Indicators Of Socio-economic Development Research Articles

Методологические и практические вопросы стратегий развития моногородов: возможности предикативной аналитики

The purpose of the article is to study the problems associated with the stabilization of the situation in single-industry towns and the methodological justification of the practical possibilities of using predicative analytics in obtaining a predictive assessment of the growth points and taking into account risk factors during the creation of a strategy for sustainable development of a mono-profile territory. The historical significance of single-industry towns is shown and the reasons for the subsequent decline in their socio-economic indicators and the state of infrastructure are given. The consequences of the dependence of socio-economic indicators of single-industry town development on the financial results of the activity of a city-forming enterprise are analyzed. The expediency of developing a unified approach to technologies for solving the problems of single-industry towns development using predictive analytics tools in the process of planning the territory development is argued.

ФАКТОРИ РОЗВИТКУ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ ПРИВАБЛИВОСТІ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ СФЕРИ КРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the definition and systematization of factors of influence and development on the investment attractiveness of the tourism and recreation industry. The insufficient level of information support reduces the interest of investors in financing tourism in Ukraine. The available information does not fully reflect the development of the industry, which does not stimulate investors. Despite the created legislative framework, complex procedures for harmonizing documents create barriers for investors. Investments are concentrated in the western and southern regions, where tourism is a priority. Economic justification, profitability calculations, payback period and business plan are required to attract investments. The formation of a favorable investment climate requires complex measures to improve the conditions of investors' activity and expand the mechanisms of investment projects. A system of influencing factors on the investment attractiveness of the country's tourism sphere is proposed, including factors reflecting the general state of the country's economy and its social stability; indicators that determine the degree of development and organization of tourist services; factors including assessment of physical infrastructure necessary for tourism development; availability of tourist resources; indicators including the total volume and dynamics of investments in the tourism sphere; factors that determine the legislative and regulatory framework that regulates tourist activity. A set of internal and external factors of investment attractiveness of the tourism and recreation industry is substantiated. Where among the domestic staffing of the tourism and recreation industry; availability of cross-border cooperation in the field of tourism and recreation with neighboring states; the level of technological equipment and the level of expenses and socio-economic indicators of the state's development. External ones include: the political and economic situation in the state; investment attractiveness of the state; guarantees of inviolability of investments; natural resource; and the cultural and historical potential of the state. Taking into account these factors will help to develop effective strategies for attracting investments and developing tourism infrastructure, which will contribute to the overall economic growth of the country.

Диверсификация экономики как фактор устойчивого развития региона в современных условиях

In the context of a high degree of uncertainty in the modern global economic space, the search for ways that can ensure long-term stable development of the economy of the country’s regions becomes relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify the strength of relationship between the level of development of an economic entity and the degree of diversification of its economy, which will allow the regions of the Russian Federation to justify the choice of diversification or specialization policy. The level of diversification was determined by such methods as analysis of the structure of the regional economy, highlighting the sectors of the national economy that make the greatest contribution to the gross regional product; study of the distribution of employees by types of economic activity; calculation of indicators characterizing the concentration of production in territories – the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, dispersion indicator, entropy coefficient. The study identified that more than 12 % of regions have a low diversification level, mainly associated with mining operations. The author calculated the correlation coefficient between the Herfindahl–Hirschman index and the indicators of the gross regional product of the Russian Federation constituents, which allowed concluding on the absence of connection between these indicators. The author believes that diversification of the region’s economy does not guarantee an increase in its efficiency. Constituents with a low diversification level often have high indicators of socio-economic development; therefore, the focus on diversification is not always an economically sound strategy for the development of the region. Thus, increasing the diversification level does not have a direct connection confirmed by calculations with the level of development of the region; however, additional research on the structure of manufacturing industries and determining their impact on the economic system are necessary.

