Self-esteem Index Research Articles

간호대학생의 건강행태, 자아존중감, 전공만족도가 주관적 행복지수에 미치는 요인

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing subjective happiness index of health behavior, self esteem and major satisfaction by nursing students. Findings revealed that; 1) Pearson's correlation revealed a significant association among health behavior, self esteem, major satisfaction and happiness index ; 2) hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed self esteem and major satisfaction significantly influenced happiness index in nursing students. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies for increasing happiness index of nursing students. Key Words : Health behavior, Self esteem, Major satisfaction, Happiness index, Nursing students Received 23 July 2014, Revised 23 September 2014Accepted 20 October 2014Corresponding Author: Mi-Ryon Lee(Department of Nursing, Tongmyong University) Email: mrlee1365@naver.comⒸ The Society of Digital Policy & Management. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is ISSN: 1738-1916 properly cited.

Altered self-perception in adult survivors treated for a CNS tumor in childhood or adolescence: population-based outcomes compared with the general population.

Survivors of pediatric CNS tumors are at risk for persistent tumor/treatment-related morbidity, physical disability and social consequences that may alter self-perception, vital for self-identity, mental health and quality of survival. We studied the long-term impact of childhood CNS tumors and their treatment on the self-perception of adult survivors and compared outcomes with those of the general population. The cohort included 697 Swedish survivors diagnosed with a primary CNS tumor during 1982-2001. Comparison data were randomly collected from a stratified general population sample. Survivors and general population individuals were compared as regards self-perception in 5 domains: body image, sports/physical activities, peers, work, and family, and with a global self-esteem index. Within the survivor group, determinants of impact on self-perception were identified. The final analyzed sample included 528 survivors, 75.8% of the entire national cohort. The control sample consisted of 995, 41% of 2500 addressed. Survivors had significantly poorer self-perception outcomes in domains of peers, work, body image, and sports/physical activities, and in the global self-perception measure, compared with those of the general population (all P < .001). Within the survivor group, female gender and persistent visible physical sequelae predicted poorer outcomes in several of the studied domains. Tumor type and a history of cranial radiation therapy were associated with outcomes. An altered self-perception is a potential late effect in adult survivors of pediatric CNS tumors. Self-perception and self-esteem are significant elements of identity, mental health and quality of survival. Therefore, care and psychosocial follow-up of survivors should include measures for identifying disturbances and for assessing the need for psychosocial intervention.

High School Sports Participation and Substance Use: Differences by Sport, Race, and Gender

Drawing on data gathered in the 2009 Monitoring the Future study of American youth, and controlling for race and noncompetitive exercise frequency, this research examined the explanatory effects of competitive sports participation on alcohol consumption and marijuana use as well as the nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers among American high school seniors. Also including a self-esteem index in multivariate analysis of covariance equations, the study found that, among males, football players used all three substances at comparably high levels. In addition, females with comparably low levels of self-esteem smoked marijuana and used prescription drugs more frequently. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are offered.

Being Fit In the University: The Culpability of Exams and Self Esteem

Transiting from home to the university environment could be distressful to some students but some factors are inherent in the school which can be more distressing, coupled with the fact that the number of students from higher institution presenting with symptoms of mental ill health in recent years has increased, the study considered the influence of test anxiety and self-esteem on psychological distress of University students. Undergraduate Students inPsychology on practicum rounds at Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Uselu, Benin City, Edo State, were selected as participants in the study using convenient sampling technique. I47 participants in which female were 84 (57.1.9%) while male were 63 (42.9%) and the mean age was 28.54 while SD was 5.124. Test anxiety was measured using Test Anxiety Inventory, (TAI), Self-esteem was assessed through Index of Self-esteem while psychological distress was measured through Symptoms Checklist-90. It was found out that those who score high on self-esteem have less psychological distress than those who score low on self-esteem; while participants with high scores on test anxiety are more psychologically unfit than low scorers on test anxiety. The study is a call for more proactive measures in the area of academic and exam structure of university students that will cause less psychological distress and also call for a supporting school structure that will enhance the monitoring and support of esteem issues of university students.

