Independent Groups Design Research Articles

Improved Endurance Running Performance Following Haskap Berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) Ingestion.

Background: Food high in (poly)phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, have the potential to improve exercise recovery and exercise performance. Haskap berries are rich in anthocyanins, but no research has examined the potential to improve human performance. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Haskap berry on parameters of endurance running performance. Methods: Using a double-blind, placebo controlled, independent groups design, 30 male recreational runners (mean ± SD age, 33 ± 7 years; stature, 178.2 ± 7.2 cm; mass, 77.7 ± 10.6 kg; O2peak, 52.2 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min) volunteered to participate. Following familiarisation, volunteers visited the laboratory twice (separated by seven days) to assess submaximal, maximal and 5 km time trial running performance. After the first visit, volunteers were randomly assigned to consume either the Haskap berry intervention or an isocaloric placebo control. Results: There were modest changes in heart rate and O2 at submaximal intensities (p < 0.05). Time to exhaustion during the O2peak test was longer in the Haskap group by 20 s (p = 0.031). Additionally, 5 km time trial performance was improved in the Haskap group by ~21 s (p = 0.016), which equated to a 0.25 km/h increase in mean running speed compared to the placebo control; this represented a >2% improvement in running performance. Conclusions: The application of this newly identified functional food to athletes has the capacity to improve endurance running performance.

Effects of electronic cigarette e-liquid flavouring on cigarette craving

BackgroundE-liquid flavour restrictions may discourage electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) uptake among youth. However, possible unintended consequences may include reduced appeal and effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Non-tobacco flavours appear to...

The role of music-induced emotions on recognition memory of filmed events

The present study investigated the effects of pairing a comedic movie trailer with emotive music on subsequent recognition memory of the events depicted in the trailer. In an independent groups design, the comedic trailer was paired with happy music (congruent condition) or sad music (incongruent condition). A no music condition served as the control condition. The results showed that participants in the incongruent condition displayed a recognition memory advantage for visual test items over participants in the congruent and control conditions. While changes in self-reported positive and negative affect did not correlate significantly with recognition memory, the perception of emotion-specific categories did. These findings help to establish an empirical basis of ironic contrast techniques and propose an affective component in the integration and representation of audiovisual action that is likely to emerge where a participant perceives or recognizes expressed emotions in music, without necessarily feeling an overall positive or negative affect.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SAVI BERBANTUAN MEDIA LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP SIKAP ILMIAH DAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA PADA SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR GUGUS I MASBAGIK SELATAN LOMBOK TIMUR

This study was aimed at finding out the effect of problem learning SAVI model of media assist environment to scientific attitudes and learning outcomes of science the fifth grade students of elementary school cluster 1 south Masbagik. This study used a quasi-experiment design with Single Factor Independent Groups Design. The population consisted of 201 students. The sample was 65 students determined by random sampling technique. The data on the students scientific attitude were collected with an questionnaire. The data on the students’ science learning outcomes were collected with a test. The data were analyzed using MANOVA aided with SPSS 16.00 for windows. The results showed that, First, the students’ scientific attitude of those who joined the problem Savi learning model of media assist environment was significantly better than that of those who joined conventional teaching model (F=15.847; p &lt; 0.05); secondly, the students’ science learning outcomes of those who joined problem Savi learning model of media assist environment was significantly better than those who joined conventional teaching model (F=39.123; p &lt; 0.05) and thirdly, simultaneously, scientific attitude and science learning outcomes of the students who joined problem Savi learning model of media assist environment was significantly better than that of those who joined conventional teaching model (F= 31.207; p &lt; 0.05).

Comparative Effect of Traditional Counseling Intervention and Positive Energy Psychotherapeutic Intervention on Positive Mental Health of Adolescents

The study aimed to investigate the comparative effect of positive energy psychotherapeutic intervention and traditional psychotherapeutic intervention on positive mental health of adolescent. For this study independent group design was used. The sample of 60 respondents 30(50%) male and 30(50%) female with the age range (18 to 23) years was taken from Riphah International University from November 11, 2019 to September 1, 2020. Total sample was equally divided into three groups. Two groups were experimental (PEP &amp; TPT) and one was control group. Results of One-Way ANOVA revealed that positive energy psychotherapeutic intervention was more effective in enhancing positive mental health as compared to traditional psychotherapeutic intervention.

