Indian Music Research Articles

Language Preservation through Popularization of Regional Indian Music: A Data-Driven Approach

The increased global connectivity due to internet penetration has resulted in the dominance of international languages and the decline of regional languages. To help preserve these languages, this study identifies the non-native regions in India that offer the most promising opportunities for expanding the popularity of music for each of the 14 regional languages. It analyses the audio features of 41,000 songs from 14 Indian languages on Spotify, employing two approaches – clustering algorithms and Random Forest Regressors. An overlap between the regions identified by both methods for any given language is considered a robust result, providing greater confidence in the results. The results show that while geographical proximity is a significant factor in determining non-native market fits for the music of a given language, alignment in preferences of audio features driven by cultural similarities plays an integral role as well. The findings have important implications for music industry stakeholders, including artists, management, digital platforms, and governments, who can leverage this data to devise strategies to expand the reach of regional music. This includes designing targeted marketing strategies, fostering cross-regional artist collaborations, and optimizing content recommendation algorithms, among others.

‘All Divine’: mapping the intersections between spirituality and modernity in independent Indian music

ABSTRACT In this paper, I examine some ways in which Indian artists explore tradition and modernity by fusing devotional music and spiritual themes with popular music. This is illustrated through examples such as ‘Krishna’ (1996) by the indipop group, Colonial Cousins, as well as works such as ‘Aathma Raama’ (2012), ‘Vaishnava Jana To’ (2019), and ‘All Divine’ (2022) by hip-hop artist Brodha V. My analysis draws upon established theoretical frameworks including cultural hybridity, globalisation theory, transculturation, and modernity. While spiritual motifs appear to be inextricably linked with traditional Indian musics, this is rarely viewed through the lens of modernity. Through a series of case studies, I explore key instances indicative of sonic conversations negotiating the global and local, emphasising the role of language and global cultural flow in facilitating both resistance and transculturation. Beyond uncovering contemporary engagements with spirituality, case studies reveal how Indian modernity is increasingly characterised by a manner of hybridity. Ultimately, the analysis contributes to our understanding of hybrid modernities and postcolonial identities.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Mardala, Mridangam, and Pakhawaj in Traditional Indian Music

This comprehensive study delves into the intricate world of three classical percussion instruments - Mardala, Mridangam, and Pakhawaj - highlighting their historical significance, structural complexities, tuning systems, and playing techniques. By conducting a thorough comparative analysis, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of these instruments' cultural heritage and musical contributions within the realm of Indian classical music.

Classification of Classical Indian Music Tabla Taals using Deep Learning

In the research that we are bringing to light, we profoundly explore the categorization of Classical Indian Music Tabla Taals. This emphasizes widely recognized taals such as Addhatrital, Ektal, Rupak, Dadra, Deepchandi, Jhaptal, Trital, and Bhajani. To push the boundaries of our understanding, we implement a mixed-methods approach tethering both Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). These state-of-the-art technologies enable us to dissect and categorize tabla taals efficiently. In essence, the hallmark of Classical Indian music is its complex and multifaceted rhythms brought to life by the primal percussive instrument - the tabla. The conception and reproduction of these nuanced taals require technical finesse. Thus, accompanying the digital revolution and the eclectic musical preferences, it becomes essential for advanced methodologies to pinpoint and classify tabla taals. The hardcover of our research opens up to the magnificent crafting of an unmatched model employing both FNN and CNN. This blend enables us to recognize diverse features unique to tabla taals like Addhatrital, Ektal, Rupak, Dadra, Deepchandi, Jhaptal, Trital, and Bhajani. The model obtained its bosom knowledge during training from an assortment of Classical Indian music recordings showcasing these invigorating taals. This fosters a broader understanding regarding the array of minute differences brimming within each rhythmic inheritance. To bring user interaction to life, we have embedded a Graphical User Interface (GUI). This empowers users to introduce an audio file filled with table music from the taals listed and receive on-the-spot recognition. refining their connection and knowledge of the taal in question. Our research findings procure paramount importance in the scape of music analysis, especially framed within the heart of Classical Indian Music. We propose a system that would serve as a tool for amateur table players to learn the skill well and master their art. Instructors could also utilize it for training purposes. It opens a new window of possibilities providing an advanced model for intuitive, swift, and accurate automated identification of tabla taals.

