Traditional Indian Medicinal Plant Research Articles

Isolation & identification of anti-inflammatory constituents of Randia dumetorum lamk. fruit: Potential beneficial effects against acute lung injury

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRandia dumetorum Lamk. is an Indian traditional medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of various disorders including respiratory ailments. Aim of the studyIn continuation of our recent report that the Ethanol soluble fraction (ESF) of Randia dumetorum fruit had potent anti-inflammatory activity against acute lung injury (ALI) in mice, the present work was undertaken to unveil the key bioactive constituents possessing anti-inflammatory action against ALI by employing bioactivity-guided fractionation of ESF. Material and methodsDifferent fractions/sub-fractions obtained by column chromatography of ESF were subjected to bioactivity studies by analyzing total and differential count, and protein content in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) procured from mice. The most bioactive sub-fraction F3.2 was analyzed for the assessment of various inflammatory mediators using molecular techniques like ELISA, PCR, and western blotting. Further, an attempt was made to separate the key compounds in F3.2 using solvents of differential polarities; and isolated compounds were validated for their anti-inflammatory activity followed by their characterization using spectral techniques like 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FT-IR, and ESIMS Mass Spectrometry. ResultsThe column chromatography of ESF yielded four fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) and data revealed that maximum activity resides in F3. Further fractionation of F3 yielded sub-fractions F3.1, F3.2, F3.3, and F3.4 which when tested for anti-inflammatory potential, showed F3.2 as the most active one. Moreover, the effect of F3.2 on oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory mediators analyzed via biochemical assays, PCR, and ELISA revealed the proficiency of this fraction in amelioration of ALI. F3.2 was then subjected to recrystallization using different solvents and two pure compounds were isolated which were characterized as D-Mannitol and Oleanolic acid (OA). D-Mannitol did not display any bioactivity, but OA showed potent anti-inflammatory activity. ConclusionConsidering the ethnopharmacological role of R. dumetorum in respiratory ailments, OA as an aglycone moiety seems to be the main active principle possessing anti-inflammatory potential against ALI.

Antiviral perspectives of economically important Indian medicinal plants and spices

Human respiratory diseases caused by viral infections leads to morbidity. Among infectious diseases, viral infections associated with the respiratory tract remain the primary reason for global deaths due to their transmissibility. Since immemorial, traditional Indian medicinal plants, their extracts, and several phytochemicals can treat various diseases. Sources for this review paper are data derived from a peer-reviewed journal that emphasizes the economic importance of medicinal plants. Several plant-based medicines have been reported to be effective against multiple viral infections, including the Human Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Influenza virus, Hepatitis virus, etc. This review emphasizes use of the Indian medicinal plants like as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Winter Cherry), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Terminalia chebula (Chebulic Myrobalan), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and the Indian household spices (ginger, garlic and black pepper). It further describes their secondary phytoconstituents extraction procedure, mode of action and the potential application to improve clinical outcomes of neutraceuticals against various viral infections.

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.: A Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Dillenia pentagyna often known as ‘Karmal’ is a member of Dilleniaceae. Different parts of the plant have been used by tribal communities to treat a broad spectrum of ailments. The plant reports the presence of some vital therapeutic compounds such as botulin, botulinic acid, botulinic acid, morolic acid, lupeol, diploic acid, etc. Some of the major pharmaceutical properties of the plant are anticancerous, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic. This plant has been recently classified as a critically endangered species in Madhya Pradesh state. Low germination rates are one of the major factors of being a critically endangered species. Despite being a potent curative plant species, it is yet to be fully explored. The objective of the present review to highlight the phytochemical investigations and pharmacology applications for several purposes like anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, anti-microbial, antioxidant, etc of this plant species. In future studies, this knowledge can be applied to the safe and evidence-based use of traditional Indian medicinal plants in global Phyto pharmacotherapy and to the discovery of novel leads for the development of herbal formulations.

