Independent Sample T-test Research Articles

INTERACTIVE BLOCK GAMES TO IMPROVE VISUAL SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

The development of technology and modern lifestyle has changed children's play patterns, where more time is spent with digital devices than manipulative activities that support visual-spatial development, interactive block play is a popular activity for preschool children and has been considered by researchers as a versatile activity to help children develop technological thinking, critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, and abstract thinking, Data collection was carried out through systematic observation, documentation, and performance tests to measure the development of children's visual-spatial intelligence. The collected data were analyzed using the independent sample t-test statistical test, and the paired sample t-test to analyze the increase in scores from pretest to posttest. The validity and reliability of the instrument trial instrument with a Cronbach's alpha reliability value> 0.7. based on the Sig. (2-tailed) value in the experimental class of 0.010 <0.05. So there is a difference before the intervention or pretest and after the intervention or posttest. Therefore, there is an influence of interactive block play to improve visual spatial intelligence in early childhood. Children who regularly play with interactive blocks show improvements in several cognitive aspects. They have better abilities in recognizing patterns, understanding spatial relationships, and solving problems involving spatial orientation

Resilience as Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Mental Well-Being among Selected Southern University Students of Bangladesh

The study aimed to investigate how resilience affects young adults’ mental health and life satisfaction in Bangladesh. To achieve this end, a total number of 440 students were selected randomly from different universities situated in the southern part of Bangladesh. The Bangla version of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), The Warwick Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were administered to measure variables. Independent sample t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation and simple linear regression were performed to test the data. The results of the t-test revealed significant gender differences in life satisfaction, and correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation among resilience, mental well-being, and life satisfaction. Simple linear regression results revealed that 2.1% of the variability in life satisfaction and 29.8% of the variability in mental health were significantly predicted by resilience. This finding illustrates that increasing resilience will increase mental well-being and life satisfaction among university students in Bangladesh. Therefore, psychotherapy interventions that aim to strengthen psychological resilience and improve mental well-being may raise a person’s overall level of life satisfaction. Bangladesh Journal of Psychology Vol. 24, December 2024, pp. 49-60

MAXIMIZING JUMP PERFORMANCE: THE ROLE OF PLYOMETRICS IN YOUTH FOOTBALL TRAINING

Vertical jump training is a fundamental method for the physical conditioning of athletes. The synergy of motor skills exhibited during such movements substantially contributes to achieving motor acts and actions with higher performance indices. In football, vertical jumping, like other specific factors, is an essential element that can determine the outcome of a match. Football players need to be physically prepared to handle any complex situations that may arise during a game. Our study aims to evaluate the impact of plyometric training on vertical jump height performance in young football players. A total of 16 subjects, U11 football players, were randomly assigned equally into a PL group (N=8), which followed a plyometric training routine for 6 weeks, and a control group (N=8), which followed the routines set by the club team's coach. They were evaluated in two phases – an initial and a final phase – using Optojump testing equipment. The results obtained were compared using statistical and mathematical methods of descriptive analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality distribution, and the Independent Samples T-test. Additionally, Levene's test was used to analyze the type of variances in the distributions. Our study confirmed that a customized plyometric training routine can significantly improve vertical jump performance, considering age-specific characteristics. Our investigations suggest that integrating this type of training into the subjects' routines can bring significant benefits to the development of motor skills, specifically to young football players, offering exciting perspectives for optimizing their performance in the long term.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SURGICAL OUTCOMES IN NEONATES WITH CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA TREATED BY LAPAROTOMY OR THORACOTOMY