Indian Music: A Future in Dementia Care Indian Music and Dementia.

Indian Music: A Future in Dementia Care Indian Music and Dementia.

PMFCC Features for Music Classification Using the Modified KNN Algorithm

From ancient period Music is a integral part of human life. People prefered to listen Music while relaxing. All over the world nowadays music is used as supporting medication for healing mental illness and many other diseases. The origin of Indian Music is Indian Classical Raga, having a melodious combination of Rhythm and notes. There are various users like music-composers, e-learners, music therapists are frequently retrieving Indian classical Raga based music. The vast retrieval of Raga based music made it necessary to classify Indian music on Raga. This paper proposes an a new algorithm to classify an Indian Music using Raga information which further will be useful for song recommendation, personalizing collection, and musicologists for various purpose.
 In this paper, the combined Pitch and MFCC based PMFCC features are extracted and processed by Modified K Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The performance of PMFCC and Pitch Class Distribution features is compared using traditional machine learning classification algorithms and Modified Variant K Nearest Neighbor (MVKNN). The PMFCC features outperformed with the Modified KNN algorithm. The accuracy of PMFCC features with Modified KNN algorithm is found 96.11% for our Our dataset and 93.65% for Compmusic standard dataset.

The Position of Kabir Bhajans in North Indian Music

Kabirdas is a poet who lived in medieval India. He visioned to spread social purity with philosophical thinking through the poems which are termed as Nirgun bhajans. Bhajan is simply known for chanting the qualities and the physical appearance of Hindu deity/deities. The bhajans or poems composed by Kabirdas are not consisting of the latter, but they are also put under the term 'bhajan' in terms of lyrics and their musical presentation. Traditionally, bhajans refer to devotional songs that depict the qualities and physical attributes of various deities. However, Kabirdas' bhajans deviate from this norm by focusing on different themes, while maintaining a certain essence of traditional bhajans. This study investigates how the melodies of Kabir bhajans effects in the absence of chanting the qualities and the physical appearance of a Hindu deity/deities in the lyrics. This study also aims to look at the broader significance of devotional music in promoting social and philosophical ideals in medieval India.

Essence of Rhythm in Indian Music

Abstract-Rhythm refers to the arrangement of time in music. In addition to melody and harmony it is one of the fundamental elements of music. In fact, melody itself implies a pattern in time arising from the fact that the notes are played for different lengths of time. There is latent rhythm in every melody. The fact that we react almost instinctively to music either by clapping our hands or by tapping our feet is evidence of the existence of this time pattern.

Contribution of Indian Music Towards the Social and Cultural Development After the Independence of India

Music is as old as our civilization. The presence of music / dance in Indus Valley Civilization is evident from some musical instruments, such as the arched or bow-shaped harp and few varieties of drums on terracotta figures and pictographs on the seals. Further, the dancing girl figurine is a testimony to this. However, what kind of music or dance was prevalent that time, we are totally ignorant about it. • Music in Vedic Era • Origin of Sargam • Music in Maurya Era – Buddhist and Jain Sources • Later Development of Indian Music • Brihaddeshi • Influence of Islam • Impact of Bhakti Movement • Mughal Era • 19th century • 20th century • Modern trends in Indian classical music

The Effectiveness of Indian Music in Emotion Pattern Recognition under the Framework of Machine Intelligence

Experts in music therapy has suggested music as an aid to give the positive state of mind by keeping all sorts of depression and anxiety away. Music helps to bring back the original state of vibration by controlling our emotions [1]. A music is a combined effect of melody, the singer’s voice, and linguistics. The singer voice expresses the singer’s emotion like glad sorrow, anxiety, peace, tiredness and which in turns control the listener’s mental state. Indian music is analyzed and an approach for information retrieval to propose a therapeutic system through detection and identification of Indian music is initiated. Music Information Retrieval is a powerful tool to analyze different characteristics of a music. However, in this approach different traits of music are studied, and categorization has been done which leads to the therapeutic cause.

