, etc. of the plant and reported a total of approximately 100 compounds, including steroids, flavonoids, clerodane diterpenes, cleroda-oic acids and alkaloids. In context of the broad medicinal potential of Polyalthia longifolia, this review compiles a detailed exploration of currently available knowledge of the phytochemical and their pharmacological properties of Polyalthia longifolia. Its potential applications in the treatment of various conditions are also discusseds.https://maltcasino.fun/https://pinbahis.fun/https://onwin.direct/https://130betebet.com/https://detectivestripes.com/

In vitro large scale clonal propagation of Achyranthes aspera L.: A high value medicinal plant

Achyranthes aspera is an important medicinal plant widely used in indigenous systems of medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases and disorders. Efficient and reproducible protocols were established for in vitro clonal propagation of A. aspera through axillary shoot proliferation from nodal segments and de novo adventitious shoot formation directly from the leaf and stem explants. Multiple shoot proliferation from nodal segments was achieved on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins like benzyl aminopurine and kinetin and the best results were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 8.88 μM benzyl aminopurine where 15-16 shoots were initiated after 5-6 weeks. The present material exhibited a high propensity of de novo adventitious root and shoot formation directly from the leaf and stem segments without the intervening callus phase. Direct regeneration of shoots was observed on MS medium supplemented with naphthlene acetic acid (10.74-21.48 μM) alone or in conjunction with benzyl aminopurine or kinetin producing 18-20 shoots. The regenerated shoots were rooted on basal MS medium and the plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in the field with 80% survival.

Preliminary phytochemical screening, physicochemical analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of selected Holigarna species- Endemic plant species of Western Ghats

Introduction and Aim: Plants from Anacardiaceae family are used in indigenous system of medicine for their anti-arthritic, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Among them, Holigarna species are widely known as toxic members of Anacardeaceae family which are endemic to Western Ghats. It is commonly known as allergic plant which causes contact dermatitis if contacted. However, young leaves and seeds are used against haemorrhoids, obesity, and cancer and skin diseases. Despite the claims and the use of Holigarna ferrugenia, Holigarna nigra and Holigarna grahamii for the management of skin diseases in traditional medicine, little is known and documented so the aim of the study was to explore the in vitro antioxidant activity and to analyse qualitative and quantitative of phytochemicals along with their physicochemical properties.
 Materials and Methods: Physicochemical parameters such as moisture, pH, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and elemental values were determined. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were carried out along with different antioxidant assays for evaluating the antioxidant activity of aqueous crude extract of H. ferrugenia, H. nigra and H. grahamii.
 Results: Physicochemical analysis revealed the presence of trace elements. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and steroids in aqueous crude extract of H. ferrugenia, H. nigra and H. grahamii. The free radical scavenging activity of all plants exhibited better antioxidant properties.
 Conclusion: The results indicated that the leaves contain an appreciable number of bioactive compounds and presence of these phytochemicals, especially the phenols and flavonoids could be the reason behind the use of both plants in ethno-medicine for the management of various ailments.

ADULTERATION IN MEDICINAL PLANTS AND HERBAL DRUGS

Medicinal plants are considered as an effective source of traditional and modern medicine. In 20th and 21st century due to side effects of synthetic drugs, there is an increasing interest in Ayurvedic proprietary medicines. In India, about 80% of the rural population depends on medicinal herbs and/or indigenous system of medicine for primary health care. Adulterants and substitutes are the common malpractices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is considered as an intentional addition of foreign substances to increase the weight of the product or to decrease its cost. It may be due to Confusion in vernacular names, Lack of knowledge about authentic plants, Non availability, Similarity in morphology, activity, aroma, Careless collection and other unknown reasons. So, understanding of all the ways of adulteration and substitution is necessary to rectify this illegal act and maximizing consumer's safety.