Indian Province Research Articles

Role of music in promoting environmental consciousness among citizens

Music is a world language which has the ability to influence living beings through sound and rhythm. Indian music by its nature is a collection of subtle melodious sounds. Elegance is an element in Indian music which expresses the delicacy of nature.The sounds of music containing Shruti communicate subtle emotions in the human heart which make humans sensitive towards nature. Through music, we can start conversations about natural disasters, trees and climate change and create awareness that mobilizes people and inspires them to see, understand and deal with natural conflicts. Music attracts people from all walks of life.Music has the ability to convey the message of awareness about nature and the environment to children, young and old, easily. The song ‘Swachh Bharat Ka Iraad Kar Liya Hume’, played every morning in the municipal vehicle in our locality, inspires cleanliness and garbage collection in homes. Through this song, people get the opportunity to collectively contribute to the Swachh Bharat Mission.Indian music has also been called Naadyoga which makes a person grateful towards the entire nature and communicates love towards it. The musical notes, moving with the words, rhythm and beat, touch our hearts and we easily remember the inspirational lines. The sound system of nature, present in the sounds of music, connects us with nature in the form of forest, river, mountain, waterfall, rain, sound of leaves, chirping of birds etc.The sounds of birdsong, wind and rain are incorporated to create a calming and contemplative soundscape. People who listen to the ragas of classical music start disliking the noise and harsh sounds. A student of classical music starts running away from all loud sounds and noisy instruments. This awakens awareness of prevention of noise pollution in the environment.Simple and beautiful depictions of love for nature are found in the folktales and folklore of many provinces of India, which are presented in the form of music and create a healthy natural environment in our minds. Music reaches out to people of all ages and backgrounds and unites them. By providing lyricism to the songs, music makes them reach the common man.Apart from the power of words, the sound power of music is also very impressive. Musical instruments and sound waves are fully capable of establishing identity with nature. The compositions of Indian classical music are also complemented by the beauty of the Indian natural environment. In most of the compositions of the Middle Ages in Khayal singing, there are mentions of wild life and human relationships in the language of that time. Vocal compositions awaken the love of nature within us.People also get education about natural conservation. In the present era, by using the power of music, artists are teaching environmental protection to the earth’s inhabitants. In Indian music, ragas like Basant, Megh, Hemant, Hindol, Malhar etc. have been named on the basis of seasons. The seasons are also described in musical notes. Collective singing and playing is a symbol of group power which makes everyone feel disciplined and take resolutions.Enthusiasm is awakened in the mind through group songs and we keep humming the lines of the songs due to which we remain aware of our duties. Awareness towards the environment can also be created through storytelling through music. Storytelling has more impact on the public mind. The delicacy of nature is present in the elegance of music. The joyful element of music, which is well expressed in classical music, easily inspires love for nature in the public mind.

E-WOM across digital channels: A comparison of e-commerce and social media impact on consumer purchase intentions

This study analyzed by comparing the effect of e-WOM (electronic word-of-mouth) virtual shopping websites and e-WOM from respondents on social networks on users’ smartphone buying intentions. A research frame is established based on four e-WOM components: e-WOM source credibility, e-WOM source quality, e-WOM source attitude, and e-WOM source format toward the purchase intention of a smartphone. The effect of the independent variables was empirically tested using multiple regression analysis on the dependent variable of customer buying intention. The research was conducted in Uttar Pradesh, a province in India, with 362 respondents administering a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA (analysis of variance), and regression analysis were applied to interpret the source data. The results of regression factors had a strong statistical influence with a probability value of .000 and R2 of .358 according to the outcomes, suggesting that the framework described 35.8 proportion of the variance and that all the factors were major antecedents of buying intention. This study assists digital businesses in determining consumer buying trends through e-WOM on digital platforms. This study proposes a novel concept to understand how e-WOM affects customers’ buying intent from social networks and e-commerce portals. AcknowledgmentThis study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number PSAU/2024/R/1445.