姓名字母效应：内隐自尊的一种反映指标

姓名字母效应表现为个人对于自己名字的组成字符有着相对于其他字符的偏好，反映了个体对于自我以及和自我有关的事物的内隐积极态度，常被作为考察内隐自尊的一个重要指标。文章介绍了姓名字母效应的研究程序与记分方法、以姓名字母偏好任务研究内隐自尊的有关发现以及姓名字母效应对于实际生活决策和任务成绩的影响，并在展望部分提出了需要进一步研究的问题及在中文语境下研究姓名字母效应的可行性。 Name-letter effect refers to the phenomenon that people evaluate the letters in their own names more favorably than letters that are not in their own names. It reflects an implicit positive attitude towards the self and self-related objects, thus, it can be used as an index of implicit self-esteem. The current paper introduced the procedures and scoring methods for name-letter effect, findings of using name-letter task, as well as its implications in life decisions and task performances. Two issues that remain for future research and the feasibility of studying name-letter effect in Chinese context were discussed.

Family Transitions, Conduct Problems, and Self-Esteem in Elementary School in Kuwait: A Quasi-Experimental Design

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether family transitions (disruptions due to parents’ divorce, separation, marriage, or death) were related to problems in the conduct and self-esteem of 331 boys aged 8 to 10 years old in elementary school in Kuwait. The boys were divided into two groups: one whose families had undergone a transition within the past 3 years and one whose families had not undergone such a transition. The two groups were compared on conduct and self-esteem as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist 6–18 and on the Self-Esteem Index. A two-tailed t test was used. The study revealed statistically significant relationships between the two groups. Transitions in the families of young Kuwaiti boys seem to be precursors to problems with conduct but not with self-esteem. Kuwaiti tribal culture may help explain why self-esteem does not suffer after a family transition. The findings suggest a greater need for social services to work with schools to gather information from families to track students and offer services to these families. Future research could study the broader factors surrounding conflict in families undergoing transitions to determine the later impact on children.

General Self-Reported Health as it Relates to Self-Esteem, Situational Self-Efficacy and Coping among Soldiers

As an indicator of broad-spectrum health, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance scales frequently use a single question on general self-reported health (GSRH). However, little information exists on whether a single question of GSRH is related to indices of a person’s mental health. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between GSRH and indices of self-esteem, self-efficacy and coping. During their first two weeks of Advanced Individual Training (AIT), 579 US Army Health Care Specialist Trainees completed demographic and self-report data, including GSRH, the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCCL), the Situational Self-Efficacy Scale (SSE), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES). Spearman Rho correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data with Stata statistical software (StataCorp, 2005). GSRH was positively correlated with SSE, the SES, and problem focused and social support seeking methods of coping, (p &lt; .05). GSRH was negatively correlated with blaming self, wishful thinking, and avoidance methods of coping (p &lt; .05). Results indicate that, among active duty service members attending medical AIT, a single question on general selfreported health appears to be a good representation of a persons’ perception of his or her self-esteem, selfefficacy and coping skills.

Systematic review of self-concept measures for primary school aged children with cerebral palsy

This study involved a systematic review aimed to identify self-concept measures that provided published psychometrics for primary school aged children (8-12 years) with cerebral palsy (CP). Six electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Web of Science) were searched to identify assessments that (1) measured self-concept; (2) in children aged 8-12 years; (3) with CP; (4) with psychometrics available. The Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to evaluate psychometric properties and the CanChild Outcome Measure Rating Form was used to evaluate clinical utility. Search yielded 271 papers, of which five met inclusion criteria. These papers reported five measures of self-concept with psychometric properties for the target population: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Index, Self-Description Questionnaire-I, Self-Perception Profile for Children (original) and two separate modifications of the Self-Perception Profile for Children. Currently, no self-concept measures published in English had sufficient psychometric data for children with CP. The Self-Description Questionnaire-I and the Self-Perception Profile for Children were promising options. Further research is required (a) to determine self-concept construct components important for children with CP and (b) to examine the relative strength, validity, reliability and clinical utility of self-concept measures for the target population.

The significance of possible selves in patients of an early intervention programme for psychotic disorders

To assess the possible importance of patients' perceptions of possible future selves in determining self-esteem and mood. One hundred and two patients of an early intervention programme for psychotic disorders completed measures of perceived positive and negative current and possible future selves, as well as indices of self-esteem and mood. Measures of current and possible selves generally showed bivariate correlations with self-esteem, depression and anger/hostility. Perceived negative possible self was the most important independent predictor of self-esteem, depression and anger/hostility. Perceptions of possible negative future selves may be a particularly important determinant of self-esteem and negative mood states. Addressing fears about possible future self is likely to be an important aspect of recovery from psychotic disorders.

