Independent Sites Research Articles

Seeking Transnational, Digital-native News From Latin America: An Audience Analysis Through the Lens of Social Capital

ABSTRACT Digital-native news sites from Latin America are changing the region’s industry. These news organizations are accessed nationally and also across national boundaries. This study examined, through the theoretical lens of social capital, factors contributing to the creation of transnational audiences for these news organizations. A survey of audiences for these independent news sites in El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela indicated that economic and network capital predicted transnational digital-native news use. Transnational audiences were more likely to be younger, female, and with higher income than their national counterparts.

Cobalt(II) coordination complex with 2,5-bis(pyridine-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole and thiocyanate as co-ligand: Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectroscopic, thermal and magnetic properties

The bis(2,5-di(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-κ2N,N′)-bis(thiocyanato-κ1N)cobalt(II) complex has been synthetized from the reaction of 2,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (L) with metallic salt CoCl2.6H2O and thiocyanate ion (SCN−) as coligand in H2O/CH3CN at room temperature. The synthetized complex (CoL2(SCN)2) has been fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, as well as UV–Visible, FTIR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. TGA analysis and magnetic measurements were also performed. CoL2(SCN)2 crystallizes in monoclinic symmetry and P 21/c space group with two independent cobalt crystallographic sites, where each cobalt atom is localized in a distorted octahedral environment CoN6, with the thiadiazole molecules (L) as bidentate ligands in equatorial sites and terminal SCN− ions in axial positions. The crystal cohesion is assured by intermolecular hydrogen bonding, C–H⋯π and π–π stacking; in addition to the N–Cu coordination bonds. This has been confirmed by the three dimensional Hirshfeld surface analysis and the two dimensional fingerprint plots that highlight the dominance of intermolecular interactions C⋯H/H⋯C and S⋯H/H⋯S. The thermal analysis of CoL2(SCN)2 reveals that this complex is thermally stable up to 200 °C. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements on CoL2(SCN)2 complex indicated an antiferromagnetic exchange between the two non-equivalent cobalt(II) ions with a ferrimagnetic behaviour.

Part I: Crossfit-Related Injury Characteristics Presenting to Sports Medicine Clinic

To investigate CrossFit-related injuries presenting to a pediatric sports medicine clinic. Retrospective review of pediatric CrossFit-related injuries from between January 1, 2003, and June 31, 2016. Pediatric sports medicine clinic at a tertiary-level academic medical center. Patients with injury related to CrossFit participation. Sex, age, injury site, diagnosis, diagnostic imaging, and treatment. Annual CrossFit-related injury proportion (%) over time. One hundred fifteen medical identified (N = 55 female; mean age, 25.2 ± 10.4 years). Proportion of CrossFit-related injuries presenting to clinic relative to overall clinic volume consistently increased over time (Pearson r = 0.825; P = 0.022). Injury location included head (0.08%), trunk/spine (25.2%), upper extremity (27.0%), and lower extremity (47.0%). Common injured joints included knee (27%), spine (24.3%), and shoulder (16.5%). Nearly half of patients had a single diagnostic imaging (49.6%; 57 of 115). Most common diagnostics included magnetic resonance imaging (60.0%; 69 of 115), plain radiographs (51.3%; 59 of 115), ultrasound (10.4%; 12 of 115), and computerized tomographic scan (9.6%; 11 of 115). Most commonly prescribed treatments included physical/occupational therapy (38.3%; 44 of 115), activity modification (19.1%; 22 of 115), crutches/brace/splinting/compression sleeve (13.0%; 15 of 115), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (10.4%; 12 of 115). CrossFit-related injury proportion presenting to a pediatric sports medicine clinic increased over time. A notable proportion of injuries occurred to the trunk and spine. Advanced imaging was obtained in approximately half of these youth athletes. Further research in youth CrossFit athletes is required surrounding mechanism of injury to prevent future injury in this mode of training for youth athletes.

Astrocyte-Derived Exosomal microRNA miR-200a-3p Prevents MPP+-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death Through Down-Regulation of MKK4.

