Indicators Of Environmental Pollution Research Articles

Measuring Effect of Macroeconomic Activities on the Adjusted Net National Income in Promoting Sustainable Economic Development in Iraq

Economic activities are the basis that stimulates the productive sectors and strengthens the interdependence between them and then supports the gross domestic product. All economic policies seek to stimulate macroeconomic changes towards national income, which in turn stimulates its components towards supporting the gross domestic product. After taking the environmental dimension, the national income was adjusted to include the environmental impact on the population. The sample included taking the added value of the economic sectors (agriculture, industry, and services) and the environmentally adjusted national income for the period (2004-2018) has been converted into quarterly data to support the standard model used, which is the (ARDL) model in Iraq. The hypothesis of the research is that the impact of the activities of the economic sectors is significant on the adjusted national income of the oil countries in general, Iraq in particular, for the damages resulting from the process of extracting crude oil. The problem of the research is that Iraq needs to take into account the environmental dimension to maintain the populations standard of life, in connection with their daily production activity, which in turn is linked to sustainable development that supports the green environment. The importance of the research the follow-up to the environmental impacts in todays world in light of the high indicators of environmental pollution is one of the most important components and indicators of economic studies, so the economic activities must interact with each other to support the environmentally adjusted national income. The research concluded that the macroeconomic sectors exert a clear and good influence on the adjusted national income, so the research recommended that the decision maker pay attention to these economic sectors to increase the amount of the adjusted national income, which would support sustainable economic development plans in the long term and protect the Iraqi environment from pollution.

Qualitative Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Romanian Honey and Propolis.

The purpose of this study was to review the physicochemical characterization of Romanian honey and propolis and their antifungal effect on different strains. As an indicator of environmental pollution, lead exceeded the allowed limits in two study areas. The relationship between the acidity and electrical conductivity of polyfloral honey and the antioxidant activity with the total content of phenolics and flavonoids was investigated. The antifungal activity of 13 polyfloral honey and propolis samples from North-West and Central Romania and 12 samples from Alba County was investigated against six fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum. All honey and propolis samples exhibited an antifungal effect. The most sensitive strains were P. chrysogenum and R. stolonifer for honey and P. chrysogenum and F. oxisporumn for propolis. A two-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the correlations between the diameter of the inhibition zones for the strains and the propolis extracts. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the diameter of the inhibition zone was influenced by the strain type and the geographical origin of honey and propolis. Pearson's correlation coefficient shows a significant positive linear relationship between the diameter of the inhibition zone and the flavonoid and phenol concentration of honey and propolis, respectively.

INVESTIGATING THE ACUTE CARDIAC EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS BY GASOLINE POLLUTION IN LAKE-SIMULATED BEAKERS USING Daphnia magna

Petroleum and its product are one of the most common water and soil pollutant sources and have caused marine and terrestrial spillages. The oil from these spills from polluted groundwater returns to the human population through numerous pathways by consuming fish and shellfish. Daphnia magna, also known as the water flea, is a small planktonic crustacean that lives in bodies of freshwater. They are an ideal model for testing the toxicity of substances due to their high sensitivity to environmental chemicals. Therefore, the data acquired with Daphnia can serve dual purposes: one for an indicator of environmental pollution and the other for estimating adverse effects on the human body, though not directly.
 In this study, a lake-simulated model was created using organic materials, laboratory shakers, and temperature control systems in groups of beakers, and their variable dependency was investigated. It was concluded that Daphnia's heartbeat was significantly depressed by the existence of gasoline pollution. Moreover, the impact on the cardiac function was linearly correlated with the lake-simulated model's gasoline volume, organic material concentration, and temperature. However, there seemed to be complicated conditions that existed mutually depending on the variables. Further study may be necessary for any underlying mechanism within the organs in the body.

