Dependent Variable Research Articles

The role of electronic management application in simplifying administrative procedures in the organization: A field study of the opinions of a sample of workers in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil

The research aims to determine the relationship between the application of electronic management and the simplification of the administrative procedures of the organization in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, based on the research problem ““How can electronic management contribute to simplifying administrative procedures and raising the efficiency of work procedures in organizations”” and thus achieve the advancement of performance and effectiveness of investment optimal for efforts in the field of technology for effective management electronically to shorten and simplify unnecessary procedures in the chain of organization’s procedures in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil.” The research dealt with two variables, the first is the independent variable of electronic management, and the dependent variable is the simplification of administrative procedures, and a random sample of (60) individuals was taken from workers in departments and people in some departments of the ministry, and the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for data collection. Hypotheses and interpretation of the results that the research will reach There is a significant effect of statistical significance between electronic management and the simplification of administrative procedures. Through the research, a set of conclusions and recommendations will be reached, which benefit researchers and the researched organization.

Incidence of chronic pelvic pain after childbirth and its causal association with C-section.

This study aimed to report the incidence of chronic pelvic pain in women 12 to 24 months postpartum, to identify the independently associated factors, and to conduct a causal inference with C-section as the exposure. This was a cross-sectional study nested within 2 distinct prospective cohorts from 2 Brazilian cities. Chronic pelvic pain was the dependent variable. Independent variables were collected. Fisher exact test or Pearson χ2 test and t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test were performed as appropriate, with P-values adjusted. Data were assumed to be missing at random, and multivariate imputation by chained equations was performed. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using complete cases. Multicollinearity was assessed by computing the variance inflation factor. Binomial logistic regression was used to obtain an interpretable model. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used as measurements. A directed acyclic graph was used for causal inference. A total of 2160 women were included. The incidence of chronic pelvic pain was 12.7%. C-sections doubled the odds of developing chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Additional factors associated with increased odds included city of birth, feelings of discrimination, severe symptoms of anxiety, dissatisfaction with the care received during childbirth, and mental suffering. Women who underwent C-sections had a 6.1% higher incidence of CPP compared to those who did not undergo the procedure. The incidence of CPP postpartum is high, and there is a potential causal effect of C-sections. City of birth, discrimination, anxiety, dissatisfaction with the care, and mental suffering were also associated with an increased odds.

Project-Based Learning and Students’ Motivation: Kacem Amine High School as a Case Study

The learning methods can either increase or decrease students' motivation. Project-based learning is one of the modern learning methods that have been found to create a welcoming and motivating learning environment where learners enthusiastically participate in constructing knowledge on their own. To investigate this in the Moroccan context, the researchers conducted a correlational study to explore the relationship between project-based learning as an independent variable and students’ motivation types as a dependent variable. The twenty students who participated in the experiment were given a project to conduct. The project was related to what they had studied in unit four of the Ticket to English textbook. The results indicate that PBL and students’ motivation are to a greater extent interrelated.

The technological advancement environmental regulations and their impact on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions

Environmental rules and regulations are essential instruments the government administration uses to control environmental problems in this era of advanced technologies and smooth economic growth. This paper aims to examine how environmental regulations, both mandatory and incentive-based, impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the presence of urbanization, foreign trade, economic growth and energy efficiency (EE) in logistics transportation. The influence of explicating factors on dependent variables, such as the highest, lowest, and mean, is estimated using the quantile regression model. We applied a number of econometric techniques like unit root test, panel co-integration, quantiles regression (CO2), quantiles regression (Energy efficiency), endogeneity test, and finally, we applied the robustness test to verify the results. This research uses quantile regression to estimate the influence of environmental regulations on releasing carbon dioxide and energy efficiency, using panel data of China’s thirty provinces from 2005 to 2019. Environmental policies in the Ningxia, Qinghai, and Hainan provinces impose higher pollution penalties, which significantly impact reducing CO2 emissions. These regions release more environmental regulations, and in the provinces that fall between the 25th and 50th percentiles, mandatory environmental regulations significantly lower CO2 emissions. Incentive environmental regulations regarding the environment have a more significant effect on energy efficiency in the 50th–75th, 75th–90th, and higher 90th percentile groups since these groups have made more significant investments in research and development. Meanwhile, the Yunnan, Heilongjiang, and Xinjiang provinces have higher energy efficiency levels due to mandatory environmental legislation. The results provide the correct information to the government to implement effective environmental regulations to achieve sustainable development goals.

Prevalence and factors associated with burnout in dental students of seven Cuban universities

IntroductionThe burnout syndrome affects diverse populations and among them undergraduate students, which can weigh down their academic performance and professional future.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with burnout syndrome among dental students from seven Cuban universities.MethodsMulticenter, observational, analytical and cross-sectional study developed in 7 Cuban universities. The validated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Students Survey (MBI-SS) was used as a dependent variable. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.ResultsA total of 738 students participated, of whom 470 (63.8%) were women. The average age was 21.7 ± 1.7 years. The prevalence of burnout was 34.8% (n = 257). In the multivariate model, it was found that having an academic advisor was associated with a high burnout score (RPa: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.18–3.74; p = 0.012). In contrast, having published a scientific article was associated with a lower score (RPa: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.23–0.64; p < 0.001).ConclusionOne third of the students presented burnout. Having an academic tutor and having made a scientific publication were the associated factors identified.

The The relationship between allergic diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in children enrolled in primary healthcare

Background and Objective: The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) and allergic diseases(ADs) has increased in recent years. This study aimed to analyse the association between them among children registered at primary healthcare units in Izmir. Methods: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, primary healthcare units in Izmir were selected by randomisation conducted between January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023. The dependent variables are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The risk factors are respiratory allergies and skin allergies. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic level. Results: There were 20,557 children registered in 26 primary healthcare units. Skin allergy was detected in 7.8%, respiratory allergy in 6.8%, ADHD in 1.2% and ASD in 0.0%. ADHD comorbidity was found to be high in both children with respiratory allergies and children with skin allergies (p<0.001). The rate of ASD comorbidity was 1.8% in boys with respiratory allergies and 1.6% in boys with skin allergies (p>0.01). The analysis could not be performed due to the low number of girls with ASD. The logistic regression models showed a higher odds ratio for respiratory allergies (OR:6.2, 95% CI: 4.6-8.3) than for skin allergies (OR:2.2, 95% CI: 1.5-3.2) for ADHD. Conclusion: It would be beneficial to increase awareness among healthcare providers and parents about the co-occurrence of NDs and ADs. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.41.2.10691 How to cite this: Guclu YA, Erkoyun E, Celik SS, Can D. The relationship between allergic diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in children enrolled in primary healthcare. Pak J Med Sci. 2025;41(2):404-408. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.41.2.10691 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Frequency and risk factors associated with Low Birth Weight (LBW) at Bandung Regional General Hospital Indonesia

Low birth weight (LBW) was the highest contributor to the infant mortality rate at 52.4% in Bandung, Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of LBW and associated risk factors. This study used a retrospective cross-sectional approach to identify 233 newborns with low birth weight from January to December 2022. The dependent (LBW) and independent variables (risk factors) were analyzed with a chi-square and Multivariate logistic regression test. The results in the bivariate analysis of this study were LBW was associated with preeclampsia (p = 0.001), gestational age (p = 0.000), premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) (p = 0.000), oligohydramnios (p = 0.019), multiple pregnancy (p = 0.000), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (p = 0.000). In multivariate analysis, LBW was associated with preeclampsia (p = 0.040 OR 1.806 CI 95% 1.028-3.173), gestational age (p = 0.000 OR 18.365 CI 95% 12.272-27.484), PROM (p = 0.007 OR 0.514 CI 95% 0.317-0.832), multiple pregnancy (p = 0.000 OR 4.934 CI 95% 2.246-10.841), and IUGR (p = 0.000 OR 0.043 CI 95% 0.018-0.107). Meanwhile, oligohydramnios was not associated with LBW (p = 0.099 OR 2.004 CI 95% 0.018-0.107).

P0378 Normalization or reduction of at least 50% in faecal calprotectin levels after 3 months of treatment predicts clinical and endoscopic remission at 1 year in patients with ulcerative colitis: results of the prospective MIROIR study

Abstract Background The STRIDE-2 consensus considers the improvement of faecal calprotectin (Fcal) (biochemical response) as an intermediate goal in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, no consensual definition of biochemical response is currently available. MIROIR study evaluated the performance of Fcal levels three months after initiating treatment to predict clinical and endoscopic remission at 12 months in UC. Methods In this prospective longitudinal prediction study, any adult UC patient with partial Mayo score (>2) and endoscopic Mayo score (MES) ≥2, requiring starting therapy for UC was included. Patients with acute severe colitis or prior colectomy were excluded. Clinical and biological data, including Fcal levels, were collected, at baseline, month 3 (M3), M6, M9, and M12. Endoscopic and histological (Nancy index) evaluations were performed at inclusion, 3 months, and 12 months. Physicians were blinded from Fcal levels. The primary endpoint was Fcal level at 3 months, while the primary dependent variable was therapeutic success defined as clinical remission (total Mayo score ≤ 2 with endoscopic Mayo score (MES) = 0 or 1) at M12, without dose escalation or treatment discontinuation due to failure. Results Among 62 included patients, the mean age at inclusion was 43.9 ± 14.4 years, with 55.5% being male. UC extent was proctitis (E1) in 13.7%, left-sided colitis (E2) in 39.2%, and pancolitis (E3) in 47.1%. At baseline, endoscopic activity was Mayo 2 and Mayo 3 in 46.3% and 53.7%, respectively. and median ffcal level was 665 µg/g [296-1800]. Initiated therapies were 5-ASA (13.0%), corticosteroids (13.0%), immunosuppressants (5.5%), anti-TNF agents (26.4%), vedolizumab (22.6%), ustekinumab (35.8%), and tofacitinib (3.7%). At M3, 10 patients (18.5%) achieved endoscopic remission (MES 0), 23 (42.6%) showed endoscopic improvement (MES 0 or 1), while 10 (18.5%) and 13 (24.1%) still had endoscopic activity, MES 2 or 3, respectively. The median Fcal level at M3 correlated with MES at M3: 27 [14-142], 115 [20-460], 665 [135-1830], 755 [472-1340] (p = 0.0006) for MES 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and with endoscopic activity (MES ≥2) at M3 (90 [18-192] vs. 679 [428-1830], p = 0.0001) with a substantial effect size (1.32 [0.72-1.91]). Fcal level <150 µg/g at M3 was the best threshold to predict therapeutic success at M12. A decrease of at least 50% in Fcal level at M3 was the best threshold for predicting therapeutic success at M12, with high negative predictive value: 92.3%[74.9% - 99.1%]. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that normalization or reduction of at least 50% in Fcal level after 3 months of treatment predicts therapeutic success at 1 year in ulcerative colitis. This could therefore be proposed as a definition of biochemical response.

Incidental Learning From Science Journalism: The Effects of a Narrative Writing Style on the Comprehension and Situational Interest of Austrian Non-Experts in Health Sciences

Austrian non-experts in health sciences often lack the scientific knowledge to make informed decisions that affect their daily lives and society as a whole. In general, their interest in current scientific knowledge is low, so it is unlikely that they will actively seek out information. Adult non-experts therefore need to acquire relevant scientific information incidentally, e.g., by reading journalistic articles. Journalistic articles traditionally follow an inverted pyramid structure, presenting the most important information first, while narratives unfold events chronologically with intentionally acting characters. Journalistic science narratives provide information that is usually missing in inverted pyramids. This additional information may increase situational interest in journalistic science narratives. Most people are confronted with narratives more often than with explanatory texts in everyday life and can therefore process them better. Due to the linear structure, relevant information elements are automatically activated at the same time, which further facilitates processing. An online study in the context of online science journalism on nutrition topics was conducted in Austria with 461 adult nonexperts in health sciences recruited via online platforms. The dependent variables comprehension, cognitive load and situational interest were investigated using a multiple-tier test and self-reports. The results indicate significantly higher comprehension and general situational interest and significantly lower cognitive load after reading journalistic science narratives compared to inverted pyramids. However, situational interest in journalistic science narratives was significantly lower after participants had read the first paragraph. It then increased and was significantly higher than that for inverted pyramids for the rest of the article. Therefore, journalistic science narratives with a strictly chronological structure should be used with caution. When initial situational interest is low, individuals may stop reading before they have enough information to fully comprehend the content. In addition, higher situational interest is correlated with a lower perception of cognitive load.