Assessment of opportunities for socio-economic sustainable development of small towns in Jambyl oblast

Achieving sustainable development of small towns as a special system is directly related, first of all, to maintaining socio-economic stability and creating a favourable environment for human life. Indeed, as a basis for the sustainability of small towns, the development of services, effective utilisation of local characteristics and diversification of socio-economic spheres are very important. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the possibilities of socio-economic sustainable development of small towns in Zhambyl region. The study consisted of two stages: at the first stage a systematic analysis of statistical indicators of socio-economic development of Zhambyl region was conducted, the dynamics of sustainable development was assessed, at the second stage a survey was conducted and the information necessary for analysis was collected. The survey was conducted in the cities of Zhanatas, Karatau and Shu, which have the status of small towns in Zhambyl region. As a result of the survey, positive dynamics was noted for all indicators of socio-economic development of Zhambyl region. The volume of production in the region's manufacturing industry totalled 521.7 billion tenge, with a physical volume index of 111.1% compared to 2022. At the same time, the production of food products increased by 17.8%, chemical industry - by 5.5%, oil products - by 19.6%, finished metal products - by 31.9%, machine building - by 7.7%. However, according to the results of a survey conducted in the small towns of Zhanatas, Karatau and Shu, it became known that 31 per cent of respondents earn within 100-200 thousand tenge and 28 per cent within 60-100 thousand tenge. In addition, 66% of residents of small towns ask to increase the number of new jobs. Thus, the study revealed the need to modernise the socio-economic plan for sustainable development of small towns in Zhambyl region, the need to diversify the economy and improve the effective use of the environment.

Ecological approaches to the formation of sustainable rural development

The article deals with the features of the functioning and development of rural areas as the basis for the formation of social infrastructure in the educational field. The author studies basic problems and the state of the program for the development of rural areas, analyzes indicators of socio-economic development, creates a program of social infrastructure in the framework of the development of the national project “Education”, applies the method of forecasting key indicators. Moreover, the author studies the features of developing rural areas analyzing key cost parameters; develops approaches to predicting changes in key cost indicators for the maintenance of preschool and educational institutions; considers the relationship of the most significant factors of their functioning. Due to a quantitative assessment of structural changes, the forecast values of costs for future periods have been revealed. It has been established that the resulting method can optimally organize the development process of an organization, thanks to a well-thought-out algorithm for calculating predicted values, and can be used for any organization in the social and cultural sphere. The author makes conclusions about prospects for developing rural areas in the context of the development program. The proposed action plan for managing costs in terms of maintaining social infrastructure facilities contributes to optimizing the process of making managerial decisions, takes into account relevant costs, simplifies the choice of the preferred option for solving the problem.

ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ И ДОХОДЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ КАК ИНДИКАТОР СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНА

This scientific article is devoted to the study of the demographic situation, as well as the analysis of income and expenses of the population as the main indicators of socio-economic development of the region. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic and the problem, considering current trends in socio-economic development, challenges and problems facing the Voronezh region. It is also noted that the standard of living of the population acts as an indicator characterizing the socio-economic development of the territory. The first part of the article is devoted to the demographic situation in the region. The article presents the results of a study of the standard of living of the population in the Voronezh region. An assessment of the demographic situation in the Voronezh region and its impact on the socio-economic development of the region is given. The study found that the population of the region was gradually falling, with the main decline occurring in 2021. The reasons for the trend were the spread of a new coronavirus infection, the outflow of residents from the region, and a low standard of living, which generally causes dissatisfaction with living conditions in the territory. The solution to this problem is seen in the implementation of the concept of demographic policy until 2025, which assumes the implementation of targeted programs aimed at reducing mortality, especially in working age, equalizing living standards between urban and rural areas, and also includes measures to proactively respond to possible changes in the demographic situation. The second part of the article presents the regional aspect of income and expenses of the population as the basis for the formation of demand in the consumer market. In particular, it is noted that the incomes of the population are one of the socio-economic categories that allow us to assess the level of development of the region. According to the level of economic development of a particular territory, the incomes of the population may change both quantitatively and structurally. Much attention in the analysis process was paid to the costs that residents incur in their daily lives. Considering the structure of public spending, it was noted that the main share is occupied by expenses aimed at purchasing food. The analysis of the main indicators was carried out using materials from the Federal State Statistics Service. The results of the analysis can be used in the processes of developing and implementing the socio-economic development policy of the region. In conclusion, it is concluded that the growth of real incomes of the population acts not only as an indicator of the socio-economic development of the region, but also as the main factor of economic growth, contributing to savings, as the main source of investment in the economy.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ТУРИСТСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА РЕСПУБЛИКИ АЛТАЙ