Psychological Restoration and the Effect of People in Nature and Urban Scenes: A Laboratory Experiment

It is well-evidenced that exposure to natural environments increases psychological restoration as compared to non-natural settings, increasing our ability to recover from stress, low mood, and mental fatigue and encouraging positive social interactions that cultivate social cohesion. However, very few studies have explored how the inclusion of people within a given environment—either urban or natural settings—affect restorative health outcomes. We present three laboratory-based studies examining, first, the effect of nature vs. urban scenes, and second, investigating nature ‘with’ vs. ‘without’ people—using static and moving imagery—on psychological restoration and social wellbeing. Our third study explores differences between urban and natural settings both with vs. without people, using video stimuli to understand potential restorative and social wellbeing effects. Outcome measures across all studies included perceived social belonging, loneliness, subjective mood, and perceived restorativeness. Studies 1 and 2 both used a within group, randomized crossover design. Study 1 (n = 45, mean age = 20.7) explored static imagery of environmental conditions without people; findings were consistent with restorative theories showing a positive effect of nature exposure on all outcome measures. Study 2 compared nature scenes with vs. without people (n = 47, mean age = 20.9) and we found no significant differences on our outcome measures between either social scenario, though both scenarios generated positive wellbeing outcomes. Study 3, conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk, employed an independent group design with subjects randomly assigned to one of four conditions; an urban vs. nature setting, with vs. without people. We explored the effect of moving imagery on psychological restoration (n = 200, mean age = 35.7) and our findings showed no impact on belonging, loneliness, or mood between conditions, but did show that—regardless of the inclusion of people—the nature settings were more restorative than the urban. There were no differences in psychological restoration between nature conditions with vs. without people. We discuss the implications for restorative environment research exploring social-environmental interactions.

Limiting Rise in Heat Load With an Ice Vest During Elite Female Rugby Sevens Warm-Ups.

To determine the effect of wearing a phase-change cooling vest in elite female rugby sevens athletes during (1) a simulated match-day warm-up in hot conditions prior to a training session and (2) a prematch warm-up during a tournament in cool conditions. This study consisted of 2 randomized independent group designs (separated by 16d) where athletes completed the same 23- to 25-minute match-day warm-up (1)in hot conditions (range = 28.0°C to 35.1°C wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT]) prior to training and (2)in cool conditions (range = 18.8°C to 20.1°C WBGT) prior to a World Rugby Women's Sevens Series match. In both conditions, athletes were randomly assigned to wearing either (1)the standardized training/playing ensemble (synthetic rugby shorts and training tee/jersey) or (2)the standardized training/playing ensemble plus a commercial phase-change athletic cooling vest. Group-wise differences in core temperature rise from baseline, global positioning system-measured external locomotive output, and perceptual thermal load were compared. Core temperature rise during a match warm-up was lower in the hot condition only (-0.65°C [95% confidence interval = -1.22°C to -0.08°C], ηp2=.23 [95% confidence interval = .00 to .51], P = .028). No differences in various external-load variables were observed. Phase-change cooling vests can be worn by athletes prior to, and during, a prematch warm-up in hot conditions to limit excess core temperature rise without adverse effects on thermal perceptions or external locomotion output.

Students Scientific Attitude in Learning Physics Using Problem Based Learning Model with Experimental and Project Methods

This research aims to determine the differences in the scientific attitudes of students who are given physics learning with the PBL model using experimental methods and project methods on static fluid material. The method used in this research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental approach using two independent group designs, namely the experimental group I using the PBL model-experimental method and the practical group II using the PBL model-project method. Subjects in this study were 65 students of class XI SMA YPPK Teruna Bakti obtained using cluster random sampling technique. Data obtained through a scientific attitude questionnaire instrument consisting of 15 items that have been tested for validity and reliability using SPSS 23.0. Then, the prerequisite test (normality and homogeneity) was carried out and continued with hypothesis testing. The t-test result of 0.026 shows a difference in the average scientific attitude between students who are given learning using the PBL model with the experimental method and students who are given learning using the PBL model with the project method even though the average score for both. Not significantly different, namely in the experimental class 74.14 and the project class 70.10.

Self-Esteem and Resilience Differences Among Street Children Compared to Non-street Children in Limpopo Province of South Africa: A Baseline Study.

The phenomenon of street children is a challenging global social problem. Using an independent sample group design, this study explored the differences in self-esteem and resilience among street children and non-street children. A total of 300 (N = 300) street children with ages ranging from 8 to 18 years were selected using a purposive sampling method, while a total of 300 (N = 300) non-street children with ages ranging from 8 to 18 years were selected using a simple random sample to participate in this study. A questionnaire with three sections was used to collect data. Results of an independent sample t-test revealed that street children reported low self-esteem and poor resilience compared to non-street children. The study, therefore, concluded that street children and non-street children differ on self-esteem and resilience. It is recommended that social skills training be provided for the street children population.