Authentication and quality evaluation of an Indian traditional medicinal plant: Salparni

Authentication and quality evaluation of an Indian traditional medicinal plant: Salparni

<em>In vitro</em> studies on anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial and phytochemical activities of endophytic fungal extracts from <em>Salacia species</em>

In the current investigation, 474 endophytic fungi were isolated from 1200 plant parts of four species of Indian traditional medicinal plant Salacia collected in different seasons. Among them, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium notatum, Pestalotiopsis sps and Phoma sps were isolated as a dominant genus from S. chinensis, S. oblonga, S. fruticosa and S. macrosperma respectively. Most of the isolates have shown potential anti-diabetic activity through alpha-amylase inhibitor activity at different levels. Among them, metabolite extracted from endophytic fungi Colletotrichum species isolated from Salacia macrosperma resulted in significant inhibition exhibiting IC50 values of 106.11 μg/ml and 124.62 μg/ml against α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. Out of 68 isolates, five isolates have shown anti-bacterial activity against all the tested organisms through dual culture method. Overall, this study strongly suggests that extracts of isolated endophytic fungi from Salacia can be developed as a potent drug molecule in the view of their pharmaceutical importance.

Computational Approach Assessing the Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus Against Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria that lives in the stomach of most of the human population. Overview of novel alternatives utilizing common natural phytochemicals has been demonstrated as powerful tools in bringing down the bacterial levels, managing inflammation, and regulating the immune response. Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn. (Acoraceae)) is a traditional Indian medicinal plant used to cure various illnesses. Our study strongly supports the therapeutic use of Acorus calamus Linn. phytocompounds as a possible herb that can be considered to inhibit Helicobacter pylori. This study aimed to identify the phytochemicals of the Acorus calamus that can inhibit H.pylori. Here we are using in silico molecular docking approach by using bioinformatics tools. In conclusion, our study strongly supports the medicinal use of Acorus calamus Linn. phytocompounds as a possible herb that can be considered to inhibit Helicobacter pylori. Further research may be performed on the phytocompounds, shyobunone, and 2,3,5-trimethoxyamphetamine to determine the exact action mechanism and validate the obtained results further.

Review Article on Vijaysar (Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb): A Multidimensional Herb

Vijaysar is a traditional Indian medicinal plant commonly known as Asan or Bijaka, Indian kino, Malabar kino related to the family Fabacae (Leguminosae) and its commonly distributed in India and Srilanka. Vijaysar is one of the important medicinal plant describe in Indian system of medicine literature and has been used for various medicinal purposes. Heartwood and bark of Pterocarpus marsupium is used as a anti-diabetic remedies since thousands of years. The extract of this plant has been shown many pharmacological compound which are used in various diseases. Pterocarpus marsupium is clinically established herb as a potent anti-diabetic drug. Pterocarpus marsupium content many chemical constituents like pterostilbene, -epicatechin, pterosupin, marsupsin, etc. Several research study shows its efficacy in cataract and hypertriglyceridemia. The extract of this plant is also use as a cardiac tonic, anti-diarrheal, skin disorders, rejuvenator, and hepatoprotective. Ancient classical Ayurvedic literature have detailed description of Vijaysar (Pterocarpus marsupium). The aim of present review article is to study its pharmacological activity, cultivation, occurrence, distribution, botanical description, traditional medicinal uses, phytoconstituents, chemical constituents.

GC-MS analysis of curculigo orchiodes and medicinal herbs with cytotoxic, hepatoprotective attributes of ethanolic extract from Indian origin.

Liver illnesses are a major public health issue all over the world. Medicinal plants constituents a viable alternative for the development of phytopharmaceuticals with hepatoprotective activity in order to solve some of these health-related problems. The present study is focused on the phytochemical and biological investigation on Indian traditional medicinal plant extracts, for their cytotoxic and hepatoprotective activity. The isolated compounds showed the presence of phenolic constituents which lead to cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plant. Cancer causes about 13% of all human deaths in 2007 (7.6million) (American Cancer Society and WHO December 2006-07). The American Cancer Society estimates that 12,990 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States year 2016. Cancer-related deaths are expected to increase, with an estimated 11.4 million deaths in 2030. The ethanolic extracts of Centella asiatica, Myristica fragrans, Trichosanthes palmata, Woodfordia fruticosa, Curculigo orchioides were evaluated against HEP-G2 cell lines for hepatoprotective activity and Curculigo orchioides was further promoted for the isolation of secondary metabolites based on inhibitory concentration. The ethanolic extracts of C.asiatica, M.fragrans, T.palmata, W.fruticosa, Curculigo orchioides shown significant cytotoxic activity (IC50≤100μg/mL). The plant extracts also shown significant hepatoprotective activity in a dose dependent manner when tested against HEP-G2 cell lines and cytotoxicity studies against HeLa and HEP-G2 cells. The extract of Curculigo orchiodes rhizome showed significant cytotoxicity results. Hence the Curculigo orchiodes rhizome was selected for further phytochemical studies to isolate active compounds and their Characterization by GCMS.