The impacts of fuel exports on sustainable economic growth: The importance of controlling environmental pollution in Saudi Arabia

Identifying pathways relevant for achieving sustainable economic growth has been established as a major macroeconomic agenda for Saudi Arabia. Since this Arab nation is the largest crude oil exporter in the world, fuel export revenues can be assumed to substantially contribute to the growth of its economy. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia is also considered a natural disaster-prone country whereby further degradation of the environment can possibly limit the nation’s prospects of achieving economic growth sustainability. Hence, this study aims to assess the impacts of fuel exports, environmental pollution, capital formation, and labor force expansion on economic growth in Saudi Arabia during the 1969–2020 period. It contributes to the literature by innovatively investigating the independent as well as the joint impacts of fuel exports and environmental pollution on Saudi Arabia’s economic growth performances. Furthermore, an additional literature gap is addressed by predicting the growth response paths concerning both positive and negative shocks to the levels of the potential economic growth facilitators considered in this study. Overall, the regression findings reveal that higher levels of fuel exports, capital formation, and expanision in the labor force size boost economic growth in Saudi Arabia in the long run. In contrast, greater carbon dioxide emissions-related environmental pollution is witnessed to dampen the nation’s long-run growth level. Interestingly, fuel exports and environmental pollution are jointly evidenced to exert long-run growth-inhibiting impacts as well. Moreover, the regression outcomes also appear to be robust when ecological footprints are considered as an alternative indicator of environmental pollution. Finally, the causality estimates support the regression findings by exposing the existence of unidirectional causal influences of fuel exports, environmental pollution, capital formation, and labor force participation on the economic growth figures of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, considering these results, several sustainable growth-facilitating policies are suggested.

Polystyrene microplastic ingestion induces the damage in digestive gland of Amphioctopus fangsiao at the physiological, inflammatory, metabolome and transcriptomic levels

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem, increasingly becoming a serious concern for aquatic organism health. However, information regarding the effects of microplastics on cephalopods is remain limited to date. Amphioctopus fangsiao, an important economic species in cephalopods, can serve as a potential indicator of environmental pollution due to its short life expectancy and high metabolic rates. Here, to explore the toxic effects during the microplastic stress response, we analyzed the growth performance, histopathological damage, oxidative stress biomarkers, metabolomic and transcriptomic response in digestive gland of A. fangsiao under different concentrations (0, 100 and 1000 μg/L) of commercial polystyrene microplastics (MPS) exposure (5 μm, sphere) for 21 days. The results showed that MPS exerted a huge influence on the growth performance of A. fangsiao. The oxidative stress and inflammation in digestive gland of A. fangsiao were also detected after exposure to MPS. In addition, most of the altered metabolites observed in the metabolic analysis were related to inflammation, oxidative stress and glucolipid metabolism. Transcriptome analysis detected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the significantly enriched KEGG pathways associated with glycolipid metabolism, inflammation and DNA damage. Collectively, our results indicate that excessive environmental microplastic exposure will cause toxicity damage and then initiate the detoxification mechanism in A. fangsiao digestive gland to maintain homeostasis. This study revealed that microplastic can cause adverse consequences on cephalopods, providing novel insights into the toxicological effect of microplastic exposure.

Türkiye'deki Bazı Cladonia Türlerindeki Eser Elementlerin ICP-MS ile Belirlenmesi

Aim of study: Lichens are biological indicators of environmental pollution of both natural and artificial origin in terms of various elements. In 9 samples (Cladonia coniocraea, C. fimbriata, C. firma, C. foliacea, C. furcate, C. pocillum, C. pyxidata, C. rangiformis and C. subulata) belonging to the genus Cladonia collected from different regions of Turkey; Aluminum, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Selenium, Strontium, Cadmium, Tin, Mercury and Lead element amounts were investigated.
 Area of study: Lichen samples belonging to the same genus were collected in field studies conducted in 7 different cities in Turkey.
 Material and methods: All samples were analyzed independently after solubilization in acid medium in microwave system and in triplicate. The accuracy of the results has been confirmed by analysis of 1547 Peach Leaf certified reference material.
 Main results: Sources of metals, metal accumulation mechanisms and how much they are absorbed by lichens were determined. The highest Al, Cr, Ni concentrations in Cladonia firma are 429.3, 3.04, 13.53 µg/g, respectively. The highest Co, Sr, Cu, Se, Hg concentrations in Cladonia subulata are 0.81, 33.59, 13.16, 0.158, 0.060 µg/g, respectively. The highest Pb, Cd, Sn concentrations in Cladonia pyxidata are 5.90, 0.30, 6.50 µg/g, respectively. The highest Fe, Mn, Zn, As concentrations were 228.7, 17.8, 26.44 and 1.335 µg/g, respect.
 Highlights: The results showed that metal accumulation in lichens was directly related to the environment in which lichens were collected.

