Indica Gum Research Articles

Development and In Vitro characterization of Azadirachta Indica Gum grafted polyacrylamide Based pH-Sensitive Hydrogels to improve the Bioavailability of Lansoprazole.

The present study intended to develop a pH-responsive hydrogel based on Neem gum (Ng) to improve Lansoprazole (LSP) oral bioavailability. pH-responsive hydrogel formulations (F1-F9) were prepared using different Ng ratios, Acrylamide (AAm), and methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA). The formulated hydrogels were characterized through FTIR, thermal analysis, swelling ratio, SEM, sol-gel ratios, In-Vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity analysis. Azadirachta Indica was extracted to produce a powder containing 21.5 % Ng. Prepared hydrogels showed maximum swelling at pH 7.4, whereas the swelling at an acidic pH was insignificant. LSP-loaded hydrogel demonstrated a regulated release of LSP for up to 24 h and indicated a Super Case II transport release mechanism. During the cytotoxic evaluation, thedelivery system showed minimal cytotoxicity towards normal cells, while percent cytotoxicity was carried out for a longer duration (up to 96 h). The present study revealed Azadirachta indica gum-based pH-responsive hydrogel as a promising technique for precisely delivering LSP.

Influence of ultrasound frequency, processing time, and cold temperature on quality characteristics of mutton subjected to ultrasonic nano-cooling with a preservative film

Refrigeration slows down microbial growth and oxidation in mutton, but it is not enough on its own to fully prevent spoilage. To promote preservation, this research evaluated the effectiveness of combining ultrasound treatment, nanocomposite packaging, and cold storage ― a method known as ultrasonic nano-cooling (UNC) on quality of mutton. Various ultrasound frequencies (40 and 80 kHz) and processing times (2–4 minutes) were applied to process the mutton. Thereafter, the products were packaged in nanocomposite film, made from sorghum starch and Azadirachta indica gum nanoparticles, and then stored under cold temperature condition: 2°C, 4°C, and 6°C. Analysis of the physical and biochemical properties revealed significant improvements in quality due to UNC preservation compared to the control (p < 0.05). Notably, the total bacterial load dropped from 5.4 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the control to 1.9 × 10⁶ CFU/g at 2°C with 80 kHz ultrasound after 4 minutes. This effect may be due to enhanced cavitation effects at higher frequencies, which, according to previous studies, can disrupt microbial cell walls. Lipid oxidation reduced from 0.45 mg MDA/kg to 0.20 mg MDA/kg, likely due to minimized thermal degradation and oxidative reactions, facilitated by lower temperatures and effective packaging. Water holding capacity increased from 70 % to 85 %, due to improved muscle fiber structure from ultrasound treatment, which aids moisture retention. The pH remained steady between 5.8 and 6.0, reflecting minimal spoilage and effective microbial control. This study demonstrates that UNC preservation is an effective method for extending mutton shelf life, aligning with the demand for high-quality, long-lasting mutton products.

Biodegradable, biocompatible, and self-healing, injectable hydrogel based on oxidized Azadirachta indica gum and carboxymethyl chitosan through dynamic imine-linkage for biomedical application

Biodegradable, biocompatible, and self-healing, injectable hydrogel based on oxidized Azadirachta indica gum and carboxymethyl chitosan through dynamic imine-linkage for biomedical application

Eco-friendly synthesis of Zn0.97La0.03O compound with natural polysaccharide and its application in methylene blue and eosin dyes discoloration

Herein, a study about to eco-friendly synthesis of Zn0.97La0.03O compound using Mangifera Indica gum and its application in the methylene blue and eosin dyes discoloration was conducted. The compound presented lattice and surface defects that enhanced the photocatalytic activity. Defect concentrations were determined by area percentages under Gaussian curves fitted from the Photoluminescence spectrum. The concentrations were V0 = 39.63 %, V0+ = 11.82 %, and VZn = 48.55 %. Furthermore, the compound exhibited a significant surface area measuring 12.2 m2 g−1 and an average particle size of 34 nm. The photocatalytic test showed that the Zn0.97La0.03O compound had a discoloration rate of 100 % for methylene blue and 77.8 % for yellow eosin. The scavenger tests confirmed that holes and hydroxyl radicals were the crucial species in the decolorization mechanisms. Finally, after three cycles, the material effectively removed methylene blue (100 %), but only removed 48.1 % of eosin in the third cycle.

Green Synthesis of Er-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: An Investigation on the Methylene Blue, Eosin, and Ibuprofen Removal by Photodegradation.

We present a study on the green synthesis of undoped and Er-doped ZnO compounds using Mangifera indica gum (MI). A set of tests were conducted to assess the structure of the material. The tests included X-ray diffraction, Raman, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Optical properties were studied using diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence. Morphological and textural investigations were done using SEM images and N2 adsorption/desorption. Furthermore, photocatalytic tests were performed with methylene blue (MB), yellow eosin (EY), and the pharmaceutical drug ibuprofen (IBU) under UV irradiation. The study demonstrated that replacing the stabilizing agent with Mangifera indica gum is an effective method for obtaining ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, the energy gap of the nanoparticles exhibits a slight reduction in value. Photoluminescence studies showed the presence of zinc vacancies and other defects in both samples. In the photocatalytic test, the sample containing Er3+ exhibited a degradation of 99.7% for methylene blue, 81.2% for yellow eosin, and 52.3% for ibuprofen over 120 min. In the presence of methyl alcohol, the degradation of MB and EY dyes is 16.7% and 55.7%, respectively. This suggests that hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the direct degradation of both dyes. In addition, after the second reuse, the degradation rate for MB was 94.08%, and for EY, it was 82.35%. For the third reuse, the degradation rate for MB was 97.15%, and for EY, it was 17%. These results indicate the significant potential of the new semiconductor in environmental remediation applications from an ecological synthesis.

Polymeric complex nanocarriers of Mangifera indica gum &amp; chitosan for methotrexate delivery: Formulation, characterization, and in vitro toxicological assessment

Polymeric complex nanocarriers of Mangifera indica gum &amp; chitosan for methotrexate delivery: Formulation, characterization, and in vitro toxicological assessment

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF NATURAL POLYMERS IN THE FORMULATION OF ORO-DISPERSIBLE TABLET

Oral drug delivery is still the preferred method for administering many medications. Recent technological advancements have led to the development of orally disintegrating drugs, which offer improved patient compliance and convenience. Orodispersible(ODTs) drugs are a unique dosage form that dissolves in the mouth within 1-3 min without the need for chewing or water. Over the past three decades, orodispersible drugs have gained popularity as an alternative to traditional drugs due to their increased patient compliance, solubility, and stability. This new technology meets both the pharmaceutical and patient demands and provides a comfortable dosage method for pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Natural substances are preferred over synthetic ones because they are more accessible, less expensive, non-toxic, and chemically inert. Natural polymers, such as locust bean gum, banana powder, mango peel pectin, and Mangifera indica gum, enhance drug characteristics and are used as binders, diluents, and super disintegrants to speed up disintegration, increase solubility, and provide supplements. Manufacturers are increasingly using natural polymers due to various issues with medication release and adverse effects. This review article views the development of ODTs, challenges in formulation, new ODT technologies, and our suspects.

Exploring Azadirachta indica Gum as the Sustainable Fuel in Combustion Process for the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials

Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum was effectively used in the combustion process as the sustainable fuel for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using zinc nitrate as the metal precursor. Thermal degradation of gum intermediate, which contains uniformly distributed Zn ions in gum matrix, by means of exothermic combustion reaction results in the formation of ZnO nanoparticles at a relatively lower temperature of 220∘C. Further, the phase stabilization of ZnO nanoparticles was performed at 700∘C for 3 h in ambient condition, which also led to the complete removal of organic residues. FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and TEM characterization of the ZnO nanoparticles reveals its phase purity and organic-free nature with a size ranging between 40 and 60 nm. Its optical activities were studied by UV–Visible and photoluminescence studies and the UV–Visible analysis reveals its band gap energy as 3.17 eV. Further, the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed splendid germicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Candida albicans (fungal pathogen). In addition, the bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed excellent antioxidant behavior with the 81% of free radical quenching while employing 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL nanoparticle concentration.

Nanotoxicity studies of Azadirachta indica mediated silver nanoparticles against Eudrilus eugeniae, Danio rerio and its embryos

Improper handling and discarding of metal nanoparticles into the ecosystem can lead to nano-pollution affecting the biota of the environment. This study was performed to understand the possible negative impacts of the silver nanoparticles for which silver nanoparticles were synthesized using plant gum from Azadirachta indica. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray powder Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Zeta Potential analysis. The silver nanoparticles were crystalline and spherical in shape and the size was found to be around 40–70 nm. The toxic effects of Azadirachta indica gum based biogenic silver nanoparticles of different concentration (10 μg and 20 μg) in vivo against Eudrilus eugeniae, Danio rerio and its embryos were assessed, where it was found to damage the epidermis of gut and clitellum of the earthworm. It was found to cause gut erosion in zebrafishes depicting the toxicity. In the case of the embryos, it delayed the embryogenesis and organ deformities were observed. As the concentration of the nanoparticles, the damage in the organisms also increased indicating that it was concentration dependent impact.

Design of moxifloxacin encapsulated network hydrogel wound dressings: Evaluation of polymer‐drug, polymer‐blood, and polymer‐bio membrane interactions

AbstractIt is an exploration of the inherent wound‐healing tendency of Azadirachta indica gum (AIG) or neem gum polysaccharides to develop the hydrogel wound dressings with enhanced potential during wound management. Herein this research work, antibiotic moxifloxacin encapsulated AIG network copolymeric hydrogels were developed by functionalizing with carbapol and poly(acrylamide) [poly(AAm)] for better wound healing. The polymer‐drug, polymer‐blood, and polymer‐bio membrane interactions were evaluated in biomedical properties. The copolymeric network structure was confirmed by scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results confirmed sustained release of the moxifloxacin with diffusion by non‐Fickian process and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS). These interactions inferred the blood‐compatible (hemolytic index 3.41 ± 0.70%) and mucoadhesive nature (polymer‐biomembrane detachment force 0.09 ± 0.01 mN) of hydrogel dressing. The per gram of hydrogel dressings absorbed 10.22 ± 0.23 g of simulated wound fluid which is very useful to maintain moist wound environment for better wound healing. All these interactions and properties indicated the suitability of the hydrogel material for wound dressing applications for better wound care.

GC-MS analysis of bioactive phytochemicals of gum exudates of Mangifera indica. linn.

The aim of this study was to verify the potential of Mangifera indica gum (MIG) as a bioactive agent. Plant gum was collected from the bark of Mangifera indica and was, purified and characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC) analyses. Purified gum was tested for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory. IR and GC analyses of gum showed the presence of several types of bioactive components in Mangifera indica gum. The gum showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (63%) and Enterococcus faecalis (58%). The antioxidant activity of MOG was investigated by 2,2- diphenyl 2- picryl hydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging and the MIG shows good activity when compared with the standard ascorbic acid. The anti-inflammatory activity of the MIG was estimated by the bovine serum albumin denaturation (BSA)method and showed significant activity against the standard drug. The anti-diabetic activity of the MIG was determined by the dinitro salicylic acid (DNSA)method displayed significant anti-diabetic activity. These findings confirmed that MIG has a potential source for the formulation of new therapeutic drugs.

Development and characterization of azadirachta indica gum-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) crosslinked co-polymeric hydrogels for drug delivery applications

Keeping in view the pharmaceutical and pharmacodynamic applications of azadirachta indica gum, in the present work, modification of azadirachta indica gum was carried out by graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) onto polysaccharide gum in the presence of crosslinker to design network structure in the form of hydrogel for use in drug delivery carrier of a methyl prednisolone, a anti-inflammatory drug for colon ailments. The polymer was characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, XRD, AFM, TGA and DSC analysis. It was inferred from the swelling results that monomer and crosslinker contentsused during co-polymerizations reactions have influenced the mesh size and crosslinking density of the hydrogels. The mesh size of the polymer varies from 10.26 nm to 49.96 nm. The release of drug was found in controlled manner with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The gum-poly(HEMA) hydrogels were found biocompatible, antioxidant and mucoadhesive in nature and could be explored as drug delivery carriers of methyl prednisolone for colon ailments.

Bioactivity and Plant Growth Stimulation Studies using Mangifera indica L. Gum

The potential of plant gum as a bioactive agent and plant growth enhancer has not been exploited well and plant gums are suitable for such purposes as they are non-toxic and biodegradable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the potential of Mangifera indica (MI) gum as a bioactive agent and plant growth enhancer. Plant gum was collected from the bark of MI and polysaccharides were extracted, purified and characterized with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC) analyses. Crude and purified polysaccharides were tested for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The crude gum was subjected to plant growth stimulation study like germination percentage, shoot length, root length and wet weight of chilli (Capsicum frutescens). The effect of MI gum on soil porosity and water holding capacity (WHC) was also tested. UV-Vis and GC analyses of gum polysaccharide showed the presence of several types of monosaccharides in MI gum. The plant gum did not show any antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus, but was found to exhibit low antioxidant activity. The gum was found to enhance the seed germination and seedling growth in-vitro and in-vivo.

Formulation of Non-effervescent Floating Dosage Form of Metronidazole using Sintering and Sublimation Technique

The aim of this study was to formulate a novel non-effervescent floating dosage form of metronidazole using the sublimation and sintering technique. Granules were formulated using the wet granulation technique. Ammonium bicarbonate (30% w/w) was incorporated as the sublimating agent. The granules were characterized for micromeritic properties. Thereafter, the granules were compressed using a single punch tableting machine and the physicotechnical properties were evaluated. The metronidazole tablet was then sintered at 70oC for 12 h. All granules were free flowing and compressible. The metronidazole tablets had no floating lag time showing that tablets floated instantaneously. FTIR and DSC studies showed that metronidazole and the excipients used in the formulation were compatible. Azadirachta indica gum was used in the formulation of non-effervescent floating dosage form of metronidazole using sublimation and sintering technique which is beneficial in sustained release formulations.&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(1): 11-17, 2021 (June)

Synthesizing Easily Erasable Whiteboard Ink Using Locally Available Azadiracta Indica (Neem) Gum

Objective: To synthesize the easily erasable, user-friendly, and low-cost whiteboard ink from the locally available raw sources. Methods: The ink was prepared by mixing the Neem-gum, n-butanol, dyes of different colours in different ratios, and the mixture thus obtained was heated at constant temperature and then was cooled to room temperature and filtered. Findings: Out of different combinations three different ink formulations SH1, SH2, and SH3 were obtained, and later they were tested to different physiochemical analysis. The results thus obtained for SH1, SH2, and SH3 respectively were pH (5.9, 4.7, and 3.4), viscosity (0.0011628 Ns/m2, 0.0086425Ns/m2and 0.0046242Ns/m2) and drying time (5.24 seconds, 18.04 seconds and 8.22 seconds). Samples SH1 and SH3 depict the best properties like drying time, viscosity, and erasability. To know the elemental concentration in the samples, the XRF analysis was conducted and the results thus obtained were on par with that of the standard ink available in the market. Novelty: Ink manufacturers of international repute often synthesize them with chemicals that might harm the users like teachers and other professionals if they come into improper contact with it. So we prepared an ink from the naturally available neem gum which is both user-friendly and eco-friendly. Keywords: Azadirachta indica; erasability; ink; Phenolphthalein; viscosity; XRF analysis

Investigation on the performance enhancement of single-slope solar still using green fibre insulation derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus rags reinforced with Azadirachta indica gum.

The fruits and vegetable waste has become the highest compared with the production rate. These types of wastes had reached up to 70% by 2019-2020 as estimated by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Improvisation of the performance of still using fibre insulation (Artocarpus heterophyllus rags and Azadirachta indica gum (AHRAIG)) has been carried out in this study. Potable water demand in arid areas is a vast problem where fresh water is very expensive. The proposed solar still (PSS) retains the basin temperature and raises the rate of evaporation. Rags are latex-like filament extracted from the waste of the jackfruit peels and an adhesive agent from Azadirachta indica tree. A comparison is made among still without insulation (SWI), still with polystyrene insulation (SPI) and still with fibre insulation (SFI) in producing the fresh water under same ambient conditions. The experiments result a promising yield of 9.3% rate of rise of potable water produced using AHRAIG insulation related to conventional still. The energy efficiency is premeditated as 26.45%, while the exergy efficiency is 4.07%. The production of the potable water reached 2.58 L/m2 for still with polystyrene insulation, 3.26 L/m2 for fibre insulation and 1.93 L/m2 for still without insulation, respectively.