The article is devoted to the study of the state, trends and prospects for the development of tourism activities in the Altai Republic. In the course of the study, the author compiled a general picture of the placement of tourist destinations in the Altai Mountains, analyzed the indicators of socio-economic development of the economy of the Altai Republic and the functioning of the regional tourist system. The scientific novelty of the study includes a refined definition of tourism potential as a scientific category in the concept of identification of endogenous and exogenous factors of tourist interest formation. The author also substantiates the scientific content, the mechanism of formation and the structural content of the tourist system of the region. As a result of the conducted research, the author identified the main directions for improving the use of the tourist potential of the Altai Republic and considered the possibilities of introducing new types of tourist products for the region: industrial and integrated tourism. The results of the conducted research can be applied both in the implementation of the strategy for the development of the tourism industry of the Altai Republic and other subjects of the Russian Federation focused on the intensification of the use of the existing tourist potential of their territory.

Неравенство показателей качества жизни населения в регионах Приволжского федерального округа

The high degree of interregional inequality in indicators of socio-economic development, including the quality of life of the population, is an urgent problem of spatial development of the Russian Federation. The article is devoted to assessing the inequality of indicators of the quality of life of the population in the regions of the Volga Federal District. The study is based on indicators characterizing the labor market and the quality of employment, income of the population, housing conditions, including the improvement of the housing stock, as well as the provision of social infrastructure facilities. The analysis was carried out on the basis of official statistics and subjective estimates of the population. As a result of the study, it was revealed that subjective estimates of the population indicate higher income inequality than the indicators of official statistics (monetary income, poverty level, etc.).

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF SPACE DIFFERENTIATION OF TERITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF UKRAINE

It was established that differences in natural and climatic conditions, resource potential, cultural traditions, as well as economic, social and other factors cause the heterogeneity of the spatial development of the country's territorial communities. At the same time, issues related to the analysis of the uneven socio-economic development of territorial communities within the framework of strategic management remain unresolved. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the strategic analysis of the spatial differentiation of territorial communities are substantiated.
 It has been proven that when developing a territorial community development strategy, it is important to determine the place and role of a separate community in relation to each of the analysis indicators. Therefore, in our opinion, to carry out such a comparison and visualization, it is worth applying a cluster approach, which will also allow assessing the unevenness of the development of territories. The proposed algorithm of strategic analysis of spatial differentiation of territorial communities, which involves grouping according to a set of parameters into appropriate cluster groups. Such a grouping will allow, within the framework of strategic planning, to determine the priority areas and tools of influence regulation for each group of territorial communities.
 In accordance with the specified methodical approach, differentiation of territorial communities of Ukraine was carried out according to individual indicators of socio-economic development. In particular, according to one of the most important economic indicators contained in the database of the information and analytical system for monitoring statistical and administrative indicators of territorial communities, namely the average income of the general budget per 1 inhabitant, there is a discrepancy of UAH 64,410 with a range from UAH 716 to UAH 645 126 UAH. The results of the cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish four groups of territorial communities based on the income of the general budget per 1 resident.

Social Control From the Perspective of Agency Conflict in the Public Sector

Purpose: This work has the general objective of analyzing how transparency, as an instrument of social control, can act as a mitigating element of agency conflict.
 
 Theoretical Background: The present study is based on the theoretical assumption that the presence of greater social control reveals a greater level of society's control over public managers, reducing agency conflicts. To validate this assumption, Transparency will be analyzed as one of the control instruments, since, in a scenario of greater social control, managers tend to be more transparent and there is a better social environment.
 
 Methodology: A quantitative methodology was used with correlation between the Transparency Index (IT), carried out by the Federal Public Ministry, with other social data, such as the socioeconomic indicators of the States (Human Development Index – HDI, Per Capita Income – RPC and Gini Index -GINI) and the number of police investigations against public administration opened in the States.
 
 Results and Conclusion: It was possible to note that the Transparency Index analyzed is significantly correlated, with a positive sign, to the indicators of wealth and socioeconomic development, signaling possible evidence that more developed and richer locations tend to be more transparent.
 