Knowledge of Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants for the Management of COPD

Knowledge of Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants for the Management of COPD

Evaluation of Proapoptotic Potential of Saraca asoca Flower Extract on Skin Cancer Cell Line

Background: Cancer persists as a major health issue globally due to its high rate of morbidity and mortality. Skin cancer is the most common cancer and accounts for at least 40% of cancer cases worldwide. Search for tumour-selective and novel anticancer compounds with lesser side effects remains a major focus of cancer research. Saraca asoca is a traditional Indian medicinal plant, known to have anti-cancer, anti-menorrhagic, anti-oxidant, anti-oxytocic and anti-microbial activities. Though phytoconstituents of the Saraca asoca leaves, bark, and flowers have been reported in few studies, the cytotoxic potential of Saraca asoca flowers has not been evaluated.
 Aim: To evaluate the proapoptotic potential of Saraca asoca flower extract on skin cancer cell line.
 Materials and Methods: In this present study, the cytotoxic potential of Saraca asoca flower extract (10 to 60μg/ml) was evaluated by MTT assays in B16-F10 skin cancer cells. According to the MTT assay, we determined the optimal doses (IC-50: 30µg/ml) which were used for further analyses. Analysis of changes in cell morphology is examined by a phase-contrast microscope. The impacts of Saraca asoca in B16-F10 cell death were also determined by AO/EtBr dual staining under a fluorescence microscope.
 Results: In our study, the cell viability assay results showed that 50% of growth inhibition was observed at 30 μg/ml concentration of Saraca asoca flower extract treated B16-F10 cells, which has been taken as an inhibitory concentration (IC-50) dose value and fixed for further experiments. The morphological changes in B16-F10 skin cancer cell line with the treatment of Saraca asoca at 30 μg/mL for 24hrs has significantly altered the morphology of B16-F10 cell lines. AO/EtBr dual staining results showed the early apoptotic cells having bright orange areas of condensed or fragmented chromatin in the nucleus after Saraca asoca flower extract treated skin cancer cells.
 Conclusion: The results of this present study showed that the flower extracts of Saraca asoca were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis to the cancer cells at a concentration of 30µg/ml at the 24th-time point.

Pharmacological Activity Review on Selected Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants

The medicinal plants are the rich source of therapeutic phytoconstituents. The wide range of plants possesses vast range of medicinal uses in humanity. In the present study a review was conducted for selected plants for the medicinal activity they possess which are scientifically published in reputed journals. The activity researched is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, hepatoprotective and anticancer activity etc. The present review shown that Pongamia pinnata, Nerium oleander methanol extract and Andrographis paniculata, Macaranga peltata alcoholic extracts possess wide range of therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and antidiabetic activity.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Selected Indian Traditional Medicinal Plants

Antibacterial and antifungal activities are the universal supporting activities for other therapeutic activities like anti-inflammatory, wound healing etc. The traditional medicinal plants Pongamia pinnata and Macaranga peltata selected. The selected plants different extracts (Ethanol, Chloroform, Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and Methanol) were prepared and preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was performed by Agar well method by using Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin standards. In this study we come to conclusion that the selected medicinal plants alcohol extract is having significant antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Correction to: Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Major Phenolic Components from Flowers of Ghav-Patta (Argyreia Speciosa Linn.) Via Response Surface Model

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) or ultrasonic extraction technology has been used for the isolation of bioactive compounds from Argyreia speciosa (Linn. f.) Sweet plant (family: Convolvulaceae). Argyreia speciosa is an Indian traditional medicinal plant having strong evidence of various properties widely used in Ayurveda. Dried flowers were used for extraction and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions of extraction for the yield of total phenolics and antioxidants from A. speciosa flowers (ASF) in respect of three variables: temperature, power, and time. Damage and structural changes of the bioactive compounds were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. The optimum UAE conditions obtained by RSM for the yield of total phenolic content from ASF were 42.41°C temperature, 43.62 % power, and 26.51 min process time and conditions for the maximum antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging were 41.36°C temperature, 57.02 % power, and 26.63 min. These findings showed that the UAE under optimum conditions increased the percentage yield of bioactive compounds. SEM results showed that there was no relevant damage to the cells, and FTIR spectroscopy verified that there were no changes in chemical structure. It has been concluded that UAE method is an effective technique for enhancing the yields of major phenolic compounds from A. speciosa flowers.