Astrocytes release exosomes that regulate neuronal cell function. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is a well-known neurotoxin used to induce cell death in in vitro Parkinson's disease models, and microRNA (miRNA) transferred by released exosomes can regulate its mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated that exosomes released from normal astrocytes (ADEXs), but not exosomes derived from MPP+-stimulated astrocytes (MPP+-ADEXs), significantly attenuate MPP+-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells and primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron cultures, and reduce expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), an important upstream kinase in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase cell death pathway. Similar neuroprotective results were obtained from primary hippocampal neuron cultures, an in vitro glutamate excitotoxicity model. Through small-RNA sequencing of exosomal miRNA, we identified miR-200a-3p as the most down-regulated miRNA expressed in MPP+-ADEXs. miRNA target analysis and reporter assay confirmed that miR-200a-3p targets MKK4 through binding to two independent sites on the 3'-UTR of Map2k4/MKK4 mRNA. Treatment with miR-200a-3p mimic suppressed both MKK4 mRNA and protein expressions, and attenuated cell death in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells and glutamate-treated hippocampal neuron cultures. Our results suggest that normal astrocytes release miR-200a-3p which exhibits a neuroprotective effect through down-regulation of MKK4.

Synthesis, structure, and transport properties of Ba8Cu16 – xAuxP30 clathrate solid solution

A new clathrate solid solution Ba8Cu16 − xAuxP30 (x = 4, 8, 12) was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state annealing method. The crystal structures of Ba8Cu16 − xAuxP30 were determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. This clathrate solid solution crystallizes in the orthorhombic superstructure of clathrate-I type with 23 crystallographically independent framework sites, eight of them are occupied by Au/Cu and 15 are exclusively occupied by P atoms. The distribution of Au and Cu atoms over these eight framework sites is not random with a clear preference for Au to occupy the largest (Au/Cu)P4 tetrahedra in the framework. The thermal stability and thermoelectric properties of the Ba8Cu16 − xAuxP30 solid solution were evaluated. Low thermal conductivity was achieved for Ba8Cu16 − xAuxP30 due to the combination of the host–guest crystal structure with rattling Ba atoms with the presence of heavy Au atoms and substitutional Cu/Au disorder in the clathrate framework.

Framing climate change and health: New Zealand's online news media.

Climate change is a major threat to public health worldwide. Conversely, well-designed action to mitigate climate change offers numerous opportunities to improve health and equity. Despite this, comprehensive climate action has not been forthcoming within New Zealand. The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and support for policy change. Previous literature has suggested that certain types of framing may be more effective than others at encouraging support for climate action and policy. This includes positive, personally relevant framing, as well as key journalistic tools which appear counter-intuitive, such as an increase in human interest stories and 'sensationalist' framing. We undertook a qualitative thematic analysis of climate change and health media coverage in two online New Zealand news outlets to understand how the issue was framed, and how it may be framed more effectively to encourage climate action. We compared the framing used by journalists in mainstream media outlet the New Zealand Herald Online (NZHO) with that of contributors to independent news repository site Scoop. Content in both outlets emphasized the threat unchecked climate change poses to health, which overshadowed the positive health opportunities of climate action. The NZHO was more prone to negative framing, and more likely to favour stories which could be sensationalized and were international in scope. We considered the possible effectiveness of the framing we found for attracting greater media attention and encouraging support for climate action and policy.

A bispecific IgG format containing four independent antigen binding sites

Bispecific antibodies come in many different formats, including the particularly interesting two-in-one antibodies, where one conventional IgG binds two different antigens. The IgG format allows these antibodies to mediate Fc-related functionality, and their wild-type structure ensures low immunogenicity and enables standard methods to be used for development. It is however difficult, time-consuming and costly to generate two-in-one antibodies. Herein we demonstrate a new approach to create a similar type of antibody by combining two different variable heavy (VH) domains in each Fab arm of an IgG, a tetra-VH IgG format. The VHs are used as building blocks, where one VH is placed at its usual position, and the second VH replaces the variable light (VL) domain in a conventional IgG. VH domains, binding several different types of antigens, were discovered and could be rearranged in any combination, offering a convenient “plug and play” format. The tetra-VH IgGs were found to be functionally tetravalent, binding two antigens on each arm of the IgG molecule simultaneously. This offers a new strategy to also create monospecific, tetravalent IgGs that, depending on antigen architecture and mode-of-action, may have enhanced efficacy compared to traditional bivalent antibodies.

Modulated Linear Tellurium Chains in Ba3ScTe5: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Optical and Resistivity Studies, and Electronic Structure.

A new ternary telluride, Ba3ScTe5, with a pseudo-one-dimensional structure, was synthesized at 1173 K by standard solid-state methods. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study at 100(2) K shows the structure to be modulated. The structure of the subcell of Ba3ScTe5 crystallizes with two formula units in the hexagonal space group D6h3-P63/mcm with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 10.1190(5) Å and c = 6.8336(3) Å. The asymmetric unit of the subcell structure consists of four crystallographically independent sites: Ba1 (site symmetry: m2m), Sc1 (-3.m), Te1 (m2m), and Te2 (3.2). Its structure is made up of chains of ∞1[ScTe33-] that are separated by Ba2+ cations. The Sc atoms are bonded to six Te1 atoms that form a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The structure of the subcell also contains linear infinite chains of Te2 with intermediate Te···Te interactions. The superstructure of Ba3ScTe5 is incommensurate and was solved in the hexagonal superspace group P-6(00γ)0 with a = 10.1188(3) Å and c = 6.8332(3) Å and a modulation vector of q = 0.3718(2)c*. The arrangement and coordination geometries of the atoms in the superstructure are very similar to those in the substructure. However, the main difference is that the infinite chains of Te atoms in the superstructure are distorted owing to the formation of long- and short-bonded pairs of Te atoms. The presence of these chains with intermediate Te···Te interactions makes assignment of the formal oxidation states arbitrary. The optical absorption study of a polycrystalline sample of Ba3ScTe5 that was synthesized by the stoichiometric reaction of elements at 1173 K reveals a direct band gap of 1.1(2) eV. The temperature-dependent resistivity study of polycrystalline Ba3ScTe5 shows semiconducting behavior corroborating the optical studies, while density functional theory calculations report a pseudo band gap of 1.3 eV.

A novel method for quantifying periodicity and time delay in dynamic neural networks using unstable subaction potential threshold depolarizations.

Techniques to identify and correlate the propagation of electrical signals (like action potentials) along neural networks are well described, using multisite recordings. In these cases, the waveform of action potentials is usually relatively stable and discriminating relevant electrical signals straightforward. However, problems can arise when attempting to identify and correlate the propagation of signals when their waveforms are unstable (e.g., fluctuations in amplitude or time course). This makes correlation of the degree of synchronization and time lag between propagating electrical events across two or more recording sites problematic. Here, we present novel techniques for the determination of the periodicity of electrical signals at individual sites. When recording from two independent sites, we present novel analytical techniques for joint determination of periodicity and time delay. The techniques presented exploit properties of the cross-correlation function, rather than utilizing the time lag at which the cross-correlation function is maximized. The approach allows determination of directionality of the spread of excitation along a neural network based on measurements of the time delay between recording sites. This new method is particularly applicable to analysis of signals in other biological systems that have unstable characteristics in waveform that show dynamic variability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The determination of frequency(s) at which two sources are synchronized, and relative time delay between them, is a fundamental problem for a wide a range of signal-processing applications. In this methodology paper, we present novel procedures for periodicity estimation for single time series and joint periodicity and time delay estimation for two time series. The methods use properties of the cross-correlation function rather than the cross-correlation function explicitly.

Suitable Proportion Sample of Holdout Validation for Spatial Rainfall Interpolation in Surrounding the Makassar Strait

Spatial rainfall interpolation requires a number of suitable validation samples to maintain accuracy. Generally, the larger the areas which can be predicted, the better the interpolation. In addition, the data used for validation should be separated from the modelling data. Moreover, the number of samples determine optimally proportion the independent sites. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal sample ratio for holdout validation in interpolation methods; the Makassar Strait was chosen as the study location because of its daily rainfall variation. The accuracy of the sample selection is tested using correlation, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and the indicators of contingency tables. The results show that accuracy depends on the ratio of the modelling data. Therefore, the more extensive the data used for interpolation, the better the accuracy. Otherwise, if the rain gauge data is separated according to province, there will be a variation in accuracy in the portion of independent samples. For rainfall interpolation, it is recommended to use a minimum 75% of data sites to maintain accuracy. Comparison between kriging and inverse distance weighting or IDW methods indicates that IDW is better. Moreover, rainfall characteristics affect the accuracy and portion of the independent sample.

Synthesis of pure 15R–SiAlON polytype phase & its crystal structure under carbothermal-reduction-nitridation

Synthesis of pure 15R–SiAlON polytype phase, unexplored so far, through carbothermal-reduction-nitridation (CRN) of a mixture of alumina with stoichiometrically proportionate silica has been successfully attempted. The probable reaction sequences of formation are described in terms of the obtained phases. It is argued that the role of CRN process is limited to the formation of intermediate phases, AlN and β-SiAlON, which finally react to form the polytype phase. FTIR studies provide supportive evidence for the different chemical reactions taking place. Formed particles are mostly agglomerated which are actually consisted of fine crystallites (100–300 nm). The powder is well sinterable without external densification aid under spark plasma sintering process producing plate-like elongated grains. The refinement of X-Ray data revealed lattice parameters, lattice volume, crystallite size, microstrain as well as atom coordinates and the corresponding Wycoff positions of the obtained 15R–SiAlON. Six independent atom sites in the unit cell, one (Si/Al) site at 3a, two (Si/Al) sites at 6c and three (O/N) sites at 6c are found. The crystal structure as revealed is silicon rich, ordered but distorted with respect to both bond length and direction for the presence of N4− electronic state.

Libro Healthy Towns - assessing availability of food information for a pilot public health initiative

AbstractIn Ireland SI 489/2014 mandates food businesses (FB) to present written allergen information on food and drink at the point of presentation or sale. Despite this requirement being in place since 2014, compliance is low. A 2017 audit published by the Food Safety Authority Ireland reported that corrective action was required by 88% of FB assessed.Calorie labeling, although not legally required, has strong consumer demand. Furthermore when FB implement calorie labeling, improvements to stock management resulted in reduced costs.This study aims to establish a baseline of available information to evaluate the progress of the public health initiative “Libro Healthy Towns”: a pilot project aimed at supporting FB to provide food information to consumers.A catchment area was established to identify FB for inclusion. FB were categorised by business type: Multi-site (MB) or Independent site (IB), and service type: Restaurant/Café (RC), Restaurant/Takeaway (RT), Hotel, Pub/Restaurant and Takeaway. Availability of allergen and calorie information were collected by observing and photographing food information on display. Where information was not observable, it was requested. Employees were asked if consumers requested calorie information. Responses were recorded for input into a spreadsheet. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (ver. 24). Results were assessed using Chi-Square and Likelihood Ratio.In total 54 FB were assessed (31 = MB, 23 = IB), 63% had allergen information displayed and 31% had it available on request. There was no statistically significant difference between business type and allergen information being available on display or by request. Three businesses (6%) had no allergen information available; 100% of these were IB. MB were significantly more likely to have allergen information available (100%) compared with IB (87%) (p-value = .021). Calorie information was available for 24% (n = 13) of FB, of which significantly more (92%) were MB (p-value = .003). Calorie information was requested in 56% of FB, most frequently requested in RC and RT, 62% and 55% respectively. Significantly more MB reported that consumers requested calorie information compared with IB, 77% and 26% respectively (p-value = < .001).Only half of businesses displayed allergen information in writing at the point of presentation or sale. Consumer interest in calorie information was strong, supporting previous research showing consumers want to make informed food choices. Access to food information was easier in MB however this study shows that measures to improve the availability of food information are necessary across all business types.

Exploiting CRIC to streamline the configuration management of GlideinWMS factories for CMS support

GlideinWMS is a workload management and provisioning system that allows sharing computing resources distributed over independent sites. Based on the requests made by GlideinWMS frontends, a dynamically sized pool of resources is created by GlideinWMS pilot factories via pilot job submission to resource sites’ CEs. More than 400 CEs are currently serving more than ten virtual organizations through GlideinWMS, with CMS being the biggest user with 230 CEs. The complex configurations of the parameters defining resource requests, as submitted to those CEs, have been historically managed by manually editing a set of different XML files. New possibilities arise with CMS adopting the CRIC, an information system that collects, aggregates, stores, and exposes, among other things, computing resource data coming from various data providers. The paper will describe the challenges faced when CMS started to use CRIC to automatically generate the GlideinWMS factory configurations. The architecture of the prototype, and the ancillary tools developed to ease this transition, will be discussed. Finally, future plans and milestones will be outlined.

Трансформація авторитарного режиму у цифровій реальності (на прикладі Білорусі 2006-2015 рр.).

The collapse of the USSR gave scholars a variety of different political regimes that can’t be easily defined. Among all these examples, the Belarusian case seems to be an interesting one. In scholarly discourse, the country’s regime hasn’t obtained a constant definition. Moreover, the case of the Belarusian regime may help us shed some light upon the peculiarities of this type of post-Soviet authoritarian regime and seek additional peculiarities in it, which will prove helpful in further approaches to define contemporary ‘mixed’ regimes of former USSR republics and other countries all over the world.The main objective of the study is thus to show the Belarusian political regime’s transformation on the basis of political news of an independent online mass media site Belapan. News between April 2006 – August 2015 was collected and analysed.The tendencies of the decrease of participation in communication and the increase in the number of unique positions were detected. During the observed period, the indicators of participation in communication and unique political actors show the low dialogism of communication, and low number of stable figures in it, which may lead to minimised citizen familiarity with political figures, their political positions and actions; low level of political engagement. All these features characterise an authoritarian regime, and the fact of indicators decreasing/increasing testify to consistent tightening of the regime.Low intensity of political communication in Belarus may be additionally observed with the low constant attention towards Belarusian political actors. Dealing with the findings, one should consider digital transformation in journalism. A prevalence of unique political actors has been making political communication more complicated and fragmented, where different positions of these episodic actors are not presented in a structured unity.

Dronedarone blockage of the tumor-related Kv10.1 channel: a comparison with amiodarone.

Kv10.1 (Eag1, or KCNH1) is a human potassium-selective channel associated with tumor development. In this work, we study the interaction of the drug dronedarone with Kv10.1. Dronedarone presents two chemical modifications aimed to lessen side effects produced by its parent molecule, the antiarrhythmic amiodarone. Hence, our observations are discussed within the framework of a previously reported interaction of amiodarone with Kv10.1. Additionally, we show new data regarding the interaction of amiodarone with the channels. We found that, unexpectedly, the effect of dronedarone on Kv10.1 differs both quantitatively and qualitatively to that of amiodarone. Among other observations, we found that dronedarone seems to be an open-pore blocker, in contrast to the reported behavior of amiodarone, which seems to inhibit from both open and closed states. Additionally, herein we provide evidence showing that, in spite of their chemical similarity, these molecules inhibit the K+ conductance by binding to non-overlapping, independent (non-allosterically related) sites. Also, we show that, while amiodarone inhibits the Cole-Moore shift, dronedarone is unable to inhibit this voltage-dependent characteristic of Kv10.1.

Phase transformation, charge transfer, and ionic diffusion of Na4MnV(PO4)3 in sodium-ion batteries: a combined first-principles and experimental study

The structural transformation, charge transfer and ionic diffusion properties of Na4MnV(PO4)3 were studied by first-principles and experimental studies. Two independent Na sites, Na(1) and Na(2), were found, but only Na(2) can be extracted between 2.5 and 3.8 V.

B3-Medical waste management Fas Yankes Bogor district health office in 2018

Health service facility is a device and / or place used to carry out health service efforts in promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative that carried out by the Central Government, Regional Government and / or the community. Based on the regulation of Indonesia Republic Number: 47 of 2016 concerning Health Service Facilities in article 4 that the types of Health Service Facilities as referred to in article 3 (Health Service Facilities provide health services in the form of individual health services; and / or public health services) consist of independent practice sites health workers, public health centers, clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, blood transfusion units, health laboratories, optics, medical services for legal purposes and traditional health care facilities.Likewise, based on PP No.47 of 2016 which is about the implementation of independent practices of health workers and traditional health service facilities. In this case the government gives the widest possible permits to health workers as long as they fulfill the requirements, Government and Private health facilities in Bogor Regency in 2016. It shows that there will be potential pollution of health facilities waste, if it is reviewed according to Minister of Health Regulation 1204 in of 2015, evaluating the condition of B3-Medical waste management from health facilities and providing policy for service health for managers of B3-Medical Waste in Health Facilities. And the research method is a theoretical research method with the aim of knowing and running the management of B3-Medical waste FasYanKes in Bogor. The results achieved are the process of managing B3-Medical waste from in 4 regions 42 Subdistricts and government hospitals and private hospitals, clinics and others more to management in Bogor district basically has the same process that is from the reduction / sorting of medical and non-medical waste, sorting, transporting waste to polling stations, processing and burial / stockpiling are stored at TPS until full, then the final process of solid medical treatment is carried out through combustion using an incinerator and overall the process of Medical-B3 waste management in Fasyankeas in Bogor Regency is not yet in accordance with the provisions, namely Environment and Forestry Candy Number: P.56 / MenLHK-Setjen / 2015, namely following the procedures and technical requirements for the Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste from Health Care Facilities 2004. The problem is how to manage B3-Medical Waste according to Minister of Environment Regulation No. 56