Frequency of consumption and factors associated with hookah use in Curitiba, Brazil: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo analyze the consumption frequency and factors associated with hookah usage.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved adults, hookah users, residing in the city of Curitiba. Hookah groups were contacted on social networking sites via an invitation that contained a link to the questionnaire, which comprised 21 questions covering demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, user profiles, use of cigarettes and alcohol, symptoms, and perceptions of the risks of hookah use. The dependent variables were low and high consumption frequency. Multivariate analysis was performed using the backward method with p ≤ 0.20 in the chi-square test, and variables with p ≤ 0.05 were included in the final model.ResultsTwo hundred and seven questionnaires were included, and most hookah users were aged 22 years or older, resident in the south region, male, higher education, single, with high income, and categorized as low-consumption users. They started using hookah at up to 17 years old, discovered it through friends, purchased hookah essence from a tobacconist, and used it in groups, with 3 sessions or more per day, and the session duration was 50 min or more. They did not smoke conventional cigarettes, either during the hookah session or otherwise, and consumed alcohol during the hookah session, felt dizzy while using the device, and most believed that hookahs could harm their health. Higher values for high consumption compared to low consumption were observed in individuals aged up to 22 years, those with high school education, and those who purchase hookah essence from a distributor. High consumption was associated with individual use and the absence of symptoms when using hookah. Smoking conventional cigarettes during hookah session, experiencing dizziness, and reporting that symptoms disappeared after cessation of use were higher in the low-consumption group. Among high-consumption users, the majority resided in the northern region (Prevalence Ratio 6.736), were under 22 years of age (1.445) and bought essence from the distributor (1.463). Those who experienced dizziness (0.671) consumed hookah less frequently.ConclusionHigh consumption was associated with region, age, and place of purchase of essence, indicating that effective public policies necessitate formulating. Categories: Behavioral, Epidemiologic, and Health Services Research.

The Influences of Blended Learning Platforms on Students’ Satisfaction-An Empirical Study at a College in Southern China

Background and Aim: Although research on blended learning is expanding, studies on Rain Classroom’s role and its impact on student satisfaction remain limited, especially given rapid advances in information technology and the "Internet + Education" policy. Social software like QQ and WeChat has transformed classroom dynamics and increased student interest. Despite its significance, blended learning models often remain theoretical and lack practical application. Rain Classroom, a leading smart teaching tool in China, represents a new phase in educational informationization but is not fully understood. This study explores Rain Classroom’s use, analyzes factors affecting satisfaction, develops and validates an assessment model, and proposes strategies to enhance satisfaction, offering guidance for future educators. Materials and Methods: China's private undergraduate institutions play a key role in higher education. This study surveyed 3,793 students from four programs at a private university's School of Intelligent Manufacturing in southern China, with a final sample of 528. The programs included Electrical Engineering, Electronic Information Engineering, Mechanical Design, and Computer Science. The research explores the relationship between student satisfaction with Rain Classroom and factors such as Perceived Playfulness (PP), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PE), System Quality (SQ), and Information Quality (IQ), using the ACSI model and a modified TAM. Cognitive Engagement (CE) mediates and Satisfaction (STA) is the dependent variable. The study's questionnaire was evaluated, pilot-tested, and analyzed with CFA and SEM, revealing strong correlations among the variables. Results: This study involved 528 students from a southern China university. Cognitive Engagement (CE) was the dependent variable with an R² of 0.491, meaning Perceived Playfulness (PP), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Perceived Ease of Use (PE) explained 49.1% of its variance. Satisfaction (STA) had an R² of 0.416, with PP, PU, PE, System Quality (SQ), Information Quality (IQ), and CE explaining 41.6% of its variance. All p-values were below 0.05, indicating significant effects. Conclusion: This study proposes six hypotheses to examine factors affecting student learning satisfaction, such as perceived interest, usability, ease of use, cognitive engagement, system quality, and information quality. The subjects are freshmen to seniors at a private university in southern China who have used Rain Classroom for at least six months. Using a quota sampling method, the study ensured validity through expert-tested IOC and a pilot test with 30 respondents. Data from 528 valid questionnaires were analyzed using CFA and SEM to assess validity, reliability, and the impact on satisfaction.

Concussion and depressive symptoms in high school students: impact of physical activity and substance use

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between concussion history and depressive symptoms after adjusting for physical activity, substance use, and illicit drug use.MethodsWe analysed data from the Adolescent Behaviour and Experiences Survey,...