 Research Implications: The study advances in the verification of social control factors and the agency conflict that exists in the public sector, a fact still little explored in previous national literature.
 
 Originality/Value: The lack of social control over the actions of its representatives ends up contributing to weak control in the effective solution of the agency conflict that exists in the public sector.

Educational trends in the development of philological education in Azerbaijan in the era of digitalisation: a forecast of the future

Education is an indicator of societies socio-economic and cultural development provides the national interests of the country in all areas of its activities in the world arena. The process of integration of cultural, educational, scientific, as well technical spheres – the introduction of modern norms and the standardization of education, the development of science and technology, the culture’s expansion, and the dissemination of scientific and technological achievements. Contemporary professionals face the recent year’s scientific and technical developments problems. The solution of these problems is conditioned by the need of their professional skills continuous development even after having obtained the higher education and the specialization diploma. The penetration into all fields of professional activity of the skills traditionally characterized by high technology leads to the emergence of new trends. The current axiom “digital humanities” is gaining popularity. In this context, the implementation of combined scientific, cultural-educational, and other projects and the involvement of scientists and specialists in research programs are particularly important. The COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 169,015 students in Azerbaijan (Valiyev & Valehli, 2022). This fact forced educators to develop new methods of teaching, with the introduction of distance learning as a single alternative to the desire for pedagogical continuity. Such a situation led to many difficulties, such as lack of experience, technical problems, and difficulties with technical equipment. In addition, many teachers realized that they required digital skills. This paper presents the trends of education with the use of closed survey among teachers in the field of philology. The university community had to develop new ways of teaching and learning, particularly the introduction of distance and online learning that kept students connected and offered different perspectives. Search engines found 457 articles between 2018 and 2022. Relevant articles were searched in the Scopus and UpToDate databases, relevant articles for 2018-2022 were selected and processed by the title and abstracts, 20 scientific works were presented in this study. As a result, the situation of education in Azerbaijan was identified, one highlighted negative trends and prospects for the development of philological education in the context of digitalisation. The highlighted trends and forecasts give a new outline of the impact of digital technologies and the problems of changes in learning, knowledge sharing, and transformation in philological education. The findings open new perspectives on the relationship between science and society and the role of philological research in the context of digitalisation.

Turbulent Events Effects: Socioeconomic Changes in Southern Poland as Captured by the LSED Index

Today’s generations live in uncertain times. The inflation of violent and unpredictable events over the last two decades, such as the economic crisis or COVID-19 pandemic, has affected the functioning of regions and the daily lives of their residents. Therefore, the socioeconomic level has to be monitored. This article fills the research gap regarding the identification of the impact of recent turbulent events on the development of municipalities in southern Poland. The specific goal is to identify trends in socioeconomic changes in times of change and uncertainty from 2006 to 2021 in 450 municipalities in Małopolskie, Śląskie, and Świętokrzyskie Voivodeships. The research defined model and problem areas among the municipalities regarding the level of development. The analyses employ an original synthetic Level of SocioEconomic Development index (LSED) consisting of 18 diagnostic variables. The study mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches and considered the spatial dimension in statistical analyses. We identified general trends related to the ageing population and housing shortage. Moreover, in municipalities dominated by industry, socioeconomic development was generally constant. The opposite is true for municipalities focusing on tourism or agriculture. The conclusions demonstrate that Poland’s European Union membership was the key driver of the socioeconomic development of the regions and the country at large. The rule of law crisis in Poland and ensuing cuts in EU spending could slow the development down. The crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic might be consequential as well.