THE EFFECT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SELF ASSESSMENT WITH SCIENCE PROCESSES ON SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND PHYSICS LEARNING OUTCOMES BY CONTROLLING INITIAL KNOWLEDGE

Background: Various studies show that self-assessment containing scientific processes applied in physics learning will affect the scientific attitude and the physics learning outcomes of the students. It is also found that Initial knowledge also contributes to determining the level of scientific attitudes and the physics learning outcomes of physics. However, initial knowledge needs to be controlled so that the pure effect of self-assessment in learning physics on scientific attitudes and learning outcomes of physics is known. Aim: This study examines the effect of the implementation of self-assessment with science processes on scientific attitudes and physics learning outcomes by controlling initial knowledge. Methods: This research was conducted with a quasi-experimental approach to 143 1st grade high school students majoring in science in Singaraja City using a single factor independent group design with the use of covariate. The sample of the research was chosen by using a multistage random sampling technique. The instruments used were the scientific attitude questionnaire, the initial knowledge test, and the physics learning outcome test. The data were processed using multivariate covariance analysis. Results and Discussion: The results showed that there were differences in scientific attitudes and learning outcomes of students who took physics learning with self-assessment containing the science process and students who took physics learning with the conventional assessment after controlling their initial knowledge, either independently or simultaneously. The prior knowledge of the students contributed to scientific attitudes by 22.8%, and to physics learning outcomes by 19.4%. Conclusions: it can be concluded that self-assessment containing scientific processes in physics learning affected scientific attitudes and learning outcomes by controlling initial knowledge.

The Long Front of Culture: The Independent Group and Exhibition Design

The Long Front of Culture: The Independent Group and Exhibition Design

Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a ketone monoester supplement on indices of muscle damage during recovery after eccentric exercise.Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, independent group design, 20 moderately active healthy young adults consumed 360 mg per kg−1 bodyweight of a ketone monoester (KET) or energy-matched carbohydrate (CON) supplement twice daily following eccentric exercise (drop jumps). Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) torque, counter-movement jump (CMJ) height, and muscle soreness were measured before (PRE), and immediately (POST), 24 h and 48 h post-exercise. Blood samples were collected for analysis of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), creatine kinase (CK), and select pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.Results: Peak blood β-OHB concentration after supplement intake was greater (P < 0.001) in KET (4.4 ± 0.8 mM) vs. CON (0.4 ± 0.3 mM). Exercise increased CK concentration at 24 h and 48 h vs. PRE (time: P < 0.001) with no difference between KET and CON. Exercise reduced MIVC (KET: −19.9 ± 14.6; CON: −22.6 ± 11.1%) and CMJ (KET: −11.0 ± 7.5; CON: −13.0 ± 8.7%) at POST relative PRE; however, there was no difference between KET and CON on the recovery of MIVC at 24 h (KET: −15.4 ± 20.4; CON: −18.7 ± 20.1%) or 48 h (KET: −7.2 ± 21.2; CON: −11.8 ± 20.2%), or CMJ at 24 h (KET: −9.2 ± 11.5; CON: −13.4 ± 10.8) or 48 h (KET: −12.5 ± 12.4; CON: −9.1 ± 11.7). Muscle soreness was increased during post-exercise recovery (time: P < 0.001) with no differences between KET and CON. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was greater (group: P = 0.007) in CON (236 ± 11 pg/mL) vs. KET (187 ± 11 pg/mL).Conclusion: In conclusion, twice daily ingestion of a ketone monoester supplement that acutely elevates blood β-OHB concentration does not enhance the recovery of muscle performance or reduce muscle soreness following eccentric exercise in moderately active, healthy young adults.

Kevin Lotery, The Long Front of Culture: The Independent Group and Exhibition Design

Kevin Lotery, The Long Front of Culture: The Independent Group and Exhibition Design

The Influence of Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) Model Assisted by Realia Media to Improve Scientific Literacy and Critical Thinking Skill of Primary School Students

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;This research aimed at analyzing the influence of ‘Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning’ model assisted by realia media, in which it was to improve the scientific literacy and critical thinking skill of primary school students, especially for the material of energy. This quasi-experiment research used single factor independent groups design. The research sample of this research were fourth grade students of SD Inpres Oeba 2 Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara Province, of which students were in the academic year of 2019/2020. The technique of sample collection was carried out purposive sampling for 2 classes. The IVA class was used as the experimental class (POGIL model assisted by the realia media), in which it consisted of 30 students and the IVB class was used as the control class (expository learning) that consisted of 28 students. The learning was carried out in four meetings. The data of scientific literacy and the results test of critical thinking were collected by means of objective test on the energy material. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data using significance level of 0.05. The results indicate that (1) There is a significant difference between the students’ scientific literacy who gain the POGIL learning assisted by the realia media and the students’ scientific literacy who get the expository learning; and (2) There is a significant difference between the critical thinking of students who get POGIL learning assisted by realia media and the students who get the expository learning. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the scientific literacy and the students’ critical thinking taught by the POGIL learning that assisted by realia media to the students who use expository learning. Since there is a significant difference, it means that the POGIL learning assisted by realia media has an influence on the students' scientific literacy and critical thinking.&lt;/p&gt;

Developing EFL Speaking Skills through using a Beyond-Constructivism Paradigm Based Program

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop primary stage pupils’ EFL speaking skills through using a beyond-constructivism paradigm based program proposed by the researcher. The program integrated listening, speaking and technology. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the following instruments were constructed; a speaking skills checklist to determine the most important speaking skills for primary stage pupils, a speaking skills test for assessing the performance of the 6th grade primary stage pupils with a rubric to score the test. Different listening and speaking techniques such as listening tracks, online videos, multimedia reflective activities, etc. were incorporated in the program. The study adopted the quasi-experimental design using a pre- post two independent groups design. Two intact classes were selected randomly to represent the experimental and the control groups (N=70). The program lasted for 6 weeks (2 sessions per week, 45 min. each). The study results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference at 0.01 level between the mean scores of the control and experimental groups on the post test in favor of the post one. The results also revealed that the proposed beyond constructivism paradigm program proved to be effective in developing sixth grade primary pupils’ EFL speaking skills. Finally, it was recommended that further research should be conducted related to using programs based on a beyond constructivism paradigm and developing preparatory stage pupils' speaking skills.

Effect size estimates from umbrella designs: Handling patients with a positive test result for multiple biomarkers using random or pragmatic subtrial allocation.

Umbrella trials have been suggested to increase trial conduct efficiency when investigating different biomarker-driven experimental therapies. An overarching platform is used for patient screening and subsequent subtrial allocation according to patients' biomarker status. Two subtrial allocation schemes for patients with a positive test result for multiple biomarkers are (i) the pragmatic allocation to the eligible subtrial with the currently fewest included patients and (ii) the random allocation to one of the eligible subtrials. Obviously, the subtrials compete for such patients which are consequently underrepresented in the subtrials. To address questions of the impact of an umbrella design in general as well as with respect to subtrial allocation and analysis method, we investigate an umbrella trial with two parallel group subtrials and discuss generalisations. First, we analytically quantify the impact of the umbrella design with random allocation on the number of patients needed to be screened, the biomarker status distribution and treatment effect estimates compared to the corresponding gold standard of an independent parallel group design. Using simulations and real data, we subsequently compare both allocation schemes and investigate weighted linear regression modelling as possible analysis method for the umbrella design. Our results show that umbrella designs are more efficient than the gold standard. However, depending on the biomarker status distribution in the disease population, an umbrella design can introduce differences in estimated treatment effects in the presence of an interaction between treatment and biomarker status. In principle, weighted linear regression together with the random allocation scheme can address this difference though it is difficult to assess if such an approach is applicable in practice. In any case, caution is required when using treatment effect estimates derived from umbrella designs for e.g. future trial planning or meta-analyses.

The Effects of a High-Protein Diet on Markers of Muscle Damage Following Exercise in Active Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

This study examined whether a higher protein diet following strenuous exercise can alter markers of muscle damage and inflammation in older adults. Using a double-blind, independent group design, 10 males and eight females (age 57 ± 4years; mass 72.3 ± 5.6kg; height 1.7 ± 6.5m) were supplied with a higher protein (2.50g·kg-1·day-1) or moderate protein (1.25g·kg-1·day-1) diet for 48hr after 140 squats with 25% of their body mass. Maximal isometric voluntary contractions, muscle soreness, creatine kinase, Brief Assessment of Mood Adapted, and inflammatory markers were measured preexercise, and 24hr and 48hr postexercise. The maximal isometric voluntary contractions decreased postexercise (p = .001, ηp2=.421), but did not differ between groups (p = .822, ηp2=.012). Muscle soreness peaked at 24hr post in moderate protein (44 ± 30mm) and 48hr post in higher protein (70 ± 46mm; p = .005; ηp2=.282); however, no group differences were found (p = .585; ηp2=.083). Monocytes and lymphocytes significantly decreased postexercise, and eosinophils increased 24hr postexercise (p < 0.05), but neutrophils, creatine kinase, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and Brief Assessment of Mood Adapted were unchanged by exercise or the intervention (p > .05). In conclusion, 2.50g·kg-1·day-1 of protein is not more effective than 1.25g·kg-1·day-1 for attenuating indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation following strenuous exercise in older adults.

No Effect of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Recovery of Muscle Damage Following Running a Half-Marathon.

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) contains anthocyanins, known to moderate blood flow and display anti-inflammatory properties that may improve recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. The authors examined whether NZBC extract supplementation enhances recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage after a half-marathon race. Following a randomized, double-blind, independent groups design, 20 (eight women) recreational runners (age 30 ± 6 years, height 1.73 ± 0.74m, body mass 68.5 ± 7.8kg, half-marathon finishing time 1:56:33 ± 0:18:08hr:min:s) ingested either two 300-mg/day capsules of NZBC extract (CurraNZ™) or a visually matched placebo, for 7 days prior to and 2 days following a half-marathon. Countermovement jump performance variables, urine interleukin-6, and perceived muscle soreness and fatigue were measured pre, post, and at 24 and 48hr after the half-marathon and analyzed using a mixed linear model with statistical significance set a priori at p < .05. The countermovement jump performance variables were reduced immediately post-half-marathon (p < .05), with all returning to pre-half-marathon levels by 48hr, except the concentric and eccentric peak force and eccentric duration, with no difference in response between groups (p > .05). Urine interleukin-6 increased 48-hr post-half-marathon in the NZBC group only (p < .01) and remained unchanged compared with pre-half-marathon levels in the placebo group (p > .05). Perceived muscle soreness and fatigue increased immediately post-half-marathon (p < .01) and returned to pre-half-marathon levels by 48hr, with no difference between groups (p > .05). Supplementation with NZBC extract had no effect on the recovery of countermovement jump variables and perceptions of muscle soreness or fatigue following a half-marathon in recreational runners.

The Effect of Problem-Based Learning with Character Emphasis toward Students’ Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Characters

This study aimed to investigating the effect of problem-based learning with char-acter emphasis toward the students’ higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) and characters. This study an experimental research using the single factor independ-ent group design which conducted on secondary school in Mataram - Indonesia. The treatment was given to three independent randomly selected groups, namely Problem-Based Learning with Character Emphasis (PBL-CE), Problem Based-Learning (PBL), and Regular Learning (RL). The data of the students’ HOTS were collected through essay tests and the data of the students’ characters were collected through self-assessment sheets, and analyzed using MANOVA. The results showed that the highest mean score for HOTS was found in the PBL-CE group, its was significantly different with RL group, and not significantly differ-ent with PBL group. Meanwhile, for the average score of student characters, the PBL-CE group scored higher and was significantly different from the other two groups (PBL and RL). The generalization of the study results has shown that there is an effect of problem-based learning with character emphasis on students' higher order thinking skills and character.

The Efficacy of Tart Cherry Juice in Aiding Recovery After Intermittent Exercise.

To investigate the effects of supplementation with tart cherry juice (TCJ) on markers of recovery after intermittent exercise under habitual dietary conditions. Using a randomized, single-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled, independent-groups design, 20 team-sport players (8 male and 12 female; age 26 [4]y, height 175.4 [9.6]cm, body mass 70.2 [12.6]kg) were divided equally into 2 groups and consumed either TCJ or PLA twice per day for 8 consecutive days while following their normal dietary habits. Participants completed an adapted version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on day 6 of supplementation. Countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, and delayed onset muscle soreness were assessed at baseline and 1, 24, and 48hours post-LIST. Blood markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were taken presupplementation, immediately pre-LIST, and 1, 24, and 48hours post-LIST. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction showed significantly faster recovery with TCJ (P < .05) at 24 and 48hours post-LIST. A significant interaction effect (P < .05) was observed for muscle soreness; however, Bonferroni post hoc analysis could not identify when the significant differences between TCJ and PLA occurred. There were no significant differences throughout recovery between TCJ and PLA for C-reactive protein and creatine kinase (P < .05). The results suggest that TCJ, in addition to habitual diet, can accelerate recovery after intermittent exercise and therefore extend the efficacy of TCJ in accelerating recovery in team sports.