Independent Behaviors Research Articles

Classification of Stratosphere Winter Evolutions Into Four Different Scenarios in the Northern Hemisphere

AbstractAmong the 70 northern hemisphere winters from 1950 to 2020, 61 have been classified into four independent scenarios with a new technique based on analyzing empirical orthogonal functions of stratospheric zonal wind fluctuation patterns at the edge of the polar vortex. These four scenarios represent a typical zonal wind evolution in the stratosphere modulated by timings of stratospheric warmings occurring in winter. First, there are three scenarios (January mode, February mode, and Double mode) for which the polar vortex generally breaks down with a reversing of zonal winds in midwinter, known as sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) events, at different times. The last one is a non‐perturbed scenario with two under‐modes for which only the timing of the polar vortex transition to its summer state differs, either radiative or dynamical. Consistently with these wind patterns, the wave‐1 and wave‐2 anomaly evolutions confirm that these scenarios are associated with independent dynamics behaviors and significant differences between wave‐1 and wave‐2 activities. We found that the wave‐1 anomaly evolutions drop systematically for each scenario when the stratospheric winds weaken, while this correlation with the wave‐2 anomaly evolutions is not observed for all scenarios. These different dynamical behaviors confirm that the scenarios are either mainly dynamically driven by wave‐1 or both driven by wave‐1 and wave‐2. Until early December, the modes possess similar increasing evolutions of the wave‐1 activity due to the seasonal cycle. After, the scenarios separate, suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for the winter unfolding act in the previous months.

Soft Lattice Modules That Behave Independently and Collectively

Natural systems integrate the work of many sub-units (cells) toward a large-scale unified goal (morphological and behavioral), which can counteract the effects of unexpected experiences, damage, or simply changes in tasks demands. In this letter, we exploit the opportunities presented by soft, modular, and tensegrity robots to introduce soft lattice modules that parallel the sub-units seen in biological systems. The soft lattice modules are comprised of 3D printed plastic “skeletons,” linear contracting shape memory alloy spring actuators, and permanent magnets that enable adhesion between modules. The soft lattice modules are capable of independent locomotion, and can also join with other modules to achieve collective, self-assembled, larger scale tasks such as collective locomotion and moving an object across the surface of the lattice assembly. This work represents a preliminary step toward soft modular systems capable of independent and collective behaviors, and provide a platform for future studies on distributed control.

XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı-İran İlişkilerinde Derin Bir Krizin Tahlili: Tüccar Malları ve Alacak Meselesi

XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren İran’a hâkim olan hanedanlar ile Osmanlı Devleti arasında yaşanan mücadeleler, genellikle kimin doğuda sözünün geçeceği üzerine kurgulanmış siyasetlerin ürünüydü. Safeviler, Afşarlar, Zendler ve son olarak Kaçarlar, Osmanlı Devleti ile yüzyıllar boyunca sınır ve mezhep temelli problem üzerine savaştılar. Bazı dönemler İran’daki hanedanlar zaman zaman ise Osmanlı Devleti bu savaşların galibi olsa da iki devletin arasında mücadeleye sebep olan sorunlar hiçbir dönemde tam olarak çözümlenmedi. XIX. yüzyıl, iki ülkenin sadece doğudan değil, batıdan ve kuzeyden de kuşatma atlına alındığı bir yüzyıldı. Bu yüzyılın son evresine bir hanedan değişikliği ile giren İran, Kaçarların hâkimiyetinde Osmanlı Devleti ile sınır, aşiretler, mezhep ve kutsal bölgelere sahip olma gibi konularda büyük anlaşmazlıklar yaşamaktaydı. Feth Ali Şah ve Sultan II. Mahmut’un askeri mücadelesinin başlayacağı 1820 yılına kadar Osmanlı Devleti ile İran’ın yaşadığı sorunlara eklenen İranlı tüccarların problemleri ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin doğusunda görev yapan paşaların başına buyruk hareketleri, iki devlet arasında derin krizlerin çıkmasına zemin hazırladı. İranlı tüccarların büyük bir loncaya sahip olduğu Erzurum’da yaşanan mal zaptı ve bölgenin önemli paşalarından Abdülhamit Paşa’nın Revan Serdarı Hüseyin Han ile girdiği maddi ilişki, çok büyük bir sorun haline dönüştü. Gerek I. Erzurum Antlaşması’na gerekse de sonrasına taşınan bu iki meselenin nasıl bir kriz olduğu, seyri ve çözümü, bu makalenin konusudur. Çalışma; Farsça, İngilizce ve Türkçe kaynaklar kullanılarak vücuda getirilmiştir.

Methods to Assess Blood and Nectar Meals in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes.

Male and female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes survive by feeding on floral nectar for metabolic energy, but females require blood protein, obtained from biting a host, for egg development. Although males exclusively derive energy from nectar sugars, females must select the meal that best matches their present metabolic and reproductive needs. In females, blood and nectar promote independent feeding behaviors with distinct sensory appendages, meal sizes, digestive tract targets, and metabolic fates. Understanding how male and female mosquitoes recognize, locate, and metabolize nutrients is essential for characterizing the survival and reproductive capabilities of this mosquito. Here, we provide an introduction to blood versus nectar feeding and methods to quantify nectar and blood meal sizes in individual Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Precise quantification of meal size is crucial for ensuring consistency in assays that record events downstream of feeding behavior, including host attraction or fecundity.

Antecedents and consequences of leaders’ implicit followership theories

Drawing from recognition‐based categorization and self‐fulfilling prophecy theory, the present study investigates antecedents and consequences of leaders’ implicit followership theories (LIFTs). Using latent variable modelling, in a sample of 230 leader‐follower dyads, we support our hypotheses that follower personality and in‐role behaviour influence LIFTs which, in turn, affect follower effort and performance. Specifically, we found that general factor of personality (GFP), including agreeableness, conscientiousness, extroversion, intellect, and emotional stability, positively predicted positive LIFTs and negatively predicted negative LIFTs. Furthermore, personality had an indirect effect on positive and negative LIFTs via active engagement and independent thinking behaviours respectively. With respect to outcomes, positive LIFTs indirectly impacted follower performance via effort. Contrary to our predictions, negative LIFTs also indirectly impacted follower performance via effort, despite showing a negative direct relationship with performance. Our comprehensive model reveals new insights on LIFTs and highