National Independence Research Articles

The Two-Nation Theory: A Failed Solution to the Religious Divide in British India

The Indian Partition in 1947 split India into two independent nations: post-partition India was required to remain secular with a Hindu majority and post-partition Pakistan was required to remain secular with a Muslim majority. Unavoidably, the partition uprooted fifteen million people from their homes; Indians and Pakistanis scrambled to live with their respective religious groups. Although politicians intended for the split of pre-partition India to exterminate religious hatred, violence continued. Between one and two million people died – preceding and following the partition -- due to widespread religious violence, disease, and starvation. This essay will examine the progression of the Two-Nation Theory, and how it contributed to the Indian Partition. Understanding one of the main causes of partition will help to provide historical context for the everlasting religious division between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.

Exploring Naga Life, Culture, and Gender Representation through the Writings of Easterine Kire: A Study of Don't Run, My Love and the Nagas' Struggle for Self-Determination

This research focuses on the Nagas, a large population residing along the Indo-Myanmar border, known for their distinct culture and language. The study examines the works of Easterine Kire, a renowned literary figure from Nagaland, with a particular emphasis on her novel Don't Run, My Love. The objective is to explore how Kire's writings provide insights into Naga life, culture, and society. The Nagas, comprising approximately three million people, form a multi-ethnic community dispersed across different countries. Since 1947, they have been actively involved in a movement for self-determination, striving for a separate Nagaland state. However, their journey has been marked by ethnic conflicts and insurgencies as they struggle for cultural autonomy and political recognition. This research analyses the impact of colonialism, regionalism, and identity politics on the Naga community, considering the historical and sociological contexts that shape their collective consciousness as a separate and independent nation. Drawing on Kire's novel, the study examines the folktale or allegory presented in Don't Run, My Love, which explores the complexities and dangers of romantic love through the perspectives of two female characters, Visenuo and Atuonuo. By challenging the prevailing notion of male supremacy in patriarchal societies, Kire highlights the inner strength of these women, contributing to a broader discourse on gender roles and empowerment. The narrative also delves into the Naga cycle of life, seasons, and harvest, providing insights into their agrarian practices, particularly the Angami technique of land irrigation through terracing and irrigation.

Art diplomacy: Drawing China-Indonesia relations in the early Cold War, 1949–1956

AbstractThe mid-1950s saw the relationship between China and Indonesia evolve from one of mutual hostility to one of fraternity as a trend of détente emerged out of the Geneva (1954) and the Bandung (1955) conferences. This article explores why and how the two newly independent nations applied art diplomacy to reduce their ideological differences and facilitate their commercial and political rapprochements for the sake of Asian solidarity. Through contextualizing a series of art activities between the two nations, especially China’s reproduction of President Sukarno’s private collection of paintings and Chairman Mao Zedong’s gifts of Chinese ink paintings to President Sukarno, this article argues that interactions in the name of art exemplify how China shaped its modern profile as an independent and industrialized power. It will also show how China deviated from its diplomacy of ‘Leaning to One Side’, formulated in the late 1940s, towards the ‘Peaceful United Front’ of the mid-1950s. More broadly, art relations between China and Indonesia reflect intensive cultural exchanges between the newly independent, yet ideologically clashing, nations of the Third World in the postwar period and offer a multifaceted history of the Cold War beyond the binary paradigm of the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union.

THE FINAL STAGE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN GEORGIA IN 1917