Lupeol from Crateva adansonii DC Exhibits Promising Enzymes Inhibition: Play a Crucial Role in Inflammation and Diabetes

Enzyme inhibitor from natural origin without any side effects and multi diseases target provide more advantageous over commercial drugs. In present study phytocompound lupeol was isolated from Indian traditional medicinal plant Crateva adansonii leave extracts and its possible applications for treating diabetes and inflammation diseases. Single major peak in HPLC profiling and FTIR functional group analysis of lupeol fraction (LF) confirmed the presence of phytocompound lupeol in LF. LF obtained from chloroform leave extract of Crateva adansonii had most prominent inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase and alpha glucosidase with IC50 values 16.31 µg/mL and 41.25 µg/mL respectively. LF exhibit superior COX-2 enzyme (91.36%) inhibition potential among all tested samples whereas LF exhibit equipotent (81.38%) MPO enzyme inhibitory potential compared with celecoxib standard drug (86.19%). In silico validation reveals that lupeol exhibit least docking score with excellent binding affinities of -9.2, -7.6, -10.0 -8.2 Kcal/mol with COX-2, myeloperoxidase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inflammatory molecular target enzymes respectively than inflammatory (celecoxib) and diabetic (acarbose) reference standard drugs. Further in silico molecular dynamics simulation analysis revealed that Lupeol-COX-2 RMSD (root mean square deviation) plot showed that both COX-2 and Lupeol are stable after 20 NS at 9.0 Å for ligand and 3.2 Å for protein. Lupeol-α amylase complex showed good level of interaction throughout the simulation when compared with reference standard drug acarbose. Present study findings suggests that lupeol from Crateva adansonii plant could be incorporated in medicinal formulations intended for treatment of chronic inflammation and diabetic disorders.

Antiulcerogenic activity of Anogeissus pendula hydroalcoholic extract on pylorus ligated induced gastric ulcers in Albino Wistar rats

BackgroundAnogeissus pendula Edgew (Combretacae) is a traditional Indian medicinal plant with antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatoprotective and other pharmacological effects. A. pendula is commonly used by tribal groups to treat gastric disorders, and this may be due to phenolic compounds. PurposeThe aim of this study is to determine the antiulcer activity of Anogeissus pendula in pylorus ligated albino Wistar rats, and the biochemical function in ulcer protection via various biochemical studies. Study DesignThe study was conducted on albino Wistar rats using a pylorus ligation ulcer model. Ranitidine (20 mg/kg b.w) and APHAE (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) were given orally to different groups of rats (n = 6), 1 h before pylorus ligation. The studied parameters were the amount of gastric juice, pH, total and free acidity, and ulcer index. The antioxidant parameters like LPO, GSH, CAT, SOD, and total protein were also studied. ResultsAt doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, Anogeissus pendula stem hydroalcoholic extract (APHAE) demonstrated substantial inhibition of gastric lesions. In the pretreated animals, there was a decrease in ulcer index (P < 0.001) and a decrease in gastric volume, free and total acidity (P <0.001). The pH of the gastric juice, on the other hand, increased significantly. In the animals given APHAE medications, the protein content was found to be significantly lower (P< 0.001). In the gastric juice of pylorus ligated rats, APHAE pretreatment substantially reduced the rise in SOD, GSH, and CAT accompanied by a decrease in LPO (P< 0.001). ConclusionThe study revealed that Anogeissus pendula hydroalcoholic extract has considerable antioxidant potential. As a result, additional research into the separation and elucidation of individual phytochemicals and their action mechanisms is required.

EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF SHOREA ROBUSTA RESINS

Shorea robusta (Sal), an important traditional Indian medicinal plant used in various ailments and rituals and the indigenous use of the resin of this plant as a medicament for treatment of various inflammatory conditions is well documented in literature. In the present study, ethanolic extract of S. robusta resin (SRE) was evaluated for its analgesic activity by making use of different central and peripheral pain models. The phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many secondary metabolites belonging to terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrate, lignans, phenols and sterols. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from Shorea robusta show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti- obesity, antibacterial, wound healing, anti-pyretic &amp; analgesic activities. Many studies have provided evidence for various traditional uses. The present review on its botany, traditional uses, pharmacological activities and phytochemistry which provides preliminary information for further studies for this potential medicinal plant. Pain is an unpleasant sensation and emotional experience linked to tissue damage. Pain occurs when something hurts, causing an unpleasant or uncomfortable feeling. The nearness of pain implies that something isn't right. Each individual is the best judge own pain. Pain of any origin comprises an individual’s life. The analgesic activity of SRE was assessed by employing different Materials and Methods: pain models such as, i) hot plate and tail flick tests for central analgesia.