The choice of surgical approach often depends on the experience of the surgeon and the specific clinical situation. The lack of consensus makes it difficult to compare outcomes between centers and hinders the establishment of a standard for high-risk CDH patients. Objective: to describe the structure and comparison of reoperation rates in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) based on surgical approach, to identify the major risk factors for reoperation, and to provide pathophysiologic rationale for the optimal surgical approach. Materials and Methods: This single-center prospective cohort study compares the outcomes of surgical correction of CDH by laparotomy (n=53) and thoracotomy (n=41). The study included a neonatal group of children with high-risk left-sided CDH who underwent surgery at Ohmatdyt Hospital between 2000 and 2024. Follow-up was at least one year. Clinical data were analyzed statistically. The mean (M) and standard deviation (SD), and the median (Me) and interquartile range (IQR) for metric data were calculated. Comparisons were made using the independent samples t-test with calculation of critical value (t) and statistical significance (p). For nominal data, the 2 criterion was used. The calculation of mortality risk included the assessment of absolute risks, their ratio (RR) with the determination of the error and 95% confidence interval. The analysis was performed with MS Excel and IBM SPSS Statistic 19. The study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee (LEC) of all institutions mentioned in the paper. Informed consent for the study was obtained from the parents (or guardians) of the children. Results: The overall rate of surgical complications was higher in the laparotomy group (39.6% vs. 29.3%, p = 0.39), including the rate of reoperations (30.1% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.32) during the observation period. Complications such as adhesive and strangulation bowel obstruction and ventral hernia formation were more common in the laparotomy group. Recurrence and surgical treatment of GERD were almost equal (7.3% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.196). Early postoperative mortality was higher in the laparotomy group (32% vs. 17%, p=0.09). Conclusions: Postnatal treatment of CDH by laparotomy is associated with a higher incidence of surgical complications such as bowel obstruction and ventral hernia formation. Mortality was also more common in the laparotomy group. The use of thoracotomy as a surgical approach allows a pathogenetically justified correction of CDH by applying the developed concept of thoracalization of the abdominal cavity. This creates conditions for reducing the incidence of complications and improving the results of CDH repair.

Exploring University Teachers’ Perceptions of Metaverse Integration in Higher Education: A Quantitative Study from China

Understanding these perceptions is crucial for successful adoption and implementation, particularly in the context of higher education institutions in Jiangsu Province, China, as little is known about university teachers’ perceptions of these technologies and their potential applications in educational settings. This study employed a quantitative research approach, collecting data through a questionnaire sent to 389 university teachers from institutions offering Bachelor’s programs. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26, applying statistical techniques such as independent sample t-tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and factor analysis to examine the influence of demographic variables on teachers’ perceptions. The analysis revealed that demographic factors, including teachers’ age, academic qualifications, years of teaching experience, and attitudes toward new educational technologies, significantly influenced their perceptions of the application of Metaverse technologies in higher education. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on technology acceptance in educational contexts and offer practical implications for policymakers and educators aiming to integrate innovative technologies into teaching and learning practices.

Role of multi-parametric ultrasonography for the assessment and monitoring of functional status of renal allografts with histopathological correlation.

The study focuses on the use of multi-parametric ultrasound [gray scale, color Doppler and shear wave elastography (SWE)] to differentiate stable renal allografts from acute graft dysfunction and to assess time-dependent changes in parenchymal stiffness, thereby assessing its use as an efficient monitoring tool for ongoing graft dysfunction. To date, biopsy is the gold standard for evaluation of acute graft dysfunction. However, because it is invasive, it carries certain risks and cannot be used for follow-up monitoring. SWE is a non-invasive imaging modality that identifies higher parenchymal stiffness values in cases of acute graft dysfunction compared to stable grafts. To assess renal allograft parenchymal stiffness by SWE and to correlate its findings with functional status of the graft kidney. This prospective observational study included 71 renal allograft recipients. Multi-parametric ultrasound was performed on all patients, and biopsies were performed in cases of acute graft dysfunction. The study was performed for a period of 2 years at Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, a tertiary care center in north India. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the means between two independent groups. Paired-samples t-test was used to test the change in mean value between baseline and follow-up observations. Thirty-one patients had experienced acute graft dysfunction at least once, followed by recovery, but none of them had a history of chronic renal allograft injury. Mean baseline parenchymal stiffness in stable grafts and acute graft dysfunction were 30.21 + 2.03 kPa (3.17 + 0.11 m/s) and 31.07 + 2.88 kPa (3.22 + 0.15 m/s), respectively; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.305 and 0.252, respectively). There was a gradual decrease in SWE values during the first 3 postoperative months, followed by an increase in SWE values up to one-year post-transplantation. Patients with biopsy-confirmed graft dysfunction showed higher SWE values compared to those with a negative biopsy. However, receiver operating characteristic analysis failed to show statistically significant cut-off values to differentiate between the stable graft and acute graft dysfunction. Acute graft dysfunction displays higher parenchymal stiffness values compared to stable grafts. Therefore, SWE may be useful in monitoring the functional status of allografts to predict any ongoing dysfunction.

Participation for Development of Health Massage Establishments Under COVID-19 Outbreak: A Case Study of Phetchabun Province

This study purposed to study participation to develop entrepreneurs of health massage establishments in Phetchabun Province, using the model by Cohen and Uphoff (1980) and to investigate their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). 74 entrepreneurs were recruited by purposive selection. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test were used in analysis results.Firstly, input were relevant regulations and government announcements. Secondly, participation procedures were implemented included decision-making, implementation, benefits, and evaluation. Thirdly, output were most of the entrepreneurs completely achieved and were approved to reopen. Lastly, outcomes were they became knowledgeable and developed skills, their establishments were standardized with hygienic services.These findings found that mean of knowledge, attitude, practice, and site assessment were significantly increased (p-value<0.01). To summarize, a community development program can be succeeded through active and voluntary involvement of members in all stages. Also, carrying out a development projects using participation developed knowledge, attitude, and practice of the entrepreneurs. Community members could be promoted to raise awareness and encouraged to attend activities while regional agencies contributed intensive assistances.

IN SITU EFFECTS OF HEAD AND NECK RADIATION THERAPY ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF HUMAN TEETH

Head and neck radiotherapy presents relevant collateral effects. This work aimed to evaluate possible in vivo compositional modifications through micro-X-ray fluorescence (m-XRF) and morphological changes through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of enamel and dentin caused by radiation exposure related to head and neck cancer. Six well-preserved mandibular premolars with minimum structure loss were obtained from three patients who underwent radiotherapy. A control group with six mandibular premolars obtained from similar teeth extracted for periodontal indications was used to compare the analysis results. The compositional analysis considered the elements phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), and the Ca/P ratio. Evaluations comprised the superficial enamel (SE), the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ), the medium dentin (MD), and deep dentin (DD). The compositional analysis considered the elements phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), and the Ca/P ratio. The independent samples T-test was used to evaluate the compositional differences between the control and irradiated groups (P < .05). The results showed statistically significant differences considering Ca (EDJ, MD, and DD), Zn (SE), and Sr (SE, EDJ, and MD). The most noticeable morphological changes were in the superficial enamel. The results presented demonstrate significant changes in the irradiated teeth. These results encourage the search for methods to reduce the direct effects of radiation on the dental structure and the development of preventive intervention strategies that promote less damage.

Analysis of the construction of knowledge in connection with industry

The term dual training is understood as a type of professional education, where the teaching-learning process takes place in two different places, school and industry (Zamora-Torres et al., 2020). The knowledge management model is approached through the conversion between tacit and explicit knowledge (I. Nonaka & Teece, 2001). The SECI model refers to a process of knowledge creation and transfer through four modes of knowledge conversion. When exploring current practices through a Likert-type scale that analyzed students' perception of knowledge management in a dual educational model, the results show significant differences in the perception of knowledge management between school-based and dual mode students, being more favorable for dual mode students in the factors of knowledge generation, application and tutoring. The factor analysis identified four key factors that explain 57.764% of the total variance with four factors: knowledge generation and application, knowledge sharing, knowledge acquisition and application, and content tutoring. When performing Student's t-test for independent samples of the factors with modality, even more significant differences were found, with a p-value=-2.822, sig=0.005.