Nugzar Zosidze
 Email:n.zosidze@bsu.edu
 Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University 
 Batumi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2613-3365
 Abstract. 1914-1921 is one of the most difficult periods in the history of Georgia. During this most difficult period, the country endured the stormy days of the Russian February Revolution of 1917 and the October revolutions. But with self-sacrificing battles and courageous actions of national forces, independence was restored. These years were even more painful from the point of view that certain regions of the country experienced the occupation of foreign countries several times.
 The topic of the history of the research period has become especially relevant since the beginning of the 90’s of the twentieth century. However, many details and features of these relationships have not yet been fully investigated, fully studied and scientifically substantiated.
 After the heavy political battles that developed in the Russian Empire in 1917, the social democrats became the vanguard of the national liberation struggle in Georgia, but at first they did not raise the issue of restoring national sovereignty. This could be due to the fact that at that time the political parties operating in Georgia had difficulty making independent decisions. It is true that the revolution forced Russia to give up active foreign policy, but it tried to interfere in the affairs of Transcaucasia.
 This is what led to the fact that social democrats and social federalists did not fight for national independence, but were satisfied only with broad autonomy, the legalization and practical implementation of which should be decided by the constituent assembly of the Russian Provisional Government. We share with the famous researcher of Georgian history historian Z. Avalishvili's opinion that at that stage, "no one thought of severing the state connection with Russia; Just as they didn't think about it in Estonia, Latvia and other parts of Russia. In this regard, it can be said that Georgia was on par with others’’.
 The small group of Georgian intellectuals, which was formed into the National Democratic Party in 1917, represented an important force in the national liberation struggle. They directly continued the program of the previous national liberation movement called „Tergdaleulebi“ and considered the 1783 treaty as the basis of the relationship. (G. Dekanozishvili, T. Sakhokia, P. Surguladze, L. Kereselidze, G. Machabeli and others).
 In connection with the mentioned issue, Professor Sh. Vadachkoria thinks that it is the correct political orientation of the social democrats that led to the restoration of Georgia's state independence. "Georgia's independence, renewal and perfection of its statehood and Georgian social democracy are inseparable from each other". We partially agree with the above-mentioned opinion and consider that it is wrong to ignore the contribution of the Social Democratic Party in this case.
 On October 25, 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government in the capital of the empire. On October 26, members of the Provisional Government, including Kerensky, were arrested in the Winter Palace. A Soviet government was established in Russia. After this coup d'état, the Transcaucasian de facto government, "Ozakom", lost its purpose. The missions of the Entente states wanted to create a government independent from Bolshevik Russia in Transcaucasia.
 We think that the creation of the Transcaucasian Commissariat was a politically correct step, since Transcaucasia was officially separated from Soviet Russia by the creation of a new regional body, but only until the restoration of the legal authority of Russia, which was an indication that Transcaucasia would not be declared an independent state. It was not favorable for Transcaucasia to remove the Caucasus Front, because otherwise it might lead to the strengthening of aggression from Turkey, and the forced occupation of Transcaucasia countries.

MUHAMMADIYAH YOUTH'S PROCLAMATION OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN INDONESIA THROUGH DAKWAH COMMUNICATION

This article delves into the pivotal role of Muhammadiyah Youth's preaching communication in Indonesia, focusing on its contribution to the nation's independence. The organization's primary aim is to address and rectify deviations within the da'wah process, while also promoting an advanced and educated social and educational structure. Employing a qualitative research methodology through library research, the study draws from primary sources, including Books of Islamic Intellectual Treasures, Islamic Intellectual Reform, Contextualization of Islamic Doctrine in History, and Intellectual Tradition of Malay Scholars of the 18th Century AD, alongside relevant secondary data. Data collection involves four techniques: heuristics, verification, interpretation (analysis and synthesis), and historiography. The research reveals that Muhammadiyah Youth's da'wah communication encompasses three key domains: godliness, focusing on God, His attributes, and the universe's relationship with Him; morality, addressing human behavior, relationships with God, others, and the universe; and physics, exploring nature's growth and development.The relevance of Muhammadiyah Youth's preaching communication is demonstrated through four doctrines: enlightening the people, promoting charitable actions, fostering cooperation for virtue, and steering clear of political pragmatism. To ensure continuous and responsive da'wah in a dynamically changing society, it is crucial to anticipate the negative implications of information and communication globalization. The study advocates for informative, comprehensive, targeted, and sustainable preaching, leading to the effective implementation of Islamic sharia in society, transcending mere legal aspects.