Molecular evidence of novel Begomoviruses and associated Betasatellite complexes linked to Papaya Leaf Curl Disease (PLCD) in Indian Provinces

Papaya leaf curl disease (PLCD) is caused by distinct begomoviruses affecting papaya globally. This study aims to identify and dissect the genetic complexities of begomoviruses-betasatellites associated with PLCD. Surveys in various Indian provinces to collect symptomatic papaya leaf samples. Molecular characterization of 15 DNA-A positives isolates revealed that PSB 8 and PSB 14 from Lucknow shared 89.69% and 87.25% nucleotide sequence identity with other reported begomoviruses and 85.36% with each other. Based on ICTV's species demarcation threshold, these isolates are proposed as novel begomoviruses, named papaya leaf curl Lucknow virus-1 (PaLCLV-1) and papaya leaf curl Lucknow virus-2 (PaLCLV-2). This study also reports a novel strain (PSB 63) of duranta leaf curl virus (DLCV) on papaya, with a 93.48% sequence identity with known DLCV. The samples did not amplify for DNA-B but did for betasatellites. Nine of the 15 DNA-A positive samples were associated with betasatellites, revealing a novel betasatellite (PSBB 34) from Gujarat, sharing 88.46% similarity with ludwigia leaf distortion betasatellite (LuLDB), named papaya leaf curl Lucknow betasatellite (PaLCLB). Another new strain, tomato leaf curl betasatellite (ToLCLB), shared 91.96% identity with other betasatellites. These begomoviruses are monopartite and likely originated in the Old World. This study is the first to show an association between LuLDB and PaLCV (PSB 34). Recombination analysis revealed that major viral genome regions were obtained from previously reported begomoviruses. The study identified eight papaya-infecting begomoviruses and seven associated betasatellites as prominent in the sampled regions.

Analysis of genetic variability for nutritional quality traits among maize inbreds adapted to Punjab: A North‐Western province of India

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe deficiency of essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine, and tryptophan in maize protein presents a significant challenge in meeting nutritional demand. Comprehensive evaluation of maize germplasm for variability of essential amino acids, protein content, starch content, and β‐carotene contents in grains, along with their relationships with yield and its associated traits, is a prerequisite for strengthening genetic enhancement for nutritional traits. Thus, the current study presents the profiling of 60 maize inbred lines across 11 nutritional quality and yield, aiming to identify variability in these traits and potential donor candidates for commercial breeding.FindingsThe test inbreds exhibited significant variations in the content of grain methionine (0.04%–0.28%), tryptophan (0.019%–0.069%), lysine (0.063%–0.318%), protein (9.31%–11.80%), starch (58.32%–70.88%), and β‐carotene (2.38 ppm–6.79 ppm). Additionally, variations were noted in grain yield (0.87–2.52 t ha−1). Inter‐relationship analyses suggested the feasibility of simultaneous selection of essential amino acids (methionine, tryptophan, lysine) and β‐carotene. The germplasm stock was clustered, and potential diverse donors identified were recommended for utilization in breeding programs. Furthermore, the use of Attenuated Total Reflectance‐Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy for screening high methionine and high lysine lines in large germplasm based on differences in peak intensity at 2922 cm−1 and 1110 cm−1 was reported, respectively.ConclusionsThe multilocation experiment revealed genetic diversity in both nutritional quality and yield across the 60 inbreds. The absence of a negative correlation between the amino acids and β‐carotene indicates the possibility of the development of hybrids with elevated essential amino‐acid levels combined with high β‐carotene content.Significance and NoveltyThis is the first holistic report on the variability of nutritional quality traits coupled with yield in maize germplasm. Identified nutrient‐rich inbreds will serve as valuable germplasm in maize biofortification programs. AT‐FTIR is proposed as an easy screening technique and the first report, which can be employed for the initial screening of a large set of germplasm for methionine and lysine content.