Research on the Relationship between Agricultural Carbon Emission Intensity, Agricultural Economic Development and Agricultural Trade in China

Under the interactive background of more emphasis on low-carbon and environmentally friendly agricultural production modes and the coordinated development of agricultural foreign trade, China is paying more and more attention to the coordination between agricultural trade, economic development and ecological agriculture development. This paper selects the relevant data of China from 2002 to 2020 as the research object. Taking the agricultural carbon emission intensity as an indicator of environmental pollution, measuring it and then constructing a time series model for analysis, the research finds that, in the long run, the increase in agricultural carbon emission intensity in China will reduce the level of agricultural trade by 2%, which will also lead to a decline in the overall development level of the agricultural economy by 2 to 4 percent. At the same time, this paper also finds that the current situation of China’s agricultural trade reduces the development of China’s agriculture by 1%, which will also lead to an increase in agricultural carbon emission intensity by about 0.5%. Finally, this paper finds that the development of the agricultural economy makes the overall increase in agricultural trade 2%, and with the development of the agricultural economy, the agricultural carbon emission intensity decreases by 0.1%, but the impact is small. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the construction of a leadership mechanism, implement the development strategy of low-carbon agriculture and provide corresponding financial security and other policy suggestions to promote the coordinated development of China’s agricultural trade and low-carbon agricultural production environment.

Elimination of endocrine disrupting phenolic compounds via feathers and claws in seabirds moulting in the Baltic and Russian Arctic

This paper investigates the effectiveness of phenol derivatives removal from bird organisms via claws and remiges, and performs a preliminary assessment of the usefulness of these epidermal products for environmental biomonitoring and estimating bird exposure levels. Concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols: 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were determined in claws and remiges of long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis and razorbills Alca torda, obtained during a by-catch in the winter period (2014–2016) in the Southern Baltic region. For razorbills, the Baltic is a permanent habitat, while long-tailed ducks are migratory and stay in the Southern Baltic only during the non-breeding season. Their remiges are replaced in the Arctic seas of Siberia.The removal of phenol derivatives, depending on the compound and the epidermal product, ranges from 12 % to 34 %. Among these compounds, in both bird species, the highest degree of elimination was observed for 4-NP in remiges (<0.1–656.0 ng.g−1 dw) as well as claws (<0.1–338.6 ng.g−1 dw). On the other hand, the least removed compound in both the long-tailed duck and the razorbill was 4-t-OP. The removal of phenol derivatives from claws in both bird species was at the same level. However, 4-NP concentrations were found to be statistically significantly higher in razorbill remiges compared to those of the long-tailed duck (p < 0.05).Comparison of concentrations in the remiges of the long-tailed duck and the razorbill, moulted in two different environments with different levels of pollution and distances from sources, indicated that the Baltic Sea is approximately 3 times more polluted with 4-NP than the marine areas of the Russian Arctic. This demonstrates the potential for the use of 4-NP and remiges as indicators of environmental pollution with phenol derivatives.

Antibiotic resistance pattern of Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler farm environment in Pasuruan district, Indonesia