Personality Functioning in Patients With Avoidant Personality Disorder and Social Phobia

Avoidant personality disorder (APD) and social phobia (SP) are closely related, such that they are suggested to represent different severity levels of one social anxiety disorder. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare patients with APD to patients with SP, with particular focus on personality dysfunction. Ninety-one adult patients were examined by diagnostic interviews and self-report measures, including the Index of Self-Esteem and the Severity Indices of Personality Problems. Patients were categorized in three groups; SP without APD (n = 20), APD without SP (n = 15), and APD with SP (n = 56). Compared to patients with SP without APD, patients with APD reported more symptom disorders, psychosocial problems, criteria of personality disorders, and personality dysfunction regarding self-esteem, identity and relational problems. These results indicate that APD involves more severe and broader areas of personality dysfunction than SP, supporting the conceptualization of APD as a personality disorder as proposed for DSM-5.

Investigation on the psychological healthy conditions of the elderly in the community and study of social endowment problems

Objective To investigate the psychological healthy conditons of the elderly in the Bayi community of Liaocheng city,study the related factors and social pension problems.Methods In the Bayi community of Liaocheng city,780 elderly people (over 60 years old) were investigated face to face by the different questionnaires including self-designed questionnaire,mini-mental state examination (MMSE),the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),self-esteem index (SEI).Results Chronic disease,intellectual function,depressive state and family social support were the main factors influencing the daily life of the elderly.Conclusions Some measures are considered effective in improving the life quality of the elderly,which are including developing and improving home care,supplementary set of senile apartments and aged nursing hospital,carrying out psychological consulting and expanding the service scope by making full use of community health service stations. Key words: Community; Elderly; Psychological healthy; Social endowment

Influence of Personality and Self-Esteem on Teachers' Proness to Burnout Syndrome in Lagos Metropolis

This study aimed at assessing the influence of personality and self-esteem on teachers’ susceptibility to burnout syndrome in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study and a simple random sampling technique was used to select 200 participants (M=94; F=106) from ten public and ten private secondary schools in Lagos metropolis. Data collected using three psychological instruments namely: Index of self- esteem (ISE), Big Five Inventory (BFI) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were analyzed by independent t-test and simple regression analysis. It was revealed that there were significant differences between the levels of self-esteem and personality differences in the teachers’ proness to burnout syndrome. Furthermore, personality traits jointly accounted for 2.7% variance in teachers’ burnout syndrome. The implication of the findings of this study depicts that there are certain traits that make up efficient and effective teachers as well as burnout teachers. In addition, highly motivated teachers tend to love their profession and students and are less likely susceptible to burnout syndrome.

The Relation between Eating- and Weight-Related Disturbances and Depressive Symptoms among Early and Late Adolescents

A substantial proportion of adolescents experience clinical and subclinical depression. It is particularly important to study novel risk factors that may broaden our understanding of depression during adolescence. There is growing literature on the relation between eating- and weight-related disturbances (e.g., body weight regulation strategies, body dissatisfaction) and depression during adolescence; however, age and gender differences in this relation remain unclear. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, the current study examined the relation between eating-and weight-related disturbances and depressive symptoms among early and late adolescentgirls and boys. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relation between eating- and weightrelated disturbances and depressive symptoms after accounting for self-esteem, pubertal status, and body mass index among early and late adolescent girls and boys. Several body weight regulation strategies, including binge eating, purging, and weight control behaviors were associated with depressive symptoms and varied by gender and age. The results are clinically meaningful and have the potential to inform youth mental health services. For example, depression prevention programs could increase their effectiveness by encouraging healthy body weight regulation strategies and nutritional eating, particularly among early adolescents.