Coupling Coordination and Data Management for Additive Manufacturing Systems Based on Smart Logistics

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has rapidly advanced due to its benefits in reducing material consumption and resource requirements, offering significant opportunities for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly production. As manufacturing technologies evolve, there is growing interest in smart manufacturing, prompting both academia and industry to explore ways to enhance efficiency and sustainability. Effective logistics management plays a crucial role in this context, requiring precise data prediction and optimization. This article introduces a Smart Logistics service to foster dynamic coordination within the smart logistics ecosystem. The first step is to integrate smart logistics components that can communicate effectively and provide specific value-added services. This integration aims to support contemporary industrial and production environments by enhancing decision-making models. The second step involves applying the Coupling Coordination model to assess the development of logistics in conjunction with broader economic growth. This model helps in constructing a high-quality development index system for logistics, which is essential for evaluating the efficiency of logistics operations. The third step is to evaluate the coordination between the automotive, digitalization, and logistics sectors. This assessment provides insights into the overall development levels of cities and highlights the significant impact on sustainable growth within the automotive industry. The final step includes analyzing the progress of coupling coordination in Indian provinces, identifying the transition from minor imbalances to primary coordination, and forecasting that strong coordination will be achieved by 2025. This analysis underscores the potential for mutual growth and cooperation by elevating the logistics sector’s standards and strengthening inter-industry relationships.

Comparative techno-economic assessment of superhot rock and conventional geothermal energy feasibility for decarbonizing India

The commercial viability of low-temperature geothermal basins is still a major stumbling block for field implementation of geothermal projects in India. Though there are several low-temperature basins, the presence of high-temperature gradient in few regions of India led to the hypothesis of testing the advanced geothermal potential in India. Therefore, this study holistically investigates the prospect of superhot rock geothermal potential in India vis-à-vis the techno-economical prospect and reservoir characteristics. Additionally, a comparative study is conducted with respect to the conventional geothermal system in the Son-Narmada-Tapti field to understand the effects of technical and economic parameters.The geothermal provinces in India can be utilized to reduce the use of fossil fuels for direct use and heating applications. However, geothermal resources suffer a setback due to high capital cost and risks associated with the feasibility of extraction process of heat energy. This study investigates the possibility of a superhot rock site to drive down the cost. To assess the technical feasibility, a comprehensive study is conducted using the reservoir heat and flow simulation for the proposed site. The study is conducted using the commercial package to obtain the heat energy that can be generated over the thirty years of injection and production. The feasibility analysis cannot be complete without the study of economic aspects. Hence, the market cost of electricity (LCOE) is estimated to understand the economic feasibility of the proposed superhot rock project. To get a better insight into the superhot rock potential, the resource potential and economic feasibility is compared with the similar system for the conventional geothermal prospect.The reservoir simulation study suggests that the dual superhot rock well system has capacity to provide 170 – 175 MWe in the region which is much higher than that of the conventional system (12 – 15 MWe). Also, it was observed that the dual well geothermal system, the waterfront does not reach the producer well over the thirty years of cold-water injection in both systems. The economic feasibility study shows that the levelized cost of electricity is most likely to be $67/MWh which is significantly less than the conventional geothermal system ($122/MWh).

Exploring the impact of polyphenolic compounds on the chromatic characteristics in flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. collected from different altitudinal locations.