Sex difference in incidence of major depressive disorder: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading mental disorder causing severe impairment. This study was aimed to evaluate sex difference in global MDD incidence by year, age, and socioeconomic status, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019).MethodsGlobal and national sex-specific incidence estimates of MDD, from 1990 to 2019, in different age groups, were extracted from the GBD 2019. Socioeconomic development index (SDI) as an indicator of national socioeconomic development was used. Absolute (female minus male) and relative (female to male ratio) sex difference in age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs), as well as risk ratios (RR and 95% confidence interval), were computed by year and age. Linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate socioeconomic-associated sex difference in incidence.ResultsAbsolute and relative sex difference in ASRs showed a slight declining trend during 1990 and 2019, with absolute difference decreasing from 1818.23 to 1602.58, and relative difference decreasing from 1.71 to 1.61. Worldwide, females had a higher risk of MDD than males in 1990 (RR: 1.706 (1.705–1.706)) and 2019 (RR: 1.602 (1.619–1.620)). The highest RRs were observed in the Region of the Americas. Sex difference in incidence rates increased rapidly with age for those under 20 years old. The highest RR (1.913 (1.910–1.915)) was observed in the age group of 10–14. Relative sex difference had a significant positive relationship with SDI (standardized β = 0.267, P < 0.001).ConclusionsDespite that slight improvement in sex difference in global MDD incidence has been achieved, sex difference still persists in the past decades, with females always having a higher incidence than males. Greater sex difference was found at younger ages and in more developed countries. The findings highlight the importance of making sex-specific health policy to reduce sex difference in MDD incidence.

Tracking Socio-Economic Development in Rural India over Two Decades Using Satellite Imagery

Longitudinal analysis of socio-economic development at sub-national scales can reveal valuable insights about which areas tend to develop faster than others and why. However, such analysis is difficult to conduct with traditional data sources such as censuses and surveys which are not repeated frequently and may require assumptions for imputation of values at non-surveyed locations. Indicators of socio-economic development based on satellite data have emerged as a proxy to track development at fine spatial and temporal scales. We build a model using daytime and nightlights satellite data to estimate an index of socio-economic development at the village level in India. We evaluate our model for temporal robustness and use it to produce estimates at three time points over a two-decade period. We then use these estimates to understand the effect on village-level development of factors such as the geographic distance of a village to hubs of economic activity and the inequality of development in the district. Our findings provide evidence of the possible impact that policy changes during this period have had on village development.

DIGITALISATION AS A FACTOR OF SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE

The modern Ukrainian economy is in a dire situation. It cannot function normally when active hostilities are taking place in the country. Therefore, the problem of determining the factors of the socioeconomic development of the state and its economic security now comes to the fore. Among them, the digitalisation of the country plays an important role. Considering the relevance of the recovery of the Ukrainian economy, which suffered a decline due to the war, it is considered appropriate to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the digitisation state of the country by modern methods. The paper is devoted to the problem of interdependence estimation of the digitisation and socioeconomic development indices of the country. The article aims to improve the complex of mathematical models for assessment and analysis of the digitisation state of the country, which will be supplemented with a model of interdependence indicators of digitisation and socioeconomic development of the state. Implementing the model will allow for determining digitalisation development directions, estimating the socioeconomic development level of the state, as well as ensuring its economic security. In the process of research, the following tasks were set to be solved: to select and form a base of indicators necessary for modelling; to develop a model; to investigate the canonical correlation between socioeconomic and digital development indicators by the canonical analysis methods; to investigate the dispersion of canonical variables observations and to find out the most significant areas of digitalisation improvement. As a result of the study, the highest correlation was evaluated between the network readiness index and the socioeconomic progress index (coefficient 0.98). The socioeconomic progress index is also related to the e-government development index (0.92) and the information and communication technology development index (0.90). Thus, the analysis performed in the paper of the correlation between the sets of digitalisation and the socioeconomic development indexes allows us to conclude the presence of a high level of their significant influence and the importance of forming a system of measures to ensure the proper level of the digital development of the country in these directions. Keywords: modelling, methods, canonical analysis, digitalisation, socioeconomic development, economic security of the state.