Assessment of Nurses' Patient Safety Culture in Primary Health Care Centers in Saudi Arabia

Purpose: Patient safety culture emphasizes strategies to prevent harm, learn from errors, and strengthen healthcare systems, nurses play a crucial role in maintaining patient safety within health facilities. Assessing patient safety culture (PSC) among nurses is essential for identifying gaps, fostering improvements, and strengthening overall care delivery. This study aims to explore nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture in the primary health care centers (PHCs) in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized to select 387 nurses employed in primary healthcare centers in Jeddah, using convenient sampling via an online survey. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) questionnaire was used to evaluate the perception of patient safety culture. Data were saved and examined utilizing SPSS Ver.26 software. Along with descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests and ANOVA were employed to examine the significance of differences among subgroups. A p-value below 0.05 signifies statistical significance. Findings: The overall score representing nurse managers' perceptions of patient safety culture was a mean of 3.93 with a standard deviation of 0.44. Among the assessed domains, the teamwork support domain received the highest score, with a mean of 4.27 and a standard deviation of 0.587, while the nonpunitive response to error had the lowest score, with a mean of 2.44 and a standard deviation of 0.883. Nurses younger than 30 years reported a significantly lower overall score, with a mean of 3.74 and a standard deviation of 0.43. In contrast, nurses holding diplomas and those in clinical roles achieved higher scores, with means of 3.97 and 3.99, respectively, and standard deviations of 0.44 and 0.46. Scores increased notably with additional years of experience, particularly for nurses with ten or more years of experience, who achieved a mean score of 4.07 with a standard deviation of 0.62, compared to those with ten to less than fifteen years of experience, who achieved a mean score of 3.75 with a standard deviation of 0.33. The differences were statistically significant with a p-value of less than 0.001. Significant differences, also with a p-value of less than 0.001, were observed across departments. The WBC unit recorded the highest perception score, with a mean of 4.32 and a standard deviation of 0.50, followed by the X-ray unit, with a mean of 4.01 and a standard deviation of 0.33 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Nurses viewed the safety culture positively in the primary health care centers. Less experienced and younger nurses indicated lower perceptions of PSC, whereas clinical nurses assessed it higher than non-clinical personnel. High-pressure areas such as the Operating Room encounter more significant PSC challenges than other departments. It is essential to create training programs that connect younger nurses with older professionals to boost their clinical confidence and safety skills, focusing on learning from errors instead of placing blame.

The effects of sleep deprivation on the balance system: following normal sleep, 24h of sleep deprivation, and rest under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions.

This study investigated the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on balance after normal sleep, 24h of SD, and subsequent rest under eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. Our aim was to ascertain whether the reduced efficiency of balance control following SD is generalized or selective. Nineteen participants (12 females, 7 males) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The mean ages for male participants were 24.14 ± 0.37years, their height was 180.71 ± 5.46cm, and weight of male participants were 81.71 ± 13.42kg. For female participants, the mean ages were 24.41 ± 4.01years, their height was 163.66 ± 2.64cm, and their weight was 59.54 ± 9.18kg. Stance analyses were conducted after normal sleep, 24h of SD, and subsequent rest of both the EO and EC. Participants performed a normal balance test, a second test while holding cubes and counting backwards from 200 by sevens, and a third test after rest under EO and EC. Independent samples t-tests showed significant height and weight differences between sexes (p < 0.05), with females generally smaller. No significant differences were found in age, daytime sleep duration, or PSQI score (p > 0.05). Significant differences in parameters such as length of the minor axis (lomna), angle, and area were observed in EO and EC across the three days, revealing the interplay between visual stimuli, cognitive tasks, and parameter stability. SD has multifaceted impacts on motor and cognitive performance, even when attentional and sensory resources are not strained. Our findings elucidate the nuanced impact of SD on cognitive performance, and suggest the efficacy of external factors in mitigating its effects on postural control.