Novel mathematical model for the classification of music and rhythmic genre using deep neural network

Music Genre Classification (MGC) is a crucial undertaking that categorizes Music Genre (MG) based on auditory information. MGC is commonly employed in the retrieval of music information. The three main stages of the proposed system are data readiness, feature mining, and categorization. To categorize MG, a new neural network was deployed. The proposed system uses features from spectrographs derived from short clips of songs as inputs to a projected scheme building to categorize songs into an appropriate MG. Extensive experiment on the GTZAN dataset, Indian Music Genre(IMG) dataset, Hindustan Music Rhythm (HMR) and Tabala Dataset show that the proposed strategy is more effective than existing methods. Indian rhythms were used to test the proposed system design. The proposed system design was compared with other existing algorithms based on time and space complexity.

Indian Music: Ancient Traditions, Contemporary Rights

Indian Music: Ancient Traditions, Contemporary Rights

Artificial intelligence-based classification performance evaluation in monophonic and polyphonic indian classical instruments recognition with hybrid domain features amalgamation

In computer music, instrument recognition is a critical part of sound modeling. Pitch, timbre, loudness, duration, and spatialization are all components of musical sounds. All of these components play a significant part in determining the quality of the tonal sound. It is possible to alter the first four parameters, but timbre always poses a challenge [6]. It was inevitable that timbre would take center stage. Musical instruments are distinguished from one other by their distinct sound quality, independent of their pitch or volume. To distinguish between monophonic and polyphonic music recordings, this method might be used. In Musical Information Retrieval, classification plays one of the critical role. Monophonic instrument classification can be found in literature with quiet a substantial combinations of features and classifiers. Polyphonic instrument classification witnessed less references in the literature and is still an area to be explored specifically when it comes to Indian Classical domain. The present paper exactly focusses on this experimentation. Several Indian instruments were used to produce training data sets for the proposed approach’s evaluation purposes. Among the instruments utilized are the flute, harmonium, and sitar. Statistical and spectral factors are used to classify Indian musical instruments along with the Artificial Intelligence-based methods. Hybrid features from multiple domains that extract essential musical properties are extracted. Accuracy is demonstrated through an Indian Musical Instrument SVM and GMM classification. With monophonic sounds, SVM and Polyphonic produce an average accuracy of 89% and 91%. GMM outperforms SVM in monophonic recordings by a factor of 96.33 and polyphonic recordings by a factor of 93.33, according to the results of the studies. The future scope of this recognition framework can be an Artificial Intelligence System with a system linked with the Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) framework to develop a standalone system or application which can be used for real- time classification of instruments.

Mathematics in Indian Music: Examining Children's Learning Process

There are many mathematical concepts found in music. Music is integrated into Indian culture. It is a common practice among children in India to engage in music lessons from a young age. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Indian music on the cognitive development of children to understand or reinforce mathematics. Data was collected from three schools in Kolkata, India, through interviews, observations, and survey questionnaires. Six different music classes from three music schools were observed at different times. Observations were documented through pictures, video recordings, running records, and anecdotal records. To supplement these documentations, a field journal was kept at all times. The study was qualitative in nature, and all data were analyzed thematically. The findings suggested the importance of Indian music in children’s cognitive development and how Indian music helped in learning mathematics. Both teachers and parents felt that music builds concentration among children and also helps children with disabilities.