Assessment of Adolescents' Self- Esteem in Secondary Schools

Objectives: To assess the secondary schools obese adolescents' self esteem level. Methodology: A descriptive study is carried out at AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf City, of December 1st, 2011 to April 6th, 2012. A multi stage sample of (1350) subjects; it is selected throughout the use of probability sampling. The data are collected through the use of semi-constructed questionnaire, which consist of three parts (1) Economic Sociodemographic data of that consist of 14-items (2) Index of Self Esteem Scale that consists of 25-items (3) Anthropometric Measurements which consist of Weight and Height. Reliability of the questionnaire is determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of (24) experts. Results: The finding of the present study indicate that there is highly significant relationship between the obesity and the study participants' gender, their order in the family, mother education level, and family socio-economic status. While the obesity and the other variables indicated no significant relationship. The results also shows highly significant relationship between the obesity and the index of self esteem. There is a significant relationship between the index of self-esteem domain and the order of student in family, fathers' education level, and socio-economic status. Other variables indicated no significant. Conclusion: Present study concluded that the most of the secondary schools obese adolescents have self-esteem problem, and percentage of obesity (17.3%). Recommendation: the study recommends that the students would be given an opportunities to participate in social organizations, conferences, and study projects to promote their level of self-esteem constructing and implementing educational programs for secondary schools teachers about how to decrease obesity among their students. Mass media approach should be employed by the Ministry of education to increase students knowledge and awareness of the obesity as a health problem.

Is low affect consciousness related to the severity of psychopathology? A cross-sectional study of patients with avoidant and borderline personality disorder

ObjectiveThis study examined the relationships between affect consciousness (AC) and symptom distress, interpersonal problems, low self-esteem, and the number of PD traits in patients with avoidant personality disorder (APD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). MethodWithin the setting of a treatment trial, 52 patients with APD or BPD were examined with structured interviews and self-report questionnaires before treatment and at 3-year follow-up. The evaluations included the Affect Consciousness Interview, the SCID-II interview, the Symptom Checklist 90-R, the Circumplex of Interpersonal Problems, and the Index of Self-esteem. A low global level of AC was expected to be associated with the severity of psychopathology; a low AC for interest, joy, and tenderness was expected to be associated with social detachment; and a low AC for anger, contempt, and disgust was expected to be associated with nonassertiveness. ResultsA low AC was associated with interpersonal problems and low self-esteem, but not symptom distress or the number of fulfilled SCID-II criteria. Despite a significant reduction in the psychopathology based on most clinical variables, the associations measured at baseline were maintained after 3years. Examination of specific affect categories showed a pattern of convergent and discriminative relationships with different types of interpersonal problems. A low AC for pleasant affects was specifically related to communion problems, like cold, detached behavior, both at baseline and follow-up. In contrast, a low AC for self-boundary affects was specifically related to agency problems, like non-assertiveness, at follow-up. ConclusionOur results showed that a low AC was associated with central domains of psychopathology in patients with PDs. This suggested that AC would be an important focus for treatment and further research in PDs. Future studies are needed to examine how AC is related to various forms of personality pathology.

COMPETITIVE MEMORY TRAINING (COMET) FOR TREATING LOW SELF-ESTEEM IN PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Self-esteem is a major concern in mood disorders. Low self-esteem is a symptom of depressive disorders and is considered by some to be a predictor for relapse, whereas high self-esteem seems to buffer against depression. Recently, Competitive Memory Training (COMET) has shown to be effective for the enhancement of self-esteem in several psychopathological conditions. The current study assesses whether COMET is also an effective intervention for patients with depressive disorders. Sixty-one patients with depressive disorders who were already in therapy in an outpatient mental health institution were randomly assigned to either eight group sessions of COMET in addition to their regular therapy (COMET + therapy as usual [TAU]: the experimental group) or to 8 weeks of ongoing regular therapy (TAU only: the control group). These latter (control) patients received COMET after their TAU only period. All patients in both groups that completed COMET were contacted 3 and 6 months later to assess whether the effects of COMET had remained stable. Compared to the patients who received TAU only, patients in the COMET + TAU condition showed significant improvement with large effect sizes on indices of self-esteem, depression, and depressive rumination. The therapeutic effects of COMET + TAU remained stable after 3 and 6 months on all outcome measures or improved even further. COMET for low self-esteem seems to be an efficacious trans-diagnostic intervention that can relatively easily be added to the regular treatment of patients with depressive disorders.