Формирование модели демографически устойчивого социально-экономического развития в регионах России

Demographic problems in Russia and around the world continue to worsen, which necessitates the study and design of a model of demographically sustainable socio-economic development that is exclusive to each country and has a general inclusive trend. The model of demographic indicators of socio-economic development combines signs of not only exclusivity and inclusivity but also universality, that is, compliance of this model with the imperatives and values characteristics of development. Studying the main processes characterizing the demographic situation in the region, describing the degree of achievement of sustainable development goals, and analyzing the dynamics of economic performance and indicators reflecting the human development of the region – these steps formed the logical basis for creating a demographically sustainable model of socio-economic development at the regional level. Data from sociological surveys was used in the study to find out the preferences and attitudes of citizens towards reproductive behavior and migration as factors that have the greatest impact on the population. The definition of a demographically sustainable model of socio-economic development is given based on a synthesis of the theory of human development and the theory of sustainable development. Qualitative criteria for demographically sustainable socio-economic development were determined (expanded social reproduction, qualitative and quantitative reproduction of the population, reduction of inequality and poverty, formation of a healthy lifestyle, accessibility of the entire population to modern Internet technologies), and quantitative indicators have been determined. The analysis of indicators of socio-economic development in Russian regions and the comparison of data from sociological surveys of the population allowed us to conclude that in modern Russia, the model of demographically decaying natural development prevails. Using the example of the Southern Federal District regions, we assessed the compliance of their socio-economic development with the criteria of demographic sustainability. We also identified the factors that ensure the formation of a demographically sustainable model of socio-economic development in modern Russian regions. The article reveals that in exclusive models of sustainable development, the emphasis can be placed on its economic, environmental or social component, depending on the existing institutional conditions, which does not deny the dominant feature of the model: its demographic sustainability. The functioning mechanism of Russia's demographically sustainable development model requires a combination of state regulation, market self-regulation and regulation through the mechanisms of civil society.

Cовременные методические подходы к оценке риска здоровью населения от воздействия химических веществ

The methodology for analyzing health risks caused by exposure to chemical pollutants in the environmental has been widely implemented; this creates some new priority challenges to be considered and tackled. The article identifies basic stages in the development of the methodology for assessing health risks caused by environmental pollution in the Russian Federation. Guides on risk analysis as well as some monographs published in Russia describe a strategic role that belongs to health risk analysis in providing sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing of the country population. We have analyzed modern trends in the development of the methodology for assessing public health risks caused by exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment. The article generalizes basic approaches recommended in foreign and Russian studies that are applied to increase quality of research in the field, to reduce uncertainties in calculations, as well as to find new ways of health risk quantification. The number of chemicals registered on the global scale over the last 65 years has been estimated. The article also provides generalized information on computerized and information systems (CIS) and databases (DB) that contain data on parameters of assessing health risks caused by various chemical exposures including leading world systems that allow assessing health harm caused by chemical exposure (calculation of an additional number of adverse health outcomes due to chemical exposure etc.). We have also summarized various reasons for underestimating public health risks and described several methodological approaches employed in research that make it possible to minimize underestimation of health hazards and reduce uncertainties of obtained results. The methodology for assessing health risks caused by harmful chemical pollutants in the environment is a complex systemic process. On the one hand, it involves the necessity to provide the maximum possible profound description of complexity of chemical environmental pollution; on the other hand, it should give a more comprehensive insight into possible nature and consequences of adverse effects produced by identified chemicals directly on the human body and indirectly on significant socioeconomic indicators of the society development. The aim of this study was to identify modern methodological approaches applied to assess public health risks due to chemical exposures and ways to reduce uncertainties of research results.

Modern methodological approaches to assessing public health risks due to chemicals exposure

The methodology for analyzing health risks caused by exposure to chemical pollutants in the environmental has been widely implemented; this creates some new priority challenges to be considered and tackled. The article identifies basic stages in the development of the methodology for assessing health risks caused by environmental pollution in the Russian Federation. Guides on risk analysis as well as some monographs published in Russia describe a strategic role that belongs to health risk analysis in providing sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing of the country population. We have analyzed modern trends in the development of the methodology for assessing public health risks caused by exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment. The article generalizes basic approaches recommended in foreign and Russian studies that are applied to increase quality of research in the field, to reduce uncertainties in calculations, as well as to find new ways of health risk quantification. The number of chemicals registered on the global scale over the last 65 years has been estimated. The article also provides generalized information on computerized and information systems (CIS) and databases (DB) that contain data on parameters of assessing health risks caused by various chemical exposures including leading world systems that allow assessing health harm caused by chemical exposure (calculation of an additional number of adverse health outcomes due to chemical exposure etc.). We have also summarized various reasons for underestimating public health risks and described several methodological approaches employed in research that make it possible to minimize underestimation of health hazards and reduce uncertainties of obtained results. The methodology for assessing health risks caused by harmful chemical pollutants in the environment is a complex systemic process. On the one hand, it involves the necessity to provide the maximum possible profound description of complexity of chemical environmental pollution; on the other hand, it should give a more comprehensive insight into possible nature and consequences of adverse effects produced by identified chemicals directly on the human body and indirectly on significant socioeconomic indicators of the society development. The aim of this study was to identify modern methodological approaches applied to assess public health risks due to chemical exposures and ways to reduce uncertainties of research results.