Government Digital Transformation: Understanding the Role of Government Social Media

MSMEs have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, with significant contributions to GDP and employment. In the digital era, social media has become an important tool for communication and interaction between government and society. This research aims to understand the role of government social media in digital transformation, specifically through a case study on the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs towards MSME players in Jakarta. The research method used is a quantitative approach using a questionnaire distributed to 181 respondents who are MSME players in Jakarta. This study explores the influence of reachability, information quality, and social media engagement as independent variables on public trust in government social media agencies as the dependent variable. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that these three factors have a significant positive influence on public trust. This finding supports cultivation theory which states that consistent and high-quality media exposure can shape positive public perceptions. Recommendations are given to the government to improve outreach, information quality, and active engagement on social media to build trust and support the growth of MSMEs.

How Authoritative Media and Personal Social Media Influence Policy Compliance Through Trust in Government and Risk Perception: Quantitative Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Previous studies on public compliance with policies during pandemics have primarily explained it from the perspectives of motivation theory, focusing on normative motivation (trust in policy-making institutions) and calculative motivation (fear of contracting the disease). However, the social amplification of a risk framework highlights that the media plays a key role in this process. This study aims to integrate the motivation theory of compliance behavior and the social amplification of risk framework to uncover the "black boxes" of the mechanisms by which normative motivation and calculative motivation influence public policy compliance behavior through the use of media. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a web-based survey of 2309 Chinese citizens from December 4, 2022, to March 21, 2023. We treated the public's policy compliance behavior during the pandemic as the dependent variable. Media use, specifically the use of authoritative media and "we-media," that is, personal social media accounts and media platforms operated by individuals, was set as the independent variable. Trust in government, representing normative motivation, and risk perception, representing calculative motivation, were included as mediating variables. A structural equation model was constructed and analyzed using Stata. First, the mediation effect of trust in government indicates that the use of authoritative media can enhance trust in government, which significantly increases individuals' policy compliance behavior (β coefficient=0.108, 95% CI 0.080-0.135; P<.001). Second, the mediation effect of risk perception shows that the use of we-media heightened individual risk perception, thereby significantly enhancing policy compliance behavior (β coefficient=0.012, 95% CI 0.002-0.021; P=.02). Third, the study revealed the "paradox of trust": the chain mediation effect in which authoritative media increased trust in government and reduced risk perception, ultimately decreasing policy compliance behavior (β coefficient=-0.005, 95% CI -0.009 to -0.001; P=.008). By combining the motivation theory of compliance behavior with the social amplification of risk framework in risk communication, we found that trust in government, as a normative motivation, operates through authoritative media, while risk perception, as a calculative motivation, promotes compliance behavior through we-media. In addition, in major crises, the public's use of authoritative media can lead to the paradox of trust: on the one hand, trust in the government increases policy compliance; on the other hand, this trust reduces risk perception, thereby decreasing compliance behavior. Authoritative institutions need to balance providing authoritative information with maintaining the public's risk perception.

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Ability of Students in the Merdeka Curriculum

The purpose of this study is to compare the project-based learning model in the "Merdeka Belajar" curriculum and the inquiry learning model in terms of students' critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. The research question is whether there is a difference between these two learning models in terms of students' critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. The independent variable (X) is the project-based learning model (X1), while the dependent variables (Y) are critical thinking ability (Y1) and problem-solving ability (Y2). The research sample was taken from 10th-grade students at SMA Muhammadiyah 4 Surabaya, consisting of 4 classes with a total of 120 students. The research sample was selected from students who have a normal distribution, possess similar characteristics (homogeneous), and have the same average scores. Then, two groups (classes) of students were selected as samples, named as the experimental group and the control group. The analysis technique used was Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Based on Pillai's trace, Wilks' lambda, Hotelling's trace, and Roy's largest root, the value obtained was 0.000. As 0.000 &lt; 0.05, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. This indicates that there is a difference in critical thinking and problem-solving abilities between the project-based learning model and the inquiry learning model.

Integrating a novel algorithm in assessing the impact of floods on the genetic diversity of a high commercial value fish (Cyprinidae: Spinibarbus sp.) in Lang Son province of Vietnam.

Floods, which occur when the amount of precipitation surpasses the capacity of an area to drain it adequately, have detrimental consequences on the survival and future generations of fishes. However, few works have reported the prediction of this natural phenomenon in a relation to certain fish species, especially in fast-flowing rivers. In the specific context of the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, where the Spinibarbus sp. fish species resides, it has been observed through the current study that the fish population in Lang Son exhibits the lowest genetic diversity and genetic distance. Consequently, the population of Spinibarbus sp. in Lang Son shows a heightened susceptibility to floods, resulting in reduction in population size and compromised population resilience. In order to provide decision support information for managers, conservationists, and researchers, we have employed a genetic algorithm-support vector machine regression (GA-SVR) predictive model to map flood vulnerability using thirteen dependent variables. The study findings have unveiled a significant negative correlation between flood-sensitive regions and genetic diversity. These discoveries emphasize the significance of considering the impact of floods on the genetic diversity of Spinibarbus sp. in Lang Son through flood vulnerability mapping. This underscores the value of establishing a comprehensive framework based on the GA-SVR algorithm for early flood detection, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective measures to minimize damages and conserve this commercial fish species.

THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION IN THE PRODUCT MARKET AND FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY ON BUSINESS STRATEGY: A PAKISTANI CONTEXT

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between competition in the product market (PMC), financial flexibility (FF), and business strategies in Pakistan, providing both theoretical and practical implications for companies. It contributes to the body of knowledge on strategic management, particularly related to emerging markets, and addresses the institutional voids impacting firms. Design/Methodology: For data collection, 200 companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) were chosen via using the systematic elimination method for 2010-2020. Since the study involved binary dependent variables, probit and logit regression models were applied to test the hypothesis. The study adopted Ittner and Larcker (1997), Herfindahl-Hirshchman Index (HHI), and Frank and Goyal (2009) models to assess Business Strategy, PMC, and FF respectively. Findings: PMC has a significant impact on companies to adopt a certain business strategy (i.e., defensive, opportunistic, analytical, and invasive) and the level of financial flexibility. Similarly, financial flexibility provides companies to adapt defensive and opportunistic strategies, and it also make companies decrease the adaptation of analytical and invasive strategies. Originality: This study endeavors to provide a significant insight for companies to focus on the importance of PMC and keep track of their level of financial flexibility. The study also suggests that exploring the opportunities of investment, which are competitive in nature, can be effective and helpful in selecting the appropriate business strategy. Following this roadmap, companies can better be able to maximize their performance and value to sustain their competitiveness.

Cash Demand Sensitivity: Post-Tax Amnesty Shadow Economy Estimation in Indonesia

Indonesia has consistently failed to meet its tax revenue targets in recent years, primarily due to extensive shadow economy activities aimed at tax evasion. This study seeks to measure the sensitivity of cash demand in estimating the shadow economy across Indonesia's 34 provinces during the post-tax amnesty period from 2016 to 2022 and to assess its impact on potential tax revenue losses. Utilizing a quantitative methodology, the research employs panel data regression with a Random Effects Model. The shadow economy is estimated using a monetary approach model based on cash demand sensitivity. The dependent variables include total currency demand and potential tax revenue, while the independent variables comprise tax burden, inflation rate, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), financial and technological innovation (represented by internet use for financial purposes), and the shadow economy. The findings reveal that the tax burden, inflation, and financial/technological innovations do not significantly influence cash demand, whereas income has a significant positive effect. Moreover, the shadow economy substantially affects potential tax revenue losses. On average, the shadow economy across the 34 provinces amounts to IDR 292.152 billion, with an average potential tax revenue loss of IDR 35.306 billion

Childhood violence exposure and its contributing factors in Indonesia: a secondary data analysis of the National Survey on Children and Adolescents’ Life Experience

ObjectivesChildhood violence exposure is a public health concern that has long-term impacts on health and well-being. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to childhood violence exposure.DesignThis study conducted...

PENGARUH KEPERCAYAAN DAN KEMUDAHAN AKSES TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN GEN Z DI ACCESS BY KAI SURABAYA

This study aims to analyze whether Trust and Ease of Access affect purchasing decisions through the Access By KAI website for Gen Z in Surabaya. The approach in this research is mixed research research. The population in this study were Gen Z users of the Access By KAI website in Surabaya with a sample of 100 users. The independent variables in this study are Trust and Ease of Access, while the dependent variable is Purchase Decision. The analysis techniques used are validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, model accuracy test, descriptive statistical test, multiple linear regression analysis test, and hypothesis testing with the help of SPSS version 22. The results and conclusions of this study indicate that trust has an influence on increasing purchases, which means that if trust increases, the purchasing decision variable will also increase. Likewise, the ease of access variable has a significant effect on purchasing decisions, this is because that easy-to-understand and clear usage can help users increase purchases in the application. For the variables of trust and ease of access together have an effect on purchasing decisions, because both have a simultaneous influence, as evidenced by the F test worth 55,589.