Rhododendron arboreum Sm. flowers grow in the Himalayan region and have traditionally been used in beverages and food. These wild edible Himalayan flowers are known for their sweet-sour flavor and beautiful scarlet red color. The primary pigments responsible for the scarlet red color of these flowers are anthocyanins. In the present study, we conducted chemo-profiling and elucidated the chromatic characteristics of R. arboreum flower petals growing in the wild in different altitudinal areas. The content of anthocyanins, phenolics, and other flavonoids was determined in R.arboreum flower petals collected from 38 different locations in two provinces in India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) to obtain a distinguishable chemical index. A UHPLC method has also been developed and validated for the quantitative analysis. Besides, the color characteristics of each collected floral sample were also analyzed. Chemometric analysis (principal component analysis [PCA] and heatmap analysis) revealed that floral samples collected from different altitudes exhibited similar chemical diversity, whereas statistical analysis (bivariate linear correlation) revealed a positive correlation between the color parameter a*/b* and cyanidin glycosides. Besides, non-targeted metabolomics analysis was carried out, which resulted in the tentative identification of 150 metabolites. The results revealed that there is a direct influence of accumulated anthocyanins to color parameter a*/b* values in the floral samples irrespective of altitude.

Understanding Students’ Attitudes Towards Affirmative Action Policy in Higher Education in India

To mitigate the severe educational horizontal inequalities in India, affirmative action (AA) measures in higher education (HE) have been implemented for socially excluded groups, such as the Scheduled Castes (former “untouchables”), the scheduled tribes (whose status resembles indigenous groups in other countries), and other classes lower in the caste hierarchy. Despite the introduction of AA measures, societal attitudes generally remain resistant to caste‐based reservation policies. Interestingly, very few studies in India have examined AA support among the most directly affected group of people when it comes to AA measures in HE—college students. The current article aims to fill this gap. It asks: Which factors (such as students’ background characteristics, pre‐college credentials, experience in college, and caste‐based beliefs) underlie college students’ attitudes (support or resistance) towards AA? This study builds on a large‐scale survey conducted among 3200 students studying in 12 public higher education institutions across six provinces in India. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that students’ attitudes towards AA are shaped and influenced by their social identity and educational experiences in college. It is also noteworthy that caste‐based biases and prejudices affect students’ attitudes particularly and may explain opposition to AA.

Indigenous onto-epistemology and the Niyamgiri Movement in India

Climate crises and other manifestations of environmental degradation are inextricably linked to the universalizing technoscientific paradigm underpinning capitalist industrialization and modernization. This study aimed to problematize the modern/colonial ontological dualism underpinning environmental crises and advocates the indigenous/Adivasi relational onto-epistemology. It offers a different reality that questions the virtues of science, capitalism, the colonial narrative, and its continuation in subjectivities and social relations with the modern state. Drawing from the new materialist insights of human and non-human imbrications and the framework of political ontology, this study further analyzed the Dongaria Kondh people's political success in defending their relational way of worlding against corporate-driven extractivism. The state perpetuates violence and takes development initiatives in this mineral-rich eastern Indian province. While other political movements have succumbed to combined corporate and state power, the Dongaria's political struggle continues in different forms. Finally, the article makes the point that knowledge and insights born out of political struggle against a particular ontology, masquerading as universal, press the need for engagement between different realities, knowledges, and recognition of a pluriverse, a world of multiple ways of worlding, where each ontological story exists not as superior or inferior, but as equal, with space for mutual engagement and dialogue.

Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Among Children Under Two Years of Age Born During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction The adverse effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on maternal and reproductive health extend beyond the immediate morbidity and mortality attributed directly to the disease. Pandemic-induced disruptions in the healthcare, social and economic infrastructures can exacerbate the already high burden of childhood undernutrition in India. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in a selected district of the central Indian province of Madhya Pradesh. Data was collected from eligible children born during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020 to December 2021) who visited a selected tertiary care hospital for routine immunization during the study period. Weight-for-length, weight-for-age, and length-for-agewere compared with reference values to obtain corresponding z-scores. Children with z-scores two standard deviations below the reference values were considered wasting, underweight and stunting, respectively. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarise the sociodemographic characteristics of participants. The association of sociodemographic, nutritional, and pregnancy-related factors with the z-scores were assessed via unpaired t-test and ANOVA. Result The studied 147 children were in the age group of nine to 29 months, of which 61 (58.1%) were males. Forty-two (28.6%) were found to be underweight, 22 (14.9%) had wasting and 51 (34.7%) were stunted. These prevalences were comparable to the estimates of the National Family Health Survey 2019-2021 (NFHS-5) for Madhya Pradesh and lower than the NFHS-4 (2015-2016), showing no discernible effect of being born during the pandemic on growth indicators. However, mothers' employment and family income were independent predictors of stunting whereas gestational age at birth, maternal education, and prolonged breastfeeding were all substantially linked with wasting in this study. Conclusion This study adds to the evidence base by reporting the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight along with their determinants in central India among children born during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our data did not reflect the expected increase in child malnutrition due to the COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions in healthcare, social and economic infrastructure. Future research should incorporate the lessons learnt from our study to design a population-based study of under-five children and compare the prevalence of undernutrition in pandemic-born versus non-pandemic-born children.