Analysis of the chemical composition of root essential oil from Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) and its application as an ecofriendly insecticide and pharmacological agent.

The Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a commonly used plant in Indian traditional medicine of Ayurveda for the preparation of various non-alcoholic beverages. However, limited studies are available on the essential oil of H. indicus roots (HRO); therefore, the study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of H. indicus root essential oil as well as insecticide potential against the common pests of stored food materials (Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum). The repellant efficacy of HRO was found to be high against S. oryzae (8.21 ± 0.55 μg/mL). Likewise, the fumigant potential was also observed for HRO against these pests; the higher activities were observed against S. oryzae and C. maculatus (32.46 ± 1.42 and 35.18 ± 1.62 μg/L). Besides, the essential oil was also found to be active as a contact poison, however, against all the three pests, the toxicity was above 100 μg/mm3, being the highest against C. maculatus (122.8 ± 3.57 μg/mm3). To analyze the possible effect of the essential oil on grains, the different grains were allowed to germinate and compared to that of normal; thus, the non-toxic nature of HRO against the stored products is also confirmed. The essential oil shown to have DPPH hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential, and inhibition of lipoxgenase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Overall, the present study concludes that the H. indicus may be a suitable repellant and fumigant agent against different pests of stored products and a possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent.

Promising traditional Indian medicinal plants for the management of novel Coronavirus disease: A systematic review.

Traditional Indian medical practices (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy) are a vast reservoir of knowledge about medicinal plants. The promising pharmacological properties of these plants have paved the way for developing therapy against novel Coronavirus (CoV) infection. The current review will summarize published works of literature on the effects of traditional Indian medicinal plants against acute respiratory infection (COVID‐19, SARS, Influenza, and Respiratory syncytial virus infection) and registered clinical trials of traditional Indian herbal medicines in COVID‐19. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate the data of traditional Indian medicinal plants to warrant their use in COVID‐19 management. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched along with different clinical trial databases. A total of 22 relevant traditional Indian medicinal plants (35 relevant studies) were included in the current study having potential antiviral properties against virus‐induced respiratory illness along with promising immunomodulatory and thrombolytic properties. Further, 36 randomized and nonrandomized registered clinical trials were also included that were aimed at evaluating the efficacy of herbal plants or their formulations in COVID‐19 management. The antiviral, immunomodulatory, and thrombolytic activities of the traditional Indian medicinal plants laid down a strong rationale for their use in developing therapies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The study identified some important potential traditional Indian medicinal herbs such as Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia, Achyranthes bidentata, Cinnamomum cassia, Cydonia oblonga, Embelin ribes, Justicia adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale, Camphor, and Kabusura kudineer, which could be used in therapeutic strategies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

COVID-19: Primary Cure by Aromatic and Medicinal Plants: A Review

Currently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread across China and around the world, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia. The supportive care and non-specific treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of the patient are the only options currently with some vaccines are also available. In India some medicinal and aromatic plants are used for such similar type of virus from ancient. Present review includes some plant species used to cure such diseases with literature survey. We suggest traditional Indian medicinal plants as possible novel therapeutic approaches, exclusively targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its pathways.

Study of antimicrobial activity of Thespesia populnea-coated nanozirconium on cotton gauze fabrics

Indian traditional medicinal plants are important sources of phytotherapeutic agents. Plants with antimicrobial properties have been involved in the treatment of infectious diseases and also, in mitigating the side effects produced by the synthetic antimicrobial agents. Hence, the present work has been focused on the study the antimicrobial activity of Thespesia populnea extract-coated nano-zirconium on cotton gauze fabrics. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed the strong peaks produced by Zr nanoparticle after 200 nm, which indicated that T. populnea-coated Zr nanoparticles would possess antimicrobial activity. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD analysis and the smaller size of the nanoparticles about 10 nm was observed using TEM analysis. The antimicrobial activity of T. populnea extract-coated Zr nanoparticles was studied by well diffusion against pathogens such as E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Zr nanoparticles showed a high toxicity against the bacterial species studied. The antimicrobial activity suggests that the synthesized nanoparticles can be used in wounds dressings.