Abstract. Yanestria SM, Dameanti FNAEP, Musayannah BG, Pratama JWA, Witaningrum AM, Effendi MH, Ugbo EN. 2022. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler farm environment in Pasuruan district, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4460-4465. Escherichia coli is one of the bacteria that can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution. This bacterium has the ability to become an antimicrobial-resistant bacterium that impacts public health. The antimicrobial ability can develop into a bacterium that produces extended-spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL). The purpose of this study was to reveal the occurrence of extended-spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli from a broiler farm environment in Pasuruan district and to describe the phenotypic pattern of E. coli producing ESBL that has been detected. A total of 175 samples were used in this study consisting of 115 samples of coop swabs and 65 samples of wastewater around the farm. The samples were isolated and identified to find E. coli by using different culture media viz. McConkey agar (MCA), eosin methylene blue agar (EMBA), Gram staining, indole test, methyl red Voges Proskauer (MR-VP), citrate, and triple sugar iron agar (TSIA). Detection of ESBL using the double disc synergy test (DDST) according to standard Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute procedures and the VITEK®2 compact apparatus. The results of ESBL confirmation with DDST and VITEK®2 showed that 16 (9.14%) of the 175 environmental samples confirmed E. coli produced ESBL. The results of the VITEK®2 test also produced a phenotypic pattern of resistance properties of ESBL-producing E. coli and found 12 types of resistance patterns. The combination of “AM AMP ATM KZ CTX CRO CIP” and “AM AMP ATM KZ CTX CRO GM CIP SXT” are the 2 most common resistance patterns (18.75%), while the other 10 resistance patterns occur at the same level (6.25%). The data presented here confirmed the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the farm environment, which can contribute to the dissemination of MDR bacteria in the environment if not monitored. Therefore, the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in Pasuruan is worrisome since it can lead to an impact on human health.

Lead concentration in human hair in Russia: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Extensive measures to reduce lead concentrations in the biosphere are implemented in many countries, therefore, the world community predicts a decrease in the quantitative content of lead in the environment. The concentration of lead in human hair is considered as an indicator of environmental pollution, therefore, systematized information on this indicator in the subjects of the Russian Federation is necessary to assess the effectiveness of environmental measures.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. We performed a systematic search and qualitative synthesis of scientific literature on hair concentrations of lead across Russia between 2011 and 2021. PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU were the main sources of scientific information in English and Russian, respectively. Initial search returned 1748 matches. Thirty-seven papers remained for qualitative synthesis after screening and eligibility analysis.&#x0D; RESULTS: During the study period, the results of studies on 27 subjects of the Russian Federation were published, which is one third of all subjects of the federation. No heterogeneity was observed in sample preparation while methods of laboratory analysis varied between the settings and included inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry and inversion voltammetry. The sample sizes ranged from 5 to 5908 individuals. The average lead concentrations varied between 0.01 and 6.54 mg/kg. The greatest concentrations of lead were reported in the Orenburg (6.54 mg/kg) and Chita Regions (4.35 mg/kg).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Two-thirds of all subjects of the Russian Federation for the period 20112021 are not covered by the study, so there are no data on the concentration of lead in the hair of the population of these regions. Further data collection should be performed using representative and sufficient sample samples while presentation of the results should contain detailed information on methods of data collection and analysis to ensure reproducibility and comparability of the findings.

Study on comprehensive evaluation of environmental pollution treatment effect in coal mine subsidence area: taking Xinglongzhuang mining area of Yanzhou energy as an example.

In order to explore the effective evaluation method of environmental pollution treatment effect in China's coal mine subsidence areas, based on the literature review and analysis of current situation, combined with the reality of environmental pollution treatment (EPT) in China's coal mine subsidence areas, this paper selected four categories, including a total of 21 evaluation indicators, and drew lessons from the latest research results in relevant fields to construct the spatial niche suitability model of comprehensive evaluation of environmental pollution treatment effect in coal mine subsidence area. Taking the collapse area of Xinglongzhuang coal mine of Yanzhou energy as an example, the comprehensive evaluation and application of environmental pollution treatment effect in coal mine subsidence area were studied. It is found that the environmental pollution treatment effect of the mining area has increased from moderate pollution (level III) in 2012 to mild pollution (level I) in 2020 within 9years. The environmental pollution treatment effect has a rapid improvement relatively, but its growth rate has decreased year by year since 2016, and the environmental pollution indicator is still at a high level. Therefore, environmental pollution treatment in the subsidence area is still a long-term task of Dongtan coal mine. The research results of this paper provide an effective quantitative analysis method for the evaluation of environmental pollution treatment effect in coal mine subsidence area, which is conducive to the continuous improvement of environmental pollution treatment effect in mining area.