Importance of Hindi Language and Its Significance in Nation-building

The meaning of the Hindi language is the second most passed on in language on earth, later Mandarin Chinese. It is evaluated that a massive piece of a billion gathering is generally conveyed in this unique vernacular. Importance of Hindi is one of the various tongues in India that is seen as people in general and the official language of India. Indian tunes and modified versions of them have been widely used by various standard rap and famous music-skilled workers across the globe. In India, music gets excellent with jams in the United States, just as with the rest of the world. Modern Hindi is this type of language that has advanced into an utterly OK structure in India later her autonomy and is being used in various areas. Three specific types of Hindi have advanced and performed three various capacities. Today, Hindi is one of India's most critical official languages, with over 1025 million people speaking it worldwide. "In the Indian provinces of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi, Hindi is the Official Language. It is also widely spoken and perceived in several other Indian states, including Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Maharashtra". Individuals that relocate to North India from other states are studying Hindi. Sample of 119 respondents was collected from respondents through a "standard questionnaire," which was created on the five-point interval scale.

Centralized CNN–GRU Model by Federated Learning for COVID-19 Prediction in India

In 2019, the corona virus was found in Wuhan, China. The corona virus has traveled several countries in the world from the beginning of 2020. The early estimation of COVID-19 cases is one of the efficient approaches to control the pandemic. Many researchers had proposed the deep learning model for the efficient estimation of COVID-19 cases for different provinces in the world. The research work had not focused on the discussion of robustness in the model. In this study, centralized federated-convolutional neural network–gated recurrent unit (Fed-CNN–GRU) model is proposed for the estimation of active cases per day in different provinces of India. In India, the uneven transmission of COVID-19 virus was seen in 36 provinces due to the different geographical areas and population densities. So, the methodology of this study had focused on the development of single deep learning algorithm, which is robust and reliable to estimate the active cases of COVID-19 in different provinces of India. The concept of transfer and federated learning is involved to enhance the estimation of active cases of COVID-19 by the CNN–GRU model. The study had considered the active cases per day dataset for 36 provinces in India from 12 March, 2020 to 17 January, 2022. Based on the study, it is proven that the centralized CNN–GRU model by federated learning had captured the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in different provinces with an enhanced result.

Taking cues from machine learning, compartmental and time series models for SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection in Indian provinces

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, posed a significant threat to the world. We analyzed COVID-19 dissemination data in the top ten Indian provinces by infection incidences using the Susceptible-Infectious-Removed (SIR) model, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series model, a machine learning model based on the Random Forest, and distribution fitting. Outbreaks are expected to continue if the Basic Reproduction Number (R0) > 1, and infection waves are anticipated to end if the R0 < 1, as determined by the SIR model. Different parametric probability distributions are also fitted. Data collected from December 12, 2021, to March 31, 2022, encompassing data from both before and during the implementation of strict control measures. Based on the estimates of the model parameters, health agencies and government policymakers can develop strategies to combat the spread of the disease in the future, and the most effective technique can be recommended for real-world application for other outbreaks of COVID-19. The best method out of these could be also implemented further on the epidemiological data of other similar infectious agents.