Effect of Accelerated Aging on the Microtensile Bond Strength of a Two-Step Adhesive Containing a Universal Adhesive Primer, an in vitro study

Background Despite the advantages of one-step universal adhesives, concerns about their bond durability exist. By introducing a two-step adhesive using universal bonding technology, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of accelerated aging on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of this adhesive when applied to dentin. Materials and Methods In this in vitro study, 16 extracted sound human third molar teeth were selected. Specimens were prepared by cutting the occlusal enamel perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and categorized into four groups of 18 each: G2-Bond Universal (GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan) in etch-and-rinse mode (GU-ER), G2-Bond Universal in self-etch mode (GU-SE), G-Premio Bond in etch-and-rinse mode (GP-ER), and G-Premio Bond (GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan) in self-etch mode (GP-SE). The resin composite was bonded to the dental surfaces based on the manufacturer’s instructions and light-cured for 10 seconds using an LED curing unit (Demetron A2, Kerr, Scafati, Italy, 1200 mW/cm2). The bonded specimens were then sectioned into 1 mm2 sticks and divided into two subgroups (n=36). One subgroup (9 specimens from each adhesive) underwent thermal cycling, while the other was immersed in 10% sodium hypochlorite for three hours to simulate accelerated aging. The µTBS was measured, and failure modes were determined. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA, the Sidak test, and the Independent Samples T-Test Results The highest mean μTBS was associated with GU-SE (29.63 ± 8.59 MPa), while the lowest was observed with GP-ER (18.65 ± 9.33 MPa). The µTBS values decreased following aging (p &lt; 0.001). The values for GU-SE and GU-ER were significantly higher than those for GP-ER (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). GU-SE and GU-ER showed a slight, statistically insignificant decrease in bond strength with aging (p = 0.133 and p = 0.060, respectively). However, GP-SE and GP-ER showed significant reductions in bond strength after aging (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). The interaction between accelerated aging and study groups was not significant (p = 0.311), indicating a uniform effect of aging in all groups. Failure modes were similar in groups (p &gt; 0.05), with adhesive failure being the most common type. G-Premio had more adhesive failures than G2-Bond, though this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion Two-step universal adhesive performed better than one-step system during aging. In etch-and-rinse mode, the two-step adhesive significantly improved bond strength, while in self-etch, both adhesives showed similar performance.

Clinical outcome of root canal obturation using different based sealers: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess and compare the performance of root canal treatment obturated either with calcium silicate-based or epoxy resin-based root canal sealers on retreatment cases with periapical lesions.MethodsPatients’ radiographic data and clinical records were obtained retrospectively from the computerized patient record system. A total of 44 teeth, 28 teeth treated with calcium silicate-based sealer and 16 teeth treated with epoxy resin-based sealer, were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 11.9 months for calcium silicate-based sealer and 23.6 months for epoxy resin based sealer groups. The outcome was evaluated based on radiographic findings and clinical records of the patients. Chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact test were used to examine the differences between categorical variables. An independent samples t-test was used to compare the initial and final PAI differences based on sealer type.ResultsThe success rate was 100% for calcium silicate-based sealer and 93.75% for epoxy resin-based sealer. Calcium silicate-based sealer showed a faster healing capacity than epoxy resin-based sealer.ConclusionsBoth sealers are viable options for retreatment cases, but calcium silicate-based sealer has a faster healing potential.

A machine learning approach for identification of vascular access patency in hemodialysis patients using photoplethysmography: A pilot study.

Vascular access (VA) is essential for patients with hemodialysis, and its dysfunction is a major complication that can reduce quality of life or even threaten life. VA patency is not only difficult to predict on an individual basis, but also challenging to predict in real-time. To overcome this challenge, this study aimed to develop a machine learning approach to predict 6-month primary patency (PP) using photoplethysmography (PPG) signals acquired from the tips of both index fingers. PPG signals were obtained from hemodialysis patients who received an arteriovenous fistula or an arteriovenous graft as primary VA in a single center from April 2023 to December 2023. With PPG wearables, we propose a method that can efficiently and quickly generate the morphological features of the PPG signal to recognize different groups of patients. For the generated features, an independent sample t-test was used to evaluate their effectiveness for machine learning. Then, two supervised learning algorithms, k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM), are used further to identify VA patency in advance. The study involved 31 patients, of whom 14 had 6-month PP, while 17 did not. Using the kNN algorithm, machine learning classified patients into two groups with 82% precision based on PPG signals, while the SVM algorithm showed a precision of 82%. Our approach can provide reliable classifications for VA patency. It is effective to use the proposed PPG signal features to predict 6-month PP of VA.