Industrialization, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: evidence from South Asia.

This study has been carried out to analyze the contribution of industrialization and energy consumption by keeping the role of urbanization on environmental pollution for South Asia. The study used Augmented Mean Group (AMG), Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) analysis, Westerlund co-integration test, and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test for the panel of South Asia covering the period 1984-2016. To measure the status of environmental pollution, CO2 is taken as a proxy indicator, and industrialization is measured by the industrial value-added. The results of AMG demonstrate that industrialization and energy consumption are significant indicators of environmental pollution and these empirical findings are also confirmed by the CCEMG model. The long-run co-integration between industrialization, energy use, urbanization, capital, and environmental pollution is also confirmed by the Westerlund co-integration test. The findings of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test also confirmed the bidirectional causality between industrialization and pollution. A unidirectional causality is observed from energy consumption to pollution. The study suggests formulating policies for energy-efficient technologies in the industrial sector and the high-speed pattern of urbanization.

Sağlık harcamaları, çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir uygulama

Sağlık harcamaları, çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki son dönemlerde alanyazında odak noktası haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de çevre kirliliğinin ve ekonomik büyümenin, sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkilerini 2000-2018 dönemi yıllık verileri dikkate alınarak incelemektir. Sağlık harcamalarının göstergesi olarak kişi başına sağlık harcaması, çevre kirliliğinin göstergesi olarak CO2 emisyonu ve ekonomik büyümenin göstergesi olarak ise kişi başına gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla olarak alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın ampirik bulguları, Phillips-Peron birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre serilerin birinci farkta durağan olduğu incelenmektedir. CO2, ekonomik büyüme ve sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişki ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sınır testine göre %1,%5, %10 anlamlılık seviyelerinde eşbütünleşme olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Uzun dönem parametre tahminine göre sağlık harcamalarının bağımlı olduğu modelde ekonomik büyümede meydana gelen %1’lik bir artış sağlık harcamalarını %1.355 oranında artırmaktadır. CO2 emisyonunda meydana gelen %1’lik bir değişme sağlık harcamalarında %3.598’lik bir azalış meydana gelmektedir. Uzun dönemde katsayıların yapısal kırılma içerip içermediğini CUSUM testi ile analiz edilmiştir. CUSUM testine göre katsayıların yapısal kırılma içermediği görülmektedir. CUSUM testi ile %95 güven sınırları içerisinde kaldığın incelenmiştir. Kısa dönem hata düzeltme modeli ECM değeri -0.330 olarak test sonuçlarından elde edilmiştir. Hata düzeltme modeli bekleneni karşılamaktadır. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır.

Spatial heterogeneity analysis and source identification of heavy metals in soil: a case study of Chongqing, Southwest China

BackgroundHeavy metal pollution in urban soil is an important indicator of environmental pollution. Selecting the best interpolation method can accurately reflect the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soil. In addition, source analysis can reveal heavy metal pollution of soil and help manage and protect the soil environment. This study used a uniform sampling method and obtained a total of 342 sampling points. After acid reduction, the concentration of As, Cu, and Mn in each sample was determined by ICP-MS (Agilent VISTA, USA). The accuracy and results of different spatial interpolation methods were compared and the CATREG model was used to identify the sources of heavy metal pollution.ResultsThe average concentration of As, Cu, and Mn were 5.802 mg kg −1, 23.992 mg kg−1, and 573.316 mg kg−1, respectively, lower than the soil background value of Chongqing. Compared to other Chinese cities and countries in the world, the concentration of As and Cu was lower in Chongqing, while the concentration of only Mn was higher. The interpolation results of inverse distance weighting (IDW) and radial basis function (RBF) largely retained the maximum information of element concentration. Soil source identification found that population density mainly affected Cu (0.539), slope Mn (0.206), and water quality As (0.453). The highest hotspot value (99% confidence interval), high hotspot value (95% confidence interval), and high hotspot value (90% confidence interval) of As were adjacent to the secondary water environment. Furthermore, the highest hotspot value of Cu was mainly located in the surrounding areas with population density > 3000/km2 and 1000–3000/km2. Mn was distributed along the slope direction and diffused from center to periphery.ConclusionsDifferent spatial interpolation methods are significant for the analysis of soil properties. Heavy metals have a high degree of coincidence with environmental factors such as slope and population. The results of this research provide a reference for formulating effective control and management strategies for heavy metal pollution of soil.Graphical