Design of dietary fiber azadiracta indica gum based hydrogels for use in drug delivery

Keeping in view the therapeutic importance of dietary fiber azadiracta indica gum in anti-inflammatory action, in the present work, gum has been modified to develop the drug delivery carrier for methyl prednisolone used for treatment of inflammatory colonic ailments to enhance its potential. Hydrogels were formed gum polysaccharide by modified by grafting and crosslinking method. Polymers were characterized by cryo-SEM, AFM, FTIR, and 13C-NMR. The cryo-SEM images confirmed the porous network structure of the hydrogels. The results showed that porosity and crosslinking density of hydrogels were influenced by the content of the monomer AAc and crosslinker NNMBA. The polymeric gels were found to have non-haemolytic (haemolytic index = 3.36 ± 1.20%), and antioxidant nature (DPPH radical scavenging = 76.88 ± 10.16%). The gel strength of the gels was 9.41 ± 0.46 Nmm. The release of methyl prednisolone was found with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Overall, gum based hydrogels were pH responsive and could be explored to design of colon drug delivery system for colonic ailments .

Mangifera indica Resin Assisted Synthesis of Nano Silver: Assessing their Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue, Anticorrosive and Antioxidant Activity

The current work focusses on the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) that are conveniently green synthesized by Mangifera indica gum powder extract. The absorbance is measured by UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 455 nm that represents the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Ag-NPs. Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirms the functional groups and reaction mechanisms involved in the green synthesis of Ag-NPs. The elemental analysis of Ag-NPs is carried out by Energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectrum and its surface morphology was studied by High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The average size of Ag-NPs is found to be around 19 nm in diameter. The crystalline nature of the Ag-NPs is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Selected area diffraction (SAED). The Ag-NPs shows better antioxidant activity against free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion. Ag-NPs effect on reduction mild steel corrosion is examined using non electrochemical methods. It is proved from experimental tests that the inhibition efficiency increases with increased concentrations of Ag-NPs. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared Ag-NPs under visible light irradiation is assessed by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye.

Synthesis and characterization of the azadirachta indica gum–polyacrylamide interpenetrating network for biomedical applications

Herein this present work, graft copolymerization of the polyacrylamide onto azadirachta indica gum polysaccharide was carried out in the presence of crosslinker to form the interpenetrating network structure in hydrogels for use in biomedical applications. The crosslinked polymers were characterized by cryo-SEM, AFM, FTIR, and 13C-NMR and swelling studies. The cryo SEM images confirmed the porous crosslinked network in polymers formed by covalent linkage. The change in polyacrylamide and crosslinker content during the formation of the gel has influenced the porosity which was inferred from the swelling and network parameter evaluation of the hydrogels. The cross linking density 0.81 × 10-5 mol cm−3 and mesh size 63.0 nm of hydrogels was found in pH 7.4 buffer. The methyl prednisolone released followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The biocompatibility of grafted/crosslinked polymers was inferred from results of thrombogenicity (59.54 ± 4.08%) and haemolytic index (3.12 ± 0.52%). The antioxidant nature was confirmed from the DPPH radical scavenging assay (49.24 ± 8.57%). Overall, the modification of the gum led to the formation of hydrogels to be used in drug carrier for the colonic ailments.

A preservative with bleaching and emulsifying effects

In cosmetic products, additives are substances that aren’t consumed as main ingredients, actually, they are added to these products in the processes of preparation, packaging or storage in order to make them safer, improve their appearance, help to present a stable, attractive and easier to apply the product, without being stricken by environmental conditions [1, 2]. The protection and quality of toiletries or medicine products are important elements in regards to the health of the consumers. Adding preservatives to the formulations helps the cosmetic manufacturer achieve the first objective of products i.e. meeting the requirements of the users while being safe under normal conditions of use. Despite advances in manufacturing conditions (raw materials with exhaustive bacteriological controls and manufacturing in sterile areas), and the containers used (single-dose ampoules, opaque and hermetic bottles which are used for precise amount), there is still the possibility of colonizing cosmetics without a preservative in their composition. Principally adding extra compounds as emulsifier and blanching agent causes more noxious compounds in the products, which should be avoided. Hence, it is desirable that some components of the formulation fulfill this function [3]. In our study, a combination of sodium thiosulfate and Citric acid contains emulsifiers and bleaching substances. When this mixture was added to Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum or Acacia Senegal (Gum Arabic), besides the above-mentioned properties, turned these gums into a thickener and stabilizer agent. This formulation can prevent the spreading of microorganisms. It will be shown from the findings and results that this formula can be used as a preservative agent in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry with significant emulsifying and bleach potential. The rare side effect of this additive is mild skin hypersensitivity reaction only in sensitive individuals. Objective: The purpose of the study was to develop a powerful preservative based on synthetic and natural ingredients, with bleaching and emulsifying effects.