Социально-экономическое развитие регионов Российской Федерации: проблемы и тенденции

The article examines the process of dynamics of differentiation in the socio-economic regional development of the economy, which intensified during the period of economic reforms in the post-Soviet period. Regional economies in the period under review from 2011 to 2020 demonstrated high sensitivity and a sharp decline after the introduction of the first wave of economic sanctions and the slowdown in economic processes against the backdrop of the new coronavirus infection pandemic. Conducted analysis of statistical indicators of socio-economic development of regions of the Russian Federation 2011–2020 allows us to talk about the presence of a high level of asymmetry in the development of regions. As a result, the differentiation of GRP per capita values in the regions of the Russian Federation for 2011–2020 was revealed, as was the emerging trend of a slight reduction in regional disparities. A study of the main socio-economic indicators of 2020 was carried out for federal districts (in % compared to 2011), and groups of regions were identified that in 2020 showed the best and worst results by type of economic activity. The results indicate that, despite the decline in economic indicators of the Russian Federation in 2014–2015, the economies of many regions have demonstrated rapid recovery from external shocks. Despite this, there remains a significant imbalance of development between different regions, which is based on the economy’s orientation toward the export of resources. The level of GRP per capita in regions rich in natural resources is 17 times higher than the level of other subjects, and the number of those lagging behind is 3 times higher than prosperous regions in Russia. Throughout the entire period under review, fluctuations in these ratios remain virtually unchanged. All this is a source of tension in society, increasing social discontent and, as a consequence, narrowing the range of means of state regulation.

THE IMPACT OF THE MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ON BANK LENDING TO INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES: THE CASE OF UKRAINE

In today's world, the development of any economy is characterised by numerous financial, socio-economic and political challenges. Ukraine's experience is particularly special, as its macroeconomic environment is undergoing significant shifts and changes due to the unprecedented armed invasion of its sovereign territory by a neighbouring aggressor country. Given the importance of the industrial production sector in the country's economic growth, the problem of additional financial sources for the development of industrial enterprises in the dynamic macroeconomic environment of Ukraine is particularly relevant. Since banks are the dominant link in the financial system of Ukraine, the study of the impact of the macroeconomic environment on bank lending to industrial enterprises is of particular scientific interest. The article is aimed at identifying and analysing the key economic factors of the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine that influenced the state of bank lending to industrial enterprises in 2009-2022, using economic and mathematical modelling methods. Methodology. The study is based on the data that showed the highest correlations between the outcome variable - the volume of bank lending to industrial enterprises (in billion UAH) and the explanatory variables - economic factors of the macroeconomic environment of different groups (general indicators of economic development; indicators of industrial development; indicators of socio-economic development; indicators of the monetary market; indicators of public finance; indicators of the external sector; indicators of the foreign exchange market) for the period 2009-2022. Based on these data, a multiple linear regression model is built and the results are interpreted. Practical implications. The practical results can serve as a basis for further research on ways to improve the risk management of bank lending to industrial enterprises in a dynamic macroeconomic environment; ways to improve the management of problem debts of industrial enterprises; ways to intensify bank lending to industrial enterprises in Ukraine as a prerequisite for post-war economic reconstruction on the basis of sustainable development, etc. Value/Originality. The results of the research provide a deeper understanding of the role of the country's macroeconomic environment, its dynamics and the impact of certain economic factors on the development of bank lending to industrial enterprises as an important source of additional financial resources for industrial enterprises.