Parasite communities in a marine fish indicate ecological recovery from the impacts of the Prestige oil-spill 12–13 years after the disaster

The Prestige oil-spill (2002) is one of the major marine accidents resulting in contamination of virtually all types of marine habitat along c.900 km of coastline in the North-East Atlantic. Environmental pollution affects parasite populations and communities, both directly and through effects on intermediate and definitive hosts. However, the effects of oil-spills on shelf benthic communities are poorly known. This study addressed the hypothesis of recovery of parasite communities in a marine sparid teleost, the bogue Boops boops (L.) (Teleostei: Sparidae), as indicators of environmental pollution and its effects on benthic/pelagic invertebrate communities in an impacted area off the Galician coast, Spain, 12–13 years after the Prestige oil-spill. Novel data for the metazoan parasite communities collected during 2014–2015 were analysed in association with two unique datasets, one comprising baseline data collected in 2001, one year before the Prestige oil-spill, and one comprising data collected 3–4 years post-spill (2005–2006). Using the taxonomically consistent data on parasites in a series of fish seasonal samples, we found significant differences between the two seasonal post-spill datasets taken at a 9-year time interval (3–4 years and 12–13 years post-spill) in most community metrics and infection parameters of the common species. This was in sharp contrast with the few differences between the long-term post-spill dataset of 2014–2015 and the pre-spill dataset of 2001. Multivariate community similarity analyses confirmed that these differences reflected in the substantial differentiation of parasite community composition and structure of the post-spill communities and the significant homogenisation of communities sampled 12–13 years post-spill and baseline communities. Overall, the novel analyses demonstrated a long-term directional trend in parasite community succession towards ecological recovery irrespective of the natural seasonal variability. These findings suggest longer-term oil-spill impacts on shelf benthic/pelagic invertebrate communities lasting over 10 years.

Study on the potential of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) as a bioindicator dangerous plastic pollution in environment of gunungkidul beach Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta has a lot of beaches, especially in the Gunungkidul district. Sepanjang and Nglolang are tourist beaches in Gunungkidul, while Porok is a research station for the Faculty of Biology UGM. One common types of waste in the ocean is microplastic. The presence of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems in high numbers can threaten the population of benthic organisms and the stability of the ecosystem. Tripneustes gratilla, one of the sea urchins, can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution because it eats algae and detritus at the bottom of the water. This study aims to determine the microplastic content in seawater, beach substrates, and Tripneustes gratilla organs. Sampling by purposive random sampling, Analysis of microplastics in water, substrate, intestinal and gonads organs. The results obtained that there were four types of microplastics found: fragments, films, fiber, and monofilaments. The most common type of microplastic found is film. The abundance of microplastics on the substrate is higher than that of water. The abundance of microplastics in the intestinal organs of T. gratilla was higher than its gonads. Based on these results, T. gratilla has the potential as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution in the coastal environment of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta.

Environmental foundations of oil and gas production in the Russian Federation

The production of fossil fuels is associated with a significant burden on the environment. However, comparing the production of oil and gas with the extraction of other types of minerals, it can be seen that with significantly larger production volumes, the environmental impact is lower here. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of oil and gas production in Russia on the environment in comparison with the industry average situation. To do this, the following tasks are expected to be performed: - identifying the dynamics of the production of fuel resources in Russia in 2017-2020; - determination of indicators of environmental pollution and their comparison with industry averages; - calculation of current costs and investments in fixed assets for environmental protection. In this, first of all, a significant role is played by the features of the mining object, the technologies used and the need to maintain the status of an environmentally friendly industry due to the high share of exports. The main source of pollution is air emissions (hydrocarbons (including volatile organic compounds) - 44.6%, carbon monoxide - 36.3%, solids, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides). Awareness of this problem is also manifested in the structure of investments in environmental protection. Their share in the protection of atmospheric air does not fall below 59% of the total amount of environmental investments.

