Indian Major Carp Labeo Rohita Research Articles

Effect of Lactobacillus Probiotic Supplement on Growth and Haematological Performance of Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita

The influence of probiotics bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus improves the survival, growth, and Hematological performance of the Indian major carp Rohu (Labeo rohita). After acclimation, a 60-day experimental study was conducted with four different types of treatments; namely, T1: Control, i.e. Basal feed without Probiotic supplements, T2: Basal feed with Aeromonas hydrophila, T3: Lactobacillus supplemented probiotic feed without Aeromonas hydrophila, and T4: Lactobacillus supplemented probiotic feed with A. hydrophila. After the experimental study, growth parameters were monitored through Weight gain, Specific growth rates, survival percentage, and haematological parameters including WBC, RBC, haemoglobin (Hb), and haematocrit (Hct) values of probiotics treated group (T3 and T4) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control and T2 group. The Present study indicated that the positive effects of the L. acidophilus probiotic supplement diet improved the survival, growth, and Haematological performance in aquaculture.

Studies on seasonal variations in gonadosomatic index (GSI) of an Indian major carp labeo rohita (ham) in pond water

Climate change is projected to impact broadly across ecosystem, societies and economics increasing pressure on all livelihoods and food supplies, including those in the fisheries and aquaculture sector. Indian major carps are a prized food of India, however, it is facing tough competition in Indian water against the exotic fish. The study was conducted to determine the variation in the gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.). This fish has only one spawning season of short duration, running from May, June to July as indicated by the peaks of GSI, and female fish mature simultaneously. The minimum GSI for female was 2.01+ 0.42 in resting phase and maximum was observed in the spawning phase 27.53 + 3.99. Whereas GSI decreases during the post spawning season.. KEYWORDS :Gonadosomatic index, Female, Seasonal change, Labeo rohita (Ham).

Histological study of ovary of indian major carp Labeo rohita (ham), in pond condition

The scientific management for obtaining high yield of fish production eventually calls for the adequate and indepth study of breeding mechanism. Month wise variations with reference to histomorphological changes in oocytes of a fresh water fish, Labeo rohita (Ham.) have been described. The different stages of oocytes development were examined microscopically. Five stages of oocytes development of Labeo rohita under study were identified. The matured ova were found in the month of May, June and July in the ovary of this fish.. KEYWORDS :Histology, Ovary, Labeo rohita (Ham.)

Histopathological alterations in the vital organs of Indian major carp Labeo rohita exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG)

BackgroundMonosodium glutamate (MSG E621) is one of the most popular flavouring agents of modern times and is widely used in many commercially packed food and even in house hold cooking. Previous studies revealed that excessive intake of MSG in diet causes obesity, metabolic defects, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats, but no reports are available in the literature about the ecotoxicological assessment of MSG by using fishes as a bioindicators. Since fishes are important consumer in aquatic food chain and directly linked with human health status, the present study was aimed to investigate the impact of MSG in freshwater fish Labeo rohita by using histological biomarkers.ResultsNinety-six h-LC50 of MSG to Labeo rohita was determined (1.5 g/L), and fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of MSG (1/10th of 96 h-LC50 concentration of MSG (150 mg/L)) showed distinguished behavioural changes like erratic movement, loss of appetite and excessive mucous secretion all over the body as an adaptive syndrome to avoid the direct exposure to MSG in the medium. Histopathological analysis clearly depicts severe damages in the vital organs of fish. In gills, epithelial necrosis, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, primary and secondary gill lamellae degeneration, oedema, fusion of adjacent secondary lamellae and rupture of gill epithelium were observed. The intensity of tissue damage was increased as the exposure period was extended. The liver displayed vein congestion, vacuole formation, degeneration in parenchymal cells and bile stagnation, whereas MSG-treated kidney tissue showed high interstitial inflammation. Among the vital organs gill and liver displayed the highest histopathological alterations.ConclusionsThe present study clearly demonstrated that MSG is toxic to fish and able to cause significant damages in the vital organs as the exposure period was extended. Since the studies on the toxicity of MSG to fish are rare, the present investigation may contribute to the scarce literature on sub-lethal toxicity of MSG to freshwater fishes.

An expeditious synthesis and histo–toxicological study of 1,2,3‐triazoles catalyzed by a novel Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) as a magnetically separable catalyst

A novel Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) as a magnetically separable catalyst was synthesized and further confirmed by FT‐IR, TGA, XRD, FE‐SEM, EDX, ICP‐AES, TEM, VSM, and XPS analyses. The catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) was examined in the one‐pot environmentally friendly synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles by reacting terminal alkynes, alkyl halides, and sodium azide in ethanol at 55°C. The results revealed Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) nano–sizedcatalyst is advantageous in terms of excellent activity, high stability, and easily recoverable in the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles. The mechanistic study of Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐Thiosemicarbazide‐Cu(II) catalyzed synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazole is also supported by DFT calculations. The significant advantages of this catalytic system are mild reaction conditions, easy work‐up procedure, magnetic separation, heterogeneity, an excellent yield of the product, and recyclability without a notable decrease of catalytic potency for six runs. Further, histotoxicological assessment of synthesized 1,2,3‐triazoles was done on the Indian major carp Labeo rohita.

Effect of Temperature Fluctuation on the Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala Larvae under a Controlled Environment

Major carp i.e., Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigala (Cirrhinus mrigala) are economically very important and commonly cultured in Indian subcontinent. In Pakistan aquatic organisms especially, freshwater species are facing many environmental problems such as variation in weather pattern. Temperature fluctuation is pervasive and most common environmental factor that is very distressing for major carps. The larvae of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were treated with different temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33 and 35 °C following 28 °C acclimation temperature. Thermal variation rate was recorded 2 °C/day. Death rate of both species larvae was observed. In temperature group 10 °C, 15% and 64% mortality of Labeo rohita was observed while, in Cirrhinus mrigala 16% and 66% mortality was recorded at 14 and 10 °C respectively. When larvae of both species were exposed to 10-20 °C, significantly (P < 0.05) maximum death rate was observed at this temperature as compared to other experimental groups. Cumulative death rate of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were recorded 84, 43, 22, 16, 1, 2, 3% and 86, 45, 23, 17, 1, 2, 4% in 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 35 °C temperature groups, respectively. All larvae of both species died within 2 days at temperature group 10 °C and continued to die at temperature groups 15 °C and 20 °C up to 11 days. Both species larval mortality persisted in temperature groups at 25 °C up to 18 days. Simple regression analysis was applied for thermal range (T < 28 °C and T > 28 °C), variation in death per fall and elevation of ∆T = 1 °C was measured in the log-linear regression model framework. When water temperature dropped from acclimation temperature 28 °C, the accumulative death of larvae for 1 °C decrease of temperature from acclimation one, significantly (P < 0.05) was calculated in both species. When water temperature elevated from 28 °C, less steep beta coefficient was observed in Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. 1 °C elevation of water temperature from acclimation temperature 28 °C, the accumulative death in Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were (P > 0.05) obtained

Determination of 96 h LC50 Value and Acute Toxicity of Marshal (Carbosulfan 25%EC) on Thyroid and Reproductive Hormones of Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Contamination of water bodies by pesticides can lead to fish death and reduced fish productivity etc. which can affect humans consuming these fishes as a source of protein. The present study was designed to determine the 96h LC50 value of a carbamate pesticide, Marshal (Carbosulfan 25%EC) and to investigate effects of this pesticide on the thyroid and reproductive hormones profile of Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton). The present study indicates that Marshal has potential hormonal stress on Labeo rohita. The mortality data obtained were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 based on Finney’s Probit Analysis Statistical method. The 96h LC50 value for Marshal was found to be 10 ?l/L. Effects of this carbamate pesticide on serum T3, T4 and TSH, testosterone and estradiol were investigated at sub-lethal concentration. Serum T3, T4 and TSH were studied for 96 h and testosterone and estradiol for 4 days and 15 days. These parameters (except TSH) decrease after exposure of the fish to pesticide.

Bioaccumulation of silver and its effects on biochemical parameters and histological alterations in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita

Extensive usage of silver in several applications may contaminate the freshwater compartment and affects the health status of aquatic organisms. In the present investigation, fingerlings of Indian major carp Labeo rohita were exposed (35 days) to sublethal concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and bioaccumulation pattern, biochemical and histological alterations were evaluated. Initially, the median lethal concentration (LC 50) of silver nitrate to the fish Labeo rohita for 96 h was calculated and it was found to be 0.035 mg L−1. To assess the toxicity of ionic silver two sublethal concentrations (0.0035 mg L−1: 1/10th of LC 50 and 0.007 mg L−1; 1/5th of LC 50) were selected and the experiment was conducted for a period of 35 days. A considerable quantity of AgNO3 was accumulated in the gill, liver and kidney tissues of Labeo rohita. Accumulation of AgNO3 was high in liver tissue compared to other organs/tissue. Membrane-bound enzyme (Na+/K+/-ATPase) activity was inhibited in both the concentrations when compared with the control group. Likewise, plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl−) level were significantly decreased when compared with untreated groups. On the other hand, a noticeably increased level of glucose was observed in fish exposed to 0.0035 and 0.007 mg L−1 of AgNO3. Moreover, declining protein level was assessed during the initial days (7 and 14 days), and the level was increased in the rest of the exposure period. Extensive histopathological abnormalities were noticed in gill (hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, curling of lamellae) and liver (degeneration of hepatic nucleus, vacuolization, hepatic necrosis) of fish treated with silver nitrate when compared to control groups. The results obtained in the present study revealed that the bioaccumulation pattern, alterations in membrane-bound gill-ATPase activity, plasma electrolytes, biochemical and histological parameters of fish can be useful for biomonitoring the changes in the environment and health condition of fish in freshwater ecosystem contaminated with silver. Highlights •The fingerlings of Labeo rohita were exposed to sublethal concentrations of AgNO3 for 35 days.

Partial purification and characterisation of α-amylases from the digestive tract of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Partial purification of α-amylases from the digestive tract of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) through acetone fractionation and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-SephadexA-50) resulted in 8-fold purification with 86% recovery. Characterisation of amylase activity revealed two pH optima at 4.5 and 6.5. Activity was stable over wide pH ranges of 3.5 to 4.5 and 7 to 12. Optimum incubation temperature was 35°C. The enzyme lost 91% activity at 60°C within 15 min and was inhibited by Amylase inhibitor Type-1 (wheat); 1, 10 Phenanthroline, Ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and Phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF). Heavy metal ions Hg++ and Cu++ strongly inhibited the enzyme activity, while Zn++ and Bi++ inhibited to a lesser extent. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified amylase fractions revealed four bands, with corresponding molecular weights of 43.59, 52.36, 55.42 and 54.01 kDa. α-Amylase activity from L. rohita exhibited linear hydrolysis of starch upto 7% concentration in 60 min.

Scientific footprint of Indian major carp research in South Asia: a scientometric study between 1955 and 2018

ABSTRACT The importance of Indian major carps (Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, and Labeo rohita) in South Asian region is manifested in poverty alleviation/nutritional aspects. The development of Indian major carp aquaculture in South Asia was fostered by regional scientific literature. The present study summarized the scientific trends of Indian major carp research in South Asia between 1955 and 2018 based on scientometric approach. Articles obtained from Web of ScienceTM were analyzed using package bibliometrix, R statistical programming language, and VOSviewer software. Results revealed an increasing trend in the number of articles. Aquaculture was the dominant journal (no.of publications (87)). Geographical distribution of the articles was highly uneven. Keyword analysis identified five major research areas. Present findings indicated that a significant reduction of the articles from other South Asian countries except for India. Present study emphasized that increased collaboration with developed countries, enhanced funding are key for the future development of Indian carp research.

Growth performance, hematological and biochemical effects of iron oxide nanoparticles in Labeo rohita

Abstract In aquaculture farming, iron deficiency in fish causes anemia and also causes improper growth. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles are widely used in micro-nutrient delivery in aquaculture as they are eco-friendly, and non-toxic to the environment. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be the alternative supplement to overcome iron deficiency. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of Amaranthus tricolor mediated iron nanoparticles in the physiological, hematological, biochemical parameters of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita. In the present study characterization of the iron nanoparticles were done. Iron oxide nanoparticles were added to the experimental basal diets at various concentrations. Positive and negative controls were also taken. Feeding experiment showed that iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated diet showed positive result towards the survival, growth and biochemical compositions in Labeo rohita. The values of hemoglobin and erythrocyte count show a significant increase among the different concentration of diet. Fish fed with iron oxide nanoparticle supplemented diet produced a better performance in the biochemical compositions. The results from the study prove that the iron nanoparticles supplemented diet can improve the physiological, biochemical and hematological activities in Labeo rohita. Thus it is inferred that the iron oxide nanoparticles possess the capabilities of being the alternative source to rectify the iron deficiency and retarded growth related problems in Labeo rohita.

Study on age and growth of Indian Major carp (Labeo rohita) from the Ganga River

Study on age and growth of Indian Major carp (Labeo rohita) from the Ganga River

Susceptibility of Indian major carp Labeo rohita to tilapia lake virus

Infection with tilapia lake virus (TiLV) has been reported to cause large-scale mortalities in tilapines, the second most cultured species in the world. Interestingly, in polyculture system, although tilapia is reported to suffer high mortalities due to infection with TiLV, the disease has not been reported in co-cultured species. Nevertheless, natural host switch is a frequent phenomenon among viruses of lower vertebrates, especially fish viruses. To analyse the risk of spread of virus to new host species, it is essential to study the susceptibility of other fish species to the virus. In India, tilapia is generally cultured along with Indian major carps (IMC) in polyculture systems. Keeping this in consideration, in the present study, the susceptibility of rohu Labeo rohita, an important major carp, to TiLV was evaluated following experimental infection and it was compared with a susceptible host, i.e. Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The results revealed that the experimentally-infected rohu did not exhibit any clinical signs and mortality. On the other hand, in tilapia, a cumulative mortality of 80% was observed during the experimental period of 12 days with clinical signs typical of TiLV disease. In histopathological examination of liver, one of the main target organ of TiLV, typical syncytial cells were observed in tilapia whereas, no alterations were observed in rohu. Importantly, in rohu, the virus copy numbers in liver and intestine were almost negligible (<3 virus copies) and did not increase with time course, and the virus was not detected in brain at any time point by qRT-PCR. However, in tilapia, there was significant increase in virus copy numbers in liver, brain as well as intestine up to 6 days post-infection (dpi), and thereafter, a marginal decrease was observed up to 12 dpi. Therefore, based on lack of clinical signs and mortality pattern, histopathological findings and results of qRT-PCR, it can be concluded that TiLV did not replicate in rohu, and it is not susceptible to infection with TiLV.

Light microscopic studies to evaluate fish scales as non-invasive indicators of heavy metal-contaminated waters.

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic bodies is a matter of serious concern for aquatic fauna and human health. This study evaluated the effect of heavy metals on structural aberrations in fish scales of freshwater Indian major carp Labeo rohita. Scales from two size groups-lesser than and equal to 40 cm and greater than 40 cm-collected from three markets of Ludhiana district for a period of 6 months were assessed. The values of Pb, Zn and Cr in fish scales exceeded the permissible limits. Structural alterations such as distorted focus, damaged and eroded circuli, distorted pattern of circuli, damaged margins of scales, dispersed chromatophores, disorganised radii and damaged tubercles were observed on the dorsal surface of scales using light microscopy. It is postulated that heavy metals would be responsible for structural anomalies on scales as their accumulation was higher in larger fishes which have been exposed to metals for longer duration. These observations clearly suggest that fish scales are effective non-invasive indicator of water quality where fish have been reared and cultured.

Effects of dietary heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain VSG2 on immune functions, antioxidant efficacy, and disease resistance in Cyprinus carpio

A probiotic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG2 was previously isolated from the gut of Indian major carp Labeo rohita. But, its efficacy as a heat-inactivated probiotic on the immune response of fish remains unexplored. Thus, present study investigated the effect of heat-killed P. aeruginosa VSG2 (HK-PA) supplementation on the immune function, digestive enzymatic activities, and antioxidant status of Cyprinus carpio. Moreover, the effect of HK-PA supplementation on the susceptibility of C. carpio to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge was also evaluated. To do so, diets containing five different concentrations of HK-PA (mg kg−1) (0 [basal diet], 10 [PA10], 20 [PA20], 30 [PA30], and 40 mg kg−1 [PA40]) were fed to fish for 8 weeks. The results revealed that immune-related factors, such as lysozyme, protein level, alkaline phosphatase, and alternative complement pathway levels increased in fish fed with HK-PA, but differences were significant in PA20–PA40 compared to the control. The immunoglobulin level was higher (p < .05) in PA30, compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and myeloperoxidase levels significantly increased in serum or skin mucus of fish fed with HK-PA. Accordingly, malondialdehyde levels decreased in fish fed with HK-PA. Among intestinal enzymatic activities, protease activity was higher in the HK-PA fed groups compared to the control. Moreover, mRNA expression of antioxidant genes (SOD, GPx, and catalase) significantly increased in the liver of PA20–PA40. Fish in the PA30 exhibited the highest relative post-challenge survival (71.54 ± 5.37%) against A. hydrophila infection. Overall, dietary administration of HK-PA at 30 mg kg−1 (PA30) for 8 weeks improved (p < .05) the skin mucosal and serum immune parameters, strengthened antioxidant capacity, enhanced intestinal enzymatic activities, and increased the resistance against a pathogen challenge. The heat-killed P. aeruginosa VSG2 represents a promising dietary supplement for carps in aquaculture.

DNA damage and physiological responses in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita exposed to an antimicrobial agent triclosan.

This study is aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of triclosan (TCS) in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The 96-h LC50 value of triclosan to L. rohita was found to be 0.39mgL-1. Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.039mgL-1, treatment I and 0.078mgL-1, treatment II) of TCS for 35days, and certain hematobiochemical, antioxidant, histopathological responses were measured. Compared to the control group, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the values and genotoxicity of hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and erythrocyte (RBC) in TCS-exposed fish, but the values of leucocyte count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were found to be increased. A biphasic response in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value was observed during the study period (35days). Significant (p < 0.05) alterations in plasma biochemical parameters (glucose and protein), electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-), and transaminases (GOT and GPT) were observed in fish treated with TCS in both treatments. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was found to be decreased in fish treated with TCS in both treatments. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant index levels have also fluctuated in all the tissues (gill, liver, and kidney). The histological lesions were comparatively more severe in the gill than the liver and kidney. Comet assay showed DNA damage on exposure at two sublethal concentrations. The present results suggest that TCS is highly toxic to fish even at sublethal concentrations.

Responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings to N-acetyl-p-aminophenol toxicity

The short term (96 h) toxicity of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (0.58 mg/L – Treatment I and 0.29 mg/L – Treatment II) on certain health indicators (haematology, biochemical, and enzymology) of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita was studied. When compared to control, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol treated fish showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), and erythrocyte (RBC) levels throughout the study period. Whereas, a significant (P < 0.05) increase were noted in leucocyte (WBC) counts (except 48 h in Treatment-I), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values (except 24 h in Treatment-I). Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were found to be decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in fish exposed to 0.58 mg/L of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, whereas in 0.29 mg/L exposed fish the values were found to be increased significantly (P < 0.05) (except 72 h). A significant (P < 0.05) increase in plasma glucose levels was noticed in fish exposed to 0.58 mg/L of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (except 96 h). However, a biphasic trend in plasma glucose level was observed at 0.29 mg/L of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol exposed fish. Protein levels were found to be increased in both the treatments except at the end of 48 and 96 h in 0.58 and 0.29 mg/L, respectively. In both the treatments fluctuations of enzyme (GOT, GPT, and LDH) activities in gill and liver were also noted. However, these enzyme activities found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in kidney and plasma of fish. From the result we conclude that the drug N-acetyl-p-aminophenol upon short term exposure could pose a risk to fish and the alteration of these parameters can be used to ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in aquatic organisms.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper nigrum: tissue-specific bioaccumulation, histopathology, and oxidative stress responses in Indian major carp Labeo rohita.

The aim of the present investigation is to assess the sublethal toxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in Indian major carp Labeo rohita. Ag NPs used in the study were synthesized by using AgNO3 with aqueous leaf extract of Piper nigrum. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of synthesized Ag NPs was determined for 96h (25μg/L); 2.5μg/L (1/10th LC50) and 5μg/L (1/5th LC50) were taken as sublethal concentrations to evaluate the toxicity for 35days. The results of the TEM, SEM, and EDX analyses revealed that Ag NPs were considerably accumulated in the gill, liver, and kidney of fish at both concentrations (2.5 and 5μg/L). Consequently, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT, was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the gill, liver, and kidney when compared to the control group during the study period. However, lipid peroxidase (LPO) activity in the gill, liver, and kidney was significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and the result concluded a possible sign of free radical-induced oxidative stress in Ag NP-exposed fish than the sham-exposed individuals. The histopathological study also confirmed the alterations such as degeneration of lamella, lifting of lamellar epithelium, hepatic necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, increased intracellular space, and shrinkage of glomerulus elicited by Ag NPs in the gill, liver, and kidney of Labeo rohita with two different concentrations. The findings of the present study revealed that green synthesis of Ag NPs from Piper nigrum at sublethal concentrations leads to accumulation of Ag, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the target organs of the fish, Labeo rohita.

Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Impact on the Antioxidant Response and Histology of Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita, with Combined Response Surface Methodology Analysis

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has received considerable attention due to their cost-effective, eco-friendly and medicinal values. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesised using the aqueous leaf extracts of Piper nigrum. TEM images revealed that the particle is spherical with 20–50 nm in size. Furthermore, to evaluate the toxicity of synthesized Ag NPs, fish Labeo rohita were exposed to two different concentrations (2.5 µg/L as the treatment I and 5 µg/L as treatment II) for 35 days, and antioxidant parameters and histology of gill, liver and kidney were examined. A biphasic response in the activity of glutathione S-transferases (GST) was observed in gill and liver of fish. GST activity in the kidney of fish was significantly increased when compared to control group. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity in organs/tissue of fish were found to be increased while peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly decreased. Histopathological changes such as hyperplasia, proliferation of epithelial cells and fusion of lamellae were observed in both the concentrations. In liver, necrosis, nuclear degeneration and dilation of sinusoids were observed. Subsequently, the representative effects of POD activity were assessed based on the Box–Behnken Equation, 3-D contour plot and ANOVA analysis through response surface methodology analysis.

Analysis of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Its Receptor of an Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita: An In silico Approach

Analysis of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Its Receptor of an Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita: An In silico Approach