Psychological Vulnerability Among Overweight/Obese Minority Adolescents

Depression is associated with obesity among adolescents, with racial/ethnic variability noted. Psychological correlates that may influence this relationship have not been adequately explored. The primary objective of this secondary analysis was to compare levels of stress, self-esteem, coping, social support, and depressive mood between normal weight and overweight/obese minority adolescents (as defined using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards). Adolescents (n = 101) aged 14-18 years who were largely minority (87%) were recruited from two Midwestern-area high schools. Using a descriptive comparative design, individuals were grouped into normal weight (>5th to <85th percentile) and overweight/obese (≥ 85 th percentile) for comparison on measures. Self-reported levels of stress, coping, self-esteem, social support, depressive mood, and body mass index were obtained. Obese/overweight adolescents reported significantly lower self-esteem than did those with normal weight (p < .05). Although stress was a significant predictor of depressive mood in both groups (p < .001), low self-esteem was also a significant predictor of depressive mood in the overweight/obese group (p = .001). Strategies to manage stress and improve self-esteem may help alleviate depressive mood in high school adolescents.

Physical activity and global self-worth: The role of physical self-esteem indices and gender

Purpose The aim of this study was: a) to investigate mediating influences of body areas satisfaction, appearance evaluation and perceived athletic competence in the relationship between physical activity and global self-worth, controlling for contextual variations in physical activity; b) to investigate the relative magnitude of the specific indirect effects; c) to investigate whether gender moderates the mediating influences of body areas satisfaction, appearance evaluation and perceived athletic competence. Methods This is a cross-sectional study consisting of 2055 adolescents (995 boys and 1060 girls) from ages 13 to 18 (mean age 15.3 years) from 38 different Norwegian schools, stratified according to school-level and geographical area. In addition to normal theory linear regression procedures, a bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping technique was used to measure both indirect and conditional indirect effects. Results Results revealed that body areas satisfaction, appearance evaluation and athletic competence operated as three unique mediators, thus supporting a hypothesized model of the positive effect of physical activity on global self-worth through physical self-esteem indices. Inspection of moderation effect by gender revealed that the effect of physical activity level on global self-worth through physical appearance was stronger in female adolescents than in males. Conclusions According to the investigated model, increased levels of physical activity may be beneficial for global self-worth in male and female adolescents by enhancing their perceptions of physical self-esteem. Additionally, the influence of physical appearance on global self-worth is stronger for females than for males.

La Escala de Identidad Etnica Multigrupo (EIEM) en el contexto costarricense 1

El presente artículo describe las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para la medición de la identidad étnica y sus componentes en jóvenes costarricenses: la “Escala de Identidad Etnica Multigrupo” (EIEM) desarrollada por Phinney (1992). En el estudio participaron 287 jóvenes afrocostarricenses, 768 jóvenes “blancos” o mestizos y 120 jóvenes de procedencia étnica mixta. Análisis factoriales confirmatorios demuestran que la escala mide dos componentes de la identidad étnica altamente relacionados en todos los grupos estudiados: afirmación e identificación étnica y exploración étnica. Análisis de confiabilidad revelan índices de consistencia interna (Alfas de Cronbach) satisfactorios para todos los grupos. La escala muestra relaciones moderadas con mediciones de orientaciones hacia los colectivos de referencia y conductas intergrupales como las actitudes hacia la aculturación y está positivamente relacionada con índices de autoestima e identidad del yo.

Competitive Memory Training (COMET) for Low Self-Esteem in Patients with Personality Disorders: A Randomized Effectiveness Study

Self-esteem is a major concern in the treatment of patients with personality disorders in general. In patients with borderline personality disorder, low self-esteem is associated with factors contributing to suicidal and self-injurious behaviour. At the moment there are no well-proven interventions that specifically target low self-esteem. Recently, a new approach, Competitive Memory Training or COMET, aimed at the enhancement of retrieving beneficial information from memory, appeared to be successful in addressing low self-esteem in different patient populations. To assess whether COMET for low self-esteem is also an effective intervention for patients with personality disorders. 91 patients with personality disorders who were already in therapy in a regular mental health institution were randomly assigned to either 7 group sessions of COMET in addition to their regular therapy or to 7 weeks of ongoing regular therapy. These latter patients received COMET after their “7 weeks waiting period for COMET”. All patients that completed COMET were contacted 3 months later to assess whether the effects of COMET had remained stable. Compared to the patients who received regular therapy only, patients in the COMET + regular therapy condition improved significantly and with large effect sizes on indices of self-esteem and depression. Significant differential improvements on measures of autonomy and social optimism were also in favour of COMET, but had small to intermediate effect sizes. The therapeutic effects of COMET remained stable after 3 months on three out of the four outcome measures. COMET for low self-esteem seems to be an efficacious trans-diagnostic approach that can rather easily be implemented in the treatment of patients with personality disorders.