Manual versus reciprocating endodontic debridement of equine cheek teeth: Micro-computed tomography findings.

In orthograde endodontic treatments, different methods are available to debride the pulp canals of endodontically compromised equine cheek teeth, but their efficacy is unknown. To explore and compare the efficacy and anatomical changes caused by manual versus reciprocating filing techniques in equine cheek teeth, to explore the presence of instrumentation mishaps described in human dentistry and to explore anatomical complexities of the pulp cavity that often remain uninstrumented using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Ex-vivo randomised experiments. Twenty-two extracted healthy equine cheek teeth were randomised into two groups: debridement with nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) manual H-files and debridement with Ni-Ti reciprocating K-files. All canals of all teeth were instrumented by a single clinician and μCT scans made before and after instrumentation were digitally analysed to compare the change in pulp volume, loss of dental material, percentages of instrumented pulp canal wall at three levels, instrumentation times and instrumentation mishaps between both techniques. The data were analysed using either an Independent samples T-test or Mann-Whitney U-test with p < 0.05 denoting a statistically significant difference. The use of reciprocating files resulted in a statistically significant advantage at apical levels when it comes to the percentage of instrumented root canal surface (p < 0.01; reciprocating mean 12% ± 6; manual mean 3% ± 3). No other significant differences were found between the methods. Instrumentation mishaps were detected in this study and were equally distributed between the two groups. Frequently uninstrumented regions consisted of intercanal communications, root canal branches, narrow corners of pulp canals and branches of pulp horns. Convenience sample, use of healthy cheek teeth, ex vivo debridement. The debridement efficacy in equine cheek teeth is generally poor with a slight apical advantage using reciprocating instruments. Instrumentation mishaps should be kept in mind when performing endodontic procedures in the equine patient.

IMPACT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO ON OPERATING PERFORMANCE, PROFITABILITY AND RETURN RATIO: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN INDIA

The aim of the study was to understand impact of capital adequacy ratio on operating performance, profitability and return ratio and understand this as a comparison between select public sector banks and private sector banks. For the purpose of this study, panel data was collected from twelve sample Indian banks over a period of ten years (2014-2023). These banks included six public sector banks and six private sector banks. Descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test and simple regression were performed on the data. It was found that private sector banks perform better than public sector banks. The private sector banks demonstrate stronger financial performance, higher efficiency, better asset quality and more aggressive lending strategies compared to public sector banks. These differences highlight the need for public sector banks to adopt more efficient practices and improve their financial health to compete effectively with private sector banks.

Survey of psychological resilience among university students majoring in long-term-care–related disciplines in Taiwan

BackgroundThe psychological resilience of university students majoring in long-term-care (LTC)–related disciplines is crucial for workforce retention and effective care provision in this field. This study aims to investigate the differences in levels of psychological resilience among these students in Taiwan.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 258 participants selected via stratified random sampling from 23 universities across Taiwan from November 2021 to November 2022, representing a diverse educational context. The research instrument used was the Resilience Scale for Adults, a validated psychological resilience questionnaire. The independent variables included participants’ demographic data, while the dependent variables encompassed five dimensions of resilience: personal strength, family cohesion, social resources, social skills, future organizational style, and total resilience score. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis.ResultsParticipants with LTC work experience and leadership roles in campus clubs demonstrated significantly higher scores in personal strength (LTC: t = 2.04, p = 0.04, d = 0.29; leadership: t = 2.89, p = 0.01, d = 0.45), social resources (leadership: t = 2.47, p = 0.01, d = 0.34), social skills (leadership: t = 4.51, p = 0.01, d = 0.62), and future organizational style (LTC: t = 2.72, p = 0.01, d = 0.39). Higher academic performance was linked to greater personal strength, social resources, future organizational style, and total resilience (F = 4.69–3.12, p < 0.05). Regression analysis confirmed the predictive value of leadership experience and LTC work on various resilience dimensions. These results underscore the importance of practical exposure and extracurricular engagement in fostering resilience.ConclusionStudents engaged in club activities, leadership roles, and LTC work displayed higher psychological resilience. Educational institutions should foster club participation, leadership experiences, and partnerships with workplaces to enhance student resilience and professional readiness.

Penerapan Strategi Means-Ends Analysis melalui Model Pembelajaran Jigsaw untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa

This research aims to determine the difference in the average increase in students' mathematical problem solving ability scores between the experimental class which was given the Means-Ends Analysis strategy through the Jigsaw learning model and the control class which received conventional learning for class X students at MAN 1 Cilegon City. The samples were selected from two classes using cluster random sampling technique. This type of research is quasi-experimental with a non-equivalent control group research design. The instrument used in this research was a test of mathematical problem solving abilities. The results of the research show that there are differences between classes that receive learning using the Means-Ends Analysis strategy through the Jigsaw learning model and classes that receive conventional learning. This is shown by the results of the independent sample t-test with a t-value of 2.480 and a p-value of 0.008. This can be confirmation that the Means-Ends Analysis strategy through the Jigsaw learning model has a significant influence on problem solving.

Transforming reading abilities: Unleashing the power of scaffolding in Quizizz

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of implementing a scaffolding strategy within the Quizizz web platform to enhance reading skills among university students and to determine whether there is a significant difference between students taught with and without the scaffolding strategy, both using Quizizz. The research utilized a quasi-experimental design and was conducted at Universitas PGRI Kanjuruhan Malang, targeting second-semester reading classes. The sample consisted of 36 students, evenly divided into an experimental group and a control group, each comprising 18 students. Data were collected using pre-tests and post-tests and analyzed using an independent t-test. The findings reveal a significant improvement in the reading skills of the experimental group compared to the control group, as indicated by higher post-test mean scores (86.1 vs. 72.2). The hypothesis testing via the independent sample t-test yielded a significant value of 0.001, which is below the threshold of 0.05, confirming the statistical significance of the results. The study concludes that the scaffolding strategy is effective in enhancing students' reading skills, making it easier for them to read quickly and comprehend text. The researchers suggest that applying scaffolding strategies in educational tools like Quizizz can provide substantial benefits to learners.

Assessing The Role of Continuous Professional Development in Curriculum Adaptation Among Secondary School Teachers in Awka South Local Government Area

In today’s rapidly evolving educational system, the ability to adapt curricula to meet different student needs is more important than ever. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) has been suggested as a key factor in empowering teachers to enhance their curriculum adaptation skills. Hence, this study assessed the role of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in enhancing curriculum adaptation among secondary school teachers in Awka South Local Government Area. Using a descriptive correlational research design, the study surveyed 117 teachers from both public and private schools, with a balanced representation of gender. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, which was validated by three experts and tested for reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha (0.87). The data analysis method began with descriptive statistics, which included calculating the variables for gender, sample size (N), mean, standard deviation (Std. Deviation), and standard error of the mean (Std. Error Mean). The hypotheses testing method employed involved conducting an Independent Samples t-test, preceded by Levene's Test for Equality of Variances. The findings revealed that CPD significantly influences teachers’ ability to adapt the curriculum, providing them with innovative strategies, updated knowledge, and practical tools. The study highlighted that CPD plays an important role in addressing challenges faced by teachers, such as diverse student needs and curriculum changes. It concluded that CPD is essential for curriculum innovation and teacher professional growth. The study recommends continuous investment in CPD programs to enhance curriculum adaptation practices in secondary schools.