Effect of Indian Music as an Auditory Stimulus on Physiological Measures of Stress, Anxiety, Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses in Humans-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Among the different anthropogenic stimuli humans are exposed to, the psychological and cardiovascular effects of auditory stimuli are less understood. This study aims to explore the possible range of change after a single session of auditory stimulation with three different ‘Modes’ of musical stimuli (MS) on anxiety, biomarkers of stress, and cardiovascular parameters among healthy young individuals. In this randomized control trial, 140 healthy young adults, aged 18–30 years, were randomly assigned to three MS groups (Mode/Raga Miyan ki Todi, Malkauns, and Puriya) and one control group (natural sounds). The outcome measurements of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), salivary cortisol (sCort), blood pressure, and heart rate variability (HRV) were collected at three time points: before (M1), during (M2), and after the intervention (M3). State anxiety was reduced significantly with raga Puriya (p = 0.018), followed by raga Malkauns and raga Miyan Ki Todi. All the groups showed a significant reduction in sAA. Raga Miyan ki Todi and Puriya caused an arousal effect (as evidenced by HRV) during the intervention and significant relaxation after the intervention (both p < 0.005). Raga Malkauns and the control group had a sustained rise in parasympathetic activity over 30 min. Future studies should try to use other modes and features to develop a better scientific foundation for the use of Indian music in medicine.

Indian Music Genre Classification

In this project, we are going to build an application that classifies the genre of the music. The audio files will be given as input and the classified genre will be given as output. The INDIAN genre collection dataset was collected in 2000-2001. It consists of 600 audio files each having 30 seconds duration. There are 6 classes (6 music genres) each containing 100 audio tracks. Each track is in .wav format. It contains audio files of the following 6 genres

Graceful Movements of Sound in Music

The Graceful movements of swaras (Sounds) are called “Gamakas” in Karnatic Music. Gamakas are the important factors whch has great role in Indian Music. They represent the Melodic Character of a Raga and create a Musical effect to that Raga. The Ancient Tamil Grammer Tholkaappiam says that Lengthening of a Letter which is originated from the Vocal Chord is Music. In one of the main chapter Ezhuthadikaaram it confirms the sub- division “Asai” forms the Basis for Gamakas. Depending upon the Graceful movements that is Asai in Tamil Gamakas varieties are derived.

INDIAN INSTRUMENT MAKERS IN PERFORMING ARTS

The currently popular Indian Musical Instruments have undergone tremendous changes during the passing of time. This has occurred in terms of its playing styles, modes of presentations and its architecture. What caused these changes is remained to be studied. There might be some inter-relationship between these four factors, namely, the changes/advancement occurred in playing techniques, picking preferences of playable materials, changes in execution styles and the changes of architecture of the instruments. Consequently, the effect of changes in the society which directly reflected on the patronization and general attitude of the people towards this art form may have played important roles in the changes in music. How the musicians felt the urge of widening its area of penetration amongst the masses of the world and what was the impact of globalization on this art and craft remained to be studied.

The Role of Private FM Radio Channels in Popularizing Indian Music

The radio industry has grown impressively as music is the backbone, which caters to 83 percent of the airtime. The present study assesses the intensity of preferring broadcasting music over content by private radio stations in Tricity and how it caught the youth imagination is examined. To keep the objectives in mind, the researcher analysed the data of aired music by two prominent private radio stations in the city. In the present paper, various genres of music, whether they are current or popular, old and latest, station royalty, and dependency on film music, have been analyzed. The study concluded that the majority of commercial radio’s schedule only hit numbers during prime time by keeping in mind their moving listeners. This study adds the peculiar finding that if a station does not make a playlist according to a listener’s preference, and then there is a constant risk of channel swapping by them.

Evolution of Indian Music and Origin of Musical Instruments

The origin of Indian Music is said to be rooted in the ‘Vedas’. As, the Sound which pervades the whole universe is ‘Nadabrahma’, the origin of Indian Music are considered as divine. It is said that the musician has to cultivate an attitude of self-abandonment, in order to fuse with the divine power, God Brahma who is said to be the author of the four ‘Vedas’, of which the ‘SamaVeda’ was chanted in definite musical patterns. Vedic hymns were sung in plain melody, using only three notes. The present article focuses on the evolution of Indian music and its various forms along with the origin of musical instruments.