Diversity of Dragonflies (Odonata) in the Joben Resort Area, East Lombok

Dragonfly is a family of insects that are closely related to water. During their life cycle, especially when laying eggs and at the stage of dragonfly nymphs, they spend their lives in healthy water areas because dragonfly nymphs are very sensitive to polluted water quality. Therefore, dragonflies have an important role for the sustainability of the ecosystem, namely acting as predators and indicators of environmental pollution. The high diversity of dragonflies in an area indicates that the area is still not polluted because the environment supports the life of dragonflies. This study aims to determine the diversity of dragonflies (odonata) in the Joben Resort area of ​​East Lombok. This research is an exploratory descriptive study conducted from November to December 2021. Data collection was carried out 4 times and was repeated within 1 month in the morning and evening (08.00-17.00 WITA). The method used is a survey method with a sweeping net technique following a 500 m research path on 3 research paths, namely lane 1 (the river that borders Joben Ecopark), lane 2 (the path leading to the Resort Office and Joben Ecopark) and lane 3 (the river that flows through Joben Ecopark). Bordered by rice fields and Kokok Joben Brain Baths). The calculation of the diversity index of dragonflies uses the Shannon-Wienner formula (H'). The results showed that the types of dragonflies (odonata) found in the Joben Resort Area consisted of 20 species with a total number of individuals found from 3 lanes as many as 864 individuals. The diversity index of dragonflies in the Joben Resort area of ​​East Lombok is 2,309. The conclusion is that the diversity of dragonflies in the Joben Resort area of ​​East Lombok is in the medium category.

Microbiological analysis of the quality of tap and filtered water in St. Petersburg, taking into account modern requirements

The article presents new requirements for the sanitary and microbiological quality of drinking water with the justification of the introduced quality indicators. The modern requirements of the main regulatory and technical document regulating water quality - SanPiN were given and the possibilities of interpretation of microbiological indicators of drinking water quality were explained. The study of samples of tap water in the districts of Saint Petersburg and drinking water, additionally filtered with filters of different designs, has been carried out. It has been shown that microbiological monitoring of drinking water is extremely important for assessing its sanitary and hygienic well-being, since microorganisms are an accurate indicator of environmental pollution. Also, with the help of microbiological analysis, the high quality of purification, disinfection and water treatment of drinking water in Saint Petersburg has been confirmed. The high quality of the water obtained with the help of a stationary filter has also been noted.

Biogeochemistry of Iron Enrichment in Groundwater: An Indicator of Environmental Pollution and Its Management

Iron (Fe) is one of the most biochemically active and widely distributed elements and one of the most important elements for biota and human activities. Fe plays important roles in biological and chemical processes. Fe redox reactions in groundwater have been attracting increasing attention in the geochemistry and biogeochemistry fields. This study reviews recent research into Fe redox reactions and biogeochemical Fe enrichment processes, including reduction, biotic and abiotic oxidation, adsorption, and precipitation in groundwater. Fe biogeochemistry in groundwater and the water-bearing medium (aquifer) often involves transformation between Fe(II) and Fe(III) caused by the biochemical conditions of the groundwater system. Human activities and anthropogenic pollutants strongly affect these conditions. Generally speaking, acidification, anoxia and warming of groundwater environments, as well as the inputs of reducing pollutants, are beneficial to the migration of Fe into groundwater (Fe(III)→Fe(II)); conversely, it is beneficial to the migration of it into the media (Fe(II)→Fe(III)). This study describes recent progress and breakthroughs and assesses the biogeochemistry of Fe enrichment in groundwater, factors controlling Fe reactivity, and Fe biogeochemistry effects on the environment. This study also describes the implications of Fe biogeochemistry for managing Fe in groundwater, including the importance of Fe in groundwater monitoring and evaluation, and early groundwater pollution warnings.