Percolation in majority dynamics

We consider two-dimensional dependent dynamical site percolation where sites perform majority dynamics. We introduce the critical percolation function at time t as the infimum density with which one needs to begin in order to obtain an infinite open component at time t. We prove that, for any fixed time t, there is no percolation at criticality and that the critical percolation function is continuous. We also prove that, for any positive time, the percolation threshold is strictly smaller than the critical probability for independent site percolation.

Isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance analysis using the dynamic approach

Biophysical techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are routinely used to ascertain the global binding mechanisms of protein-protein or protein-ligand interaction. Recently, Dumas etal, have explicitly modelled the instrument response of the ligand dilution and analysed the ITC thermogram to obtain kinetic rate constants. Adopting a similar approach, we have integrated the dynamic instrument response with the binding mechanism to simulate the ITC profiles of equivalent and independent binding sites, equivalent and sequential binding sites and aggregating systems. The results were benchmarked against the standard commercial software Origin-ITC. Further, the experimental ITC chromatograms of 2′-CMP + RNASE and BH3I-1 + hBCLXL interactions were analysed and shown to be comparable with that of the conventional analysis. Dynamic approach was applied to simulate the SPR profiles of a two-state model, and could reproduce the experimental profile accurately.

Multifunctional Roles of the N-Terminal Region of HIV-1SF2Nef Are Mediated by Three Independent Protein Interaction Sites.

HIV-1 Nef promotes virus spread and disease progression by altering host cell transport and signaling processes through interaction with multiple host cell proteins. The N-terminal region in HIV-1 Nef encompassing residues 12 to 39 has been implicated in many Nef activities, including disruption of CD4 T lymphocyte polarization and homing to lymph nodes, antagonism of SERINC5 restriction to virion infectivity, downregulation of cell surface CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), release of Nef-containing extracellular vesicles, and phosphorylation of Nef by recruitment of the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC). How this region mediates these pleiotropic functions is unclear. Characterization of a panel of alanine mutants spanning the N-terminal region to identify specific functional determinants revealed this region to be dispensable for effects of Nef from HIV-1 strain SF2 (HIV-1SF2Nef) on T cell actin organization and chemotaxis, retargeting of the host cell kinase Lck to the trans-Golgi network, and incorporation of Nef into extracellular vesicles. MHC-I downmodulation was specific to residue M20, and inhibition of T cell polarization by Nef required the integrity of the entire region. In contrast, downmodulation of cell surface CD4 and SERINC5 antagonism were mediated by a specific motif encompassing residues 32 to 39 that was also essential for efficient HIV replication in primary CD4 T lymphocytes. Finally, Nef phosphorylation via association with the NAKC was mediated by two EP repeats within residues 24 to 29 but was dispensable for other functions. These results identify the N-terminal region as a multifunctional interaction module for at least three different host cell ligands that mediate independent functions of HIV-1SF2Nef to facilitate immune evasion and virus spread.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Nef critically determines virus spread and disease progression in infected individuals by acting as a protein interaction adaptor via incompletely defined mechanisms and ligands. Residues 12 to 39 near the N terminus of Nef have been described as an interaction platform for the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC) and were recently identified as essential determinants for a broad range of Nef activities. Here, we report a systematic mapping of this amino acid stretch that revealed the presence of three independent interaction motifs with specific ligands and activities. While downmodulation of cell surface MHC-I depends on M20, two EP repeats are the minimal binding site for the NAKC, and residues 32 to 39 mediate antagonism of the host cell restriction factor SERINC5 as well as downmodulation of cell surface CD4. These results reveal that the N-terminal region of HIV-1SF2Nef is a versatile and multifunctional protein interaction module that exerts essential functions of the pathogenicity factor via independent mechanisms.