Countering Cultural Hegemony: The Bharia Community in Central India

Researching with the Bharia in Central India was a rare opportunity as it is perhaps the only tribal community in the region who are not dispossessed from their habitat in Madhya Pradesh, the Indian province with the largest number of tribal people. Dominant debates rarely take cognisance of the perceptions of the tribal communities. The article tries to map the Bharia voices, their worldview and knowledge that counter the processes of hegemony thrust upon them by the state, the market and non-state players.

A Role Of Technological Innovation Of Rural Entrepreneurs In India

Purpose: This study's main objective is to disseminate recently acquired information and understanding of technical elements of rural entrepreneurship, how they might help entrepreneurial survival and growth in rural industries, and what the theoretical and practical implications are.&#x0D; Theoretical framework: Thanks to rural entrepreneurship, people relocating from rural or semi-urban regions to metropolitan areas today have many chances. On the other hand, it is also true that the majority of rural businesses face several difficulties due to the absence of essential utilities in rural areas of developing countries like India. Due to a lack of education, financial constraints, and poor technical and conceptual abilities, it is too difficult for rural entrepreneurs to launch companies in rural regions.&#x0D; Design / Methodology: The primary data collection came from the 100 rural entrepreneurs who run businesses in the study region. A composite questionnaire containing both quantitative and qualitative questions served as the survey instrument. The entrepreneur received the questionnaire at their place of business, and they had 20 days to fill it out. The researcher and his or her research assistants were always available to assist.&#x0D; Findings: The poll's findings revealed that a sizable percentage of respondents used digital technology more for social and personal relationships than for business. It's crucial to exercise caution when extending the results because the study was only done in one Indian province.&#x0D; Originality: An innovative idea for increasing the awareness of rural entrepreneurship emphasizes the need for local company owners to have creative capacity in order to succeed and reach a certain level of well-being. The acknowledgement of the impact of innovation on rural entrepreneurs supports the plan.

Inter-group relationships of interdependence between the Adivasi people and the Jesuits in India: Emergence of a new identity

This study aims at exploring relationships between social groups from the perspective of the historical colonization. The general objective of the study has been to comprehend the nature of the relation between identities that have come in contact with each other with reference to differences in power. In this article, we seek to understand the nature of the encounter between the Jesuit identity and the Adivasi identity in two Jesuit provinces in India. A total of fifty-six interviews were conducted. Using grounded theory methodology, we have built a model of interdependence among the identities of these groups. The analysis reveals how the interaction centred in the self-respect facilitates the construction of inclusive identities. In this way, a potential model has been drawn into which the identity frontiers can blur to conform to the construction of more inclusive identities.

Quality of life of occupants of old age homes of a northern Indian province

Background: Although a physiological phenomenon, ageing has enormous bearing on all the dimensions of health. Against age-old tradition, India is also witnessing a rapid increase in nuclearization of families. Increase in old age homes (OAHs) has been proportional to rising number of admissions in such institutions. In order to understand the phenomenon in a holistic way, the present study evaluated the quality of life of occupants such facilities in state of Himachal Pradesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to capture quality of life among the occupants of all seven OAHs of the State. Data was collected using World Health Organisation quality of life-Bref (WHOQOL-Bref) instrument consisting of four domains, individual domain and overall scores were compiled; and analysed using appropriate statistical techniques. Results: The mean WHOQOL-BREF score for a total of 145 study participants was 46.6±3 with highest score for environmental domain (49.1±4.7) and least for physical domain (44.0±5.2). Significant higher overall quality of life score was observed for comparatively younger participants, males, more educated individuals, those having a companion prior to the settlement, those having more satisfaction with facilities and lesser morbidities. Conclusions: Considering increasing elderly population proportion, there is a need for increase in number of facilities with standardized infrastructure, staff and facilities; so that quality of life can be maintained and sustained. Being a vulnerable and deprived section of the society, it is imperative that such individuals live out the final stage of their life with quality, dignity and much neglected self-respect.