THE ROLE OF NAHDLATUL ULAMA IN REALIZING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

The writing in our article has the following objectives: (1) to explain the beginning of the formation of Nahdlatul Ulama; (2) explaining how Nahdlatul was involved in resisting Dutch colonialism; (3). Explaining the role played by Nahdatlul Ulama in politics (4). Explain the role of Nahdlatul Ulama in the education arena. The method applied in our writing is the historiographic method. The results of this study are known that: (1) Nahdlatul Ulama was formed on January 31, 1929 in Surabaya, more precisely at the residence of Wahab Casbullah. (2) Nahdlatul ulama began to form a network of pesantren to mobilize the strength of Muslims and also educate the students. (3) politics run by Nahdatlul Ulama has populist and state principles, this is what makes Nahdlatul Ulama a religious organization that is based on the common good and interests. (4) Nahdlatul Ulama itself participates in fighting for the independence of the Indonesian nation by educating the nation's children by building Islamic boarding schools and madrasas.

Bringing freedom back to developmentalism: industrialisation as national independence

Abstract Why is developmentalism as an economic school aimed at the industrialisation of peripheral nations? Based on a reading of key authors from both the ‘American System of political economy’ of the 19th century and the Latin American structuralist and dependency schools of the 20th century, this article suggests that the answer lies, not in an economic, but in a political dimension: to ensure the material basis for national freedom. To sustain this hypothesis, the article argues that there is a common implicit conception of freedom shared by Alexander Hamilton, Henry Carey and Friedrich List, on the side of the American school, and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Raúl Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Osvaldo Sunkel, from the Latin American school. This conception is heir to the idea of Machiavelli’s Free State, its core is the notion of liberty as non-dependency and collective autonomy and identifies in industrialisation the way for a periphery to be able to live without depending on the arbitrary will of foreign powers. This definition differs from both the liberal and capability conceptions of freedom and allows for the identification of forms of domination that occur between nations and through the global market that requires the peripheries to erect autonomous collective productive capabilities for their overcoming.

A Statistical Analysis of the GDP and PCI of Bangladesh for the Coming Years

The objective of this paper is to anticipate Bangladesh's economic future and predict sustainability by looking at the GDP and per capita income (PCI) figures. Since the nation's independence, statistics spanning 51 years have been taken into account to track its development, and data spanning the last 11 years have been used to anticipate the years to come. In this study, annual statistics from 1971 to 2022 were studied to forecast the upcoming years. The result manifests a slow but sustainable development in the country's growth with some fluctuations. Analyzing the GDP and PCI insights into the continuous growth and development of Bangladesh. Sustainable development is not only economic development but also balancing the economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure that the development will sustain in the long run and benefits everyone. The results illustrate a surprising picture of the future. The information comes from the World Bank, OCED, and Asian Development Bank's National Account Data. The Least Square Method and the Trend Projection Method, a variant of the linear regression technique, are used in the current study to evaluate data and predict future trends. According to the IMF, the globe will experience a severe recession-like situation in 2023. In order to anticipate Bangladesh's economic status, the current study uses GDP and PCI. GDP has expanded since 1971 on average at a rate of 4.4%, whereas PCI has grown on average at a 1.8%.

Electoral Violence in Nigeria: Insights From Off-Cycle Subnational Elections

There is a popular assumption that off-cycle subnational elections should be better governed and more peaceful than general elections. This position is premised on the notion that limited geographical and demographical scope of such elections offers the national electoral body, security agencies and other key actors in electoral governance the opportunities to concentrate resources and energies in a given jurisdiction for maximum efficiencies. These have encouraged advocacy to unbundle the Electoral Management Body, namely the Independent National Electoral Commission by decentralising electoral governance. However, this assumption has not been subjected to adequate academic scrutiny. This study, therefore, examines comparatively, records of violence in off-cycle subnational elections conducted in Edo, Kogi and Ondo States between 2019 and 2020, and those of Nigeria’s 2019 general elections. The study is descriptive by design, with data largely extracted from Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project and analysed using mixed method.

BESTANDEL DELICT PASAL 3 UU PTPK TERHADAP ULTRA VIRES DALAM PENGELOLAAN BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA BERBENTUK PERUSAHAAN UMUM

State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) in the form of Public Companies (Perum) are the driving force as well as the locomotive of the country's economy that can create economic stability, national independence and to keep production that concerns the livelihoods of many people under state control. State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) are filled by people who are competent in their fields by going through a series of fit and proper tests to be in State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN). Improving the welfare of its people, the state through State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN), in this case the government can also invest in it, solely to accelerate existing development. Directors of Public Companies (Perum) have the authority to carry out their duties and functions. Regarding this authority, it must be maintained so that actions do not occur that exceed the limits of that authority. There is an act of a Board of Directors who exceeds the authority he has in a company, in civil law this is referred to as Ultra Vires, also for Ultra Vires actions which exceed the limits of authority which can also be categorized as an act of maladministration in the Administrative Law regime, however Perum uses money The state in its management is also regulated by Law Number 31 of 1999 as amended and added to Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crimes.

Unity between moral values and social politics in the educational mindset of the Ly – Tran dynasties

Starting from the attributes and requirements of the history and society of Viet Nam in the 11th to 13th century, which was to build an independent, united, and mighty nation of Dai Viet culture; the request for the unity power of the whole country to fight against the brutal invasion of Nguyen - Mong invaders; along with the inheritance, fusion, and development of the humanity of Confucius, Buddhism, and Taoism based on the spiritual humanity values of Viet Nam, the mindset in the Ly - Tran dynasties era was created and developed, in which the core was the unity between moral values and social politics. This article focuses on discussing the unity between moral values and social politics in the education mindset of The Ly - Tran dynasties era, which is manifested in the purpose and content of the examination system, the close-knit-to-people mindset and laws, and ideology among Dai Viet society at that time.

Competing Historical Narratives: Memory Politics, Identity, and Democracy in Germany and Poland

This article considers the growing rift between Western and Eastern Europe regarding the commemoration of Europe’s recent past and related historical narratives of nationhood that shape contemporary political preferences. More specifically, it investigates the connections between collective memory, national identities, and democratic cultures as they manifest themselves in Germany and Poland. With the help of an interpretative analysis focused on the discourse of political elites in both countries, the article identifies competing ways of interpreting 20th-century history and providing it with meaning for contemporary audiences. The national case studies of Germany and Poland present a contrasting logic in this respect: the promise of freedom and democracy in Poland is primarily narrated as the liberation from foreign rule and the desire for national independence. This narration is significantly built around a notion of popular sovereignty in which dissenting views of the heroic national past tend to be discredited and largely banned from public debate. In contrast, in Germany, the memory of fascism and the Holocaust has established a stronger rights-based approach to democracy in the liberal tradition and an openness to contesting historical narratives in the public domain.

South Korea's role conceptions and the liberal international order

Abstract Despite South Korea's general support of the liberal international order (LIO), its actions often deviate from or weaken the practices and values of the LIO. Applying role theory, the article argues that this apparent contradiction in South Korea's foreign policy arises from a situation of role conflict due to its multiple and conflicting role conceptions. Following an analysis of leaders’ speeches and official policy statements, the article contends that it is the interpretation of the past, not just the past per se, that matters for role conception and contestation. For South Korea, the experience and differing interpretations of the Korean War have simultaneously produced both LIO-supporting role conceptions (‘responsible international citizen’, ‘middle power’ and ‘global pivotal state’) and LIO-deviating or weakening roles (‘US ally’, ‘balancer’ and ‘independent nation’), thereby causing role conflict and inconsistency in the country's foreign policy behavior. The latter roles push Seoul either toward a more realist, alliance-based form of order or causes it to focus more exclusively on the Korean peninsula order, which emphasizes independence and inter-Korean unity. Based on these insights, the article suggests that it is imperative to minimize domestic dissensus on the interpretation of critical historical events, in order to avoid potential role conflict and to promote consistency in foreign policy.

An African Looks at America: Picturing Racial Integration for Africa, 1956–68

The global tour of Edward Steichen’s 1955 photographic exhibition The Family of Man, sponsored by the United States Information Agency (USIA), has long been viewed as the defining moment for the medium’s engagement in US Cold War diplomacy and propaganda. Yet the attention garnered by this single exhibition has served to obscure an extensive programme of photographic diplomacy developed by the USIA during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and largely overlooked by photographic scholarship. One strand of this programme was shaped by the twin concerns of racial conflict at home and decolonisation in Africa and Asia. As the US government cultivated audiences in the newly independent nations of the emerging Third World, it became clear that it would need to adapt its message. Racial integration became a pervasive theme in the agency’s photographic output as it sought to picture America for its international audiences and visually refute accusations that the USA was an inherently racist society. In contrast to studies of US propaganda output of the early 1950s, which have suggested a limited repertoire for the representation of African Americans, the photographic records for this period provide evidence that the USIA paid close attention to the micro-politics of racial interaction and endeavoured to create a richer and more complete set of representations. Seen in the context of the time, the carefully choreographed portrayals of interracial interaction that emerge from the USIA archives are remarkable, if always highly partial and selective.

University Lecturers’ Perception of Factors Responsible for Elections Malpractices in Nigeria

This study investigated university lecturers’ perceptions of factors responsible for election malpractice in Nigeria. A research question and three null hypotheses guided the study. A survey research design was used in the study. The population for this study consisted of lecturers in public universities in Delta State. The sample of this study was 300 lecturers in three public universities in Delta State. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled Factors Responsible for Election Malpractice in Nigeria Questionnaire. Experts validated the instrument. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine a reliability coefficient of .79. Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD), as well as t-test statistics, were used to answer the research question and null hypotheses, respectively. The findings revealed that disregard for the electoral act by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and vote buying among various political parties to win elections by all means, among others, are perceived factors responsible for election malpractice in Nigerian university lecturers in Delta State. The difference between perceptions of factors responsible for election malpractice in Nigeria among university lecturers is not significant based on gender, rank, and religion. Based on the findings, it was recommended, among others, that the government at various levels always uphold the rule of law, especially the electoral act, during and after elections in Nigeria. The INEC should be very transparent at different stages of the election, especially during the collation process. The judiciary should prosecute electoral offenders or politicians who engage in election malpractice to deter others in society. The government at all levels as well as various stakeholders should ensure that there is proper public voter enlightenment before elections in Nigeria.

Preface

Center for Environment and Sustainability Science The recent dominant paradigm of development to some extents have brought “artificial progress” in a number of developing countries, particularly the global south. It has in-fact led to growing income inequality and greater social inequities. It is said so due to it: 1) drowns the nation in the control of global corporations that create acute and sustainable dependence, 2) kills the diversity of specific local products/commodities; dwarfs the abundance of natural resources, internal inputs and local wisdom, 3) put aside indigenous knowledge and technology by metaphors of hegemony and modern innovation, 4) gets rid local actors and nourishes foreign corporations through various investments, which then controls various resources, 5) embed developmentalism that are spread in the sphere of government, bureaucracy, markets, as well as superiority ratio in education and research.An alternative notion is the hope in opposition to this hegemony. A dominant perspective based on various global issues, such as free trade and climate change, must be accompanied by its suitability to be applied at the local level, which is actually rich with diversity, and empirically leading to nation independence and sovereignty. Likewise, optimizing the involvement of various parties (from the government to community) in ensuring sustainability is another prominent issue. On the other hand, the decline in trust in the authorities tends to reduce the level of people’s obedience to various rules, and begins to shift to a way of life that inclusively ignores the rules of the authorities. Hence, where each single party should put themselves? does it need a radical repositioning in order to ensure sustainability?.Therefore, the Center for Environment and Sustainability Science (CESS) Universitas Padjadjaran hold a 5th International Conference on Sustainability Science 2022 “Sustainability Science and Glocalization”. Greening of Industry Network (GIN) The Greening of Industry Network (GIN) is entering its fourth decade of bringing together some of the world’s leading thinkers from academia, industry, government, and civil society. We are an international network of professionals from research, education, business, government and civil society organizations who join together to develop knowledge and transform practice to accelerate progress toward a sustainable society by focusing on issues of industrial development, environment and society, dedicated to building a sustainable future.It is our pleasure to collaborate at this Conference held in Bandung in collaboration with Center for Environment and Sustainability Science (CESS) and the Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD).This is the third time we are holding a joint Sustainability Science conference in Bandung with CESS and UNPAD. The Conference on Sustainability Science 2022 is focusing on academic, institutional and societal challenges which explores how alternative local approaches can ensure better sustainability for human life in their interactions globally which is in line with GIN’s mission. The topic of this conference, Sustainability and Glocalization is of utmost relevance to sustainability research and policy. It is also central to GIN’s strategy for its fourth decade. We aim to continue promoting global standards, knowledge, and collaboration for environmental protection while at the same time enabling platforms where partnerships are forged to address ‘wicked problems’ locally. We do this by bringing together scholars from many regions of the world to integrate their experiences with local skills and knowledge, sowing the seeds for the development of context-specific strategies to address the local manifestations of humanity’s great challenges: climate change, biodiversity threats, pollution, inequality and exclusion.Indonesia is central to much of East Asia’s development and increasingly prominent in global supply chains. Indonesia also hosts invaluable ecosystems and biodiversity, natural wonders, cultural treasures and unique historical heritage that must be preserved from the burden that global business models and technologies may inadvertently cause. The papers presented in this proceeding bring together the latest thoughts in a wide range of disciplines addressing global sustainability issues with local impacts. Together they provide a rich tapestry of transdisciplinary strategies and pathways to achieve local goals of environmental protection and social inclusion while at the same time harnessing the benefits of global flows of knowledge, innovation and technology.We wish to thank CESS and Universitas Padjadjaran in hosting this important event. There are many people to thank for making this Conference a reality with dozens of individuals necessary to make up the Advisory, Steering, Organizing, and Scientific Committees.List of Objectives, Theme, Scopes, Speakers and Participants, Conference Program, Committee, s are available in the pdf.

Decolonizing South Asian architecture: Sustainable and community-criented cocial housing in India

Decolonization process in India involved a range of political, economic, and social changes aimed at dismantling the colonial system and building a new, independent nation. One of the most significant challenges India faced during the decolonization process was the issue of partition. The partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of two separate countries—India and Pakistan—and resulted in widespread violence and displacement. Millions of people were forced to migrate across the newly formed borders, resulting in one of the largest mass migrations in human history which created huge demand for housing. The methodology adopted for this research is based on qualitative analysis and the data source for this study are government reports, research articles, books and newspaper. Further, it examines four case studies of social housing projects designed to provide sustainable and livable solutions for low-income families in different regions of India, including Aranya Community Housing, Incremental Housing in Belapur, ATIRA Staff Housing in Ahmadabad, and CIDCO Housing in Parsik Hill in Navi Mumbai. At the core of the article lies an investigation into the dynamic nature of architecture in the aftermath of independence, coupled with a detailed examination of four distinct social housing ventures. The social housing studies demonstrate innovative and flexible approaches to social housing, with a focus on community building, energy efficiency, and social amenities. The projects have been successful in providing access to affordable and sustainable housing for low-income families in different regions of India. The case studies highlight the importance of a community-centered approach to social housing, emphasizing the need for shared spaces and amenities. The article discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing sustainable and livable social housing solutions in India.

Study of the Axiological Foundations of Russian Statehood: Prospects for the Application of Politico-Textological Analysis

The study of the historical and axiological foundations of Russian statehood is directly related to problems of national and civic identity and addresses the task of ensuring and protecting political sovereignty and national independence. Based on the analysis of a large corpus of works by Russian thinkers, writers, poets, religious and state figures of the 19th century, the content of such basic values as “freedom”, “truth” and “justice” was reconstructed, which maintained their significance throughout the history of Russia, but were substantively transformed in the public ideological-political discourse. The research was conducted based on the database of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL). In total, work was done with more than 7500 documents created during the period from 1801 to 1900. The main research methods, in addition to the general scientific methodology, were content analysis and politico-textological analysis. The concept of “freedom” was significant throughout almost the entire history of Russia, and in the 19th century, various aspects of it were addressed not only by thinkers and public figures of different ideological orientations, but also by publicists, poets, and writers. Interestingly, the legal and rational understanding of freedom was almost always combined with a moral and even religious content in the works of the authors of this period. The concept of “truth”, despite being used in its substantive sense much less frequently in the 19th century than in previous centuries, still retains its important axiological value in the Russian intellectual tradition and represents a complex moral-social ideological complex. “Truth” as a socialpolitical concept combines both the values and meanings of the Orthodox righteous way of life of each individual and the principles and goals of a truly just social and state system. The concept of “justice” is a cornerstone of the Russian vision of an ideal social and state structure, along with truth and freedom. The specificity of the domestic ideological-political discourse of the 19th century is that the concept of justice is inseparably linked with both the individual and society and the state, receiving moral justification for the necessity of following this principle first and foremost in the name of the common good, and then, as a consequence, in the name of one’s own well-being.

Konstruksi Pendidikan Pembebasan dalam Al-Madrasatul Diniyah Lil Banat (Diniyah Putri) oleh Syekhah Hajjah Rangkayo Rahmah El-Yunusiyyah

This research is a type of qualitative research. The approach to this study uses a character study approach by considering the character's integrity, depth of knowledge, and the success of the field the character is in. While the data collection method uses the documentation method, while the analysis uses content analysis while the technical data analysis uses hermeneutic techniques, which depart from language analysis and then move on to context analysis. The results of the study show (1) Awareness in the context of education for the liberation of Rahmah el-Yunusiyah which is divided into two aspects, internal and external. In the internal aspect, equipping students with various religious knowledge, languages, and various skills to develop the potential of each student can be empowered according to the field of interest. Awareness in the external aspect is proven by Rahmah with the real role of the daughter's daughter in the independence of the Indonesian nation (2) Rahmah El-Yunusiyyah uses the classical education method with a measurable grade system. He also applies a dormitory model so that his students can focus and be comfortable studying and avoid the prying eyes of married men

凡齋 金奎興의 국내 교육 계몽 활동과 성격

Kim Kyu-heung studied Chinese classics early and moved to Seoul in his mid-twenties. His wide-ranging exchanges allowed him to maintain a flexible mindset that accommodates various trends while reducing market changes. His participation in independent associations and his activities as a middle school uisuk teacher were the sites where he realized the importance of modern education.
 After the Eulsa Treaty, the sense of crisis and concern about the country was an opportunity to resign all government posts. When he traveled back and forth from Seoul to his hometown, he came to seek a new direction. Traveling abroad to China in 1905~1906 was the starting point for the anti-Japanese movement in earnest. At that time, the relationship with the Chinese was the main foundation for leaving a clear footprint in the anti-Japanese struggle. Membership and activities of the Korea Self-Generation Association paid attention to the development of private land as the top priority for the construction of an independent nation.
 Changmyeong School has repeatedly developed into an educational institution representing modern education in the Okcheon area. Teachers and students became aware of their social existence by actively participating in the National Debt Redemption Movement. These activities against the Japanese economic aggression deepened their awareness of reality.
 Kim Kyu-Hong’s educational enlightenment activities were not limited to simple ability improvement. His purpose was to suggest a direction to move forward by recognizing social responsibility and facing the reality they faced. As Japanese aggression intensified after the Hague special envoy incident, he left for exile for a joint struggle by the Korean-Chinese solidarity. It goes without saying that the history of the anti-Japanese struggle in China is a valuable asset for educational enlightenment activities in Korea.