Emerging porcine Enterovirus G infections, epidemiological, complete genome sequencing, evolutionary and risk factor analysis in India

The current study reports the in-depth analysis of the epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular characterization of a complete genome of Enterovirus G (EV-G) isolated from Indian pigs. We analysed several genes of EV-G isolates collected from various provinces in India, using phylogenetic analysis, recombination detection, SimPlot, and selection pressure analyses. Our analysis of 534 porcine faecal samples revealed that 11.61% (62/534) of the samples were positive for EV-G. While the G6 genotype was the most predominant, our findings showed that Indian EV-G strains also clustered with EV-G types G1, G6, G8, and G9. Furthermore, Indian EV-G strains exhibited the highest nucleotide similarity with Vietnamese (81.3%) and Chinese EV-G isolates (80.3%). Moreover, we identified a recombinant Indian EV-G strain with a putative origin from a Japanese isolate and South Korean EV-G isolate. In summary, our findings provide significant insights into the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and evolution of EV-G in India.

Sanātana Vijñāna &amp; Warangal Fort

Telengana, the new province of India (2014) is explored from a Science Heritage perspective. It is seen she has an ‘impact crater’ of a geological period of the pre-Himalayan (Eocene) period. It has dual rings like complex craters acting as ramparts and hence the entire is the Warangal Fort. This is a case of ‘natural heritage’. Inside it is a Siva temple which is the central piece. It is a case of ‘man-made heritage’ and provides material for the Caption. Temple’s remains (demolished during the Islamic period) are studied from Science and engineering Heritage perspectives. Engrossing field study leads to interesting transpiration that yields a plethora of Hindu Sc &amp; Tech aspects dating to c.13-14th A.D. Astronomically the temple appears to be associated with the star Betelgeuse i.e., Rigel of the Orion constellation (Vana Rājā Kalāpuruṣa Maṇḍala). The 1000-pillar temple complex -Hanamkonda (Han ūmān \ Hanūmā town) is associated possibly with the same constellation. There are three structures and the layout is alike Orion’s eastern triplet (κ-Ori – ε-Ori -&amp;- α Orionis from S-to-N). These construe archaeo-astronomy (ancient pure science). Historically belongs to the Kakatiya (medieval) extending backward to tribal societies and pre-periods. Preliminary surface scanning of the satellite images of the Hyderabad Muslim heritage region indicates vestiges of a star\triangular shaped foundation of a possible erstwhile structure to the west by southwest of the Golconda fort. An excellent example of Vedic Sc. &amp; Tech.

Increasing Risk of Silent Disaster in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Example from Higher Himalaya

Land subsidence is an abrupt and silent disaster worldwide caused by various factors such as tectonics, nature of rocks and climatic variability etc. It is directly triggered by anthropogenic activities. The Uttarakhand Himalayan province in India has witnessed several earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, droughts, and flash floods/floods in the recent past. Among these incidences landslides frequently occurs in the Himalayan region, particularly during the monsoon season. Seismically, this region falls in seismic zones V and IV due to which area witnesses frequent earthquakes. An attempt was made for preparation of an inventory of land subsidence across the state of Uttarakhand to determine the key factors that are responsible for land subsidence. Previous studies and field evidences suggests that land subsidence events mainly occur due to several factors such as carbonate rocks, topography, tectonics, seismicity, climate, flash floods/floods and reservoir drawdown effect in this region. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities such as mining, underground water, unscientifically civil constructions, inadequate drainage, heavy load on ground/slope, and modification of slope for infrastructure developments aggravates the problem. This study also highlights the problem of ongoing chronic land subsidence in Joshimath town which is situated over an old landslide mass as well as its proximity to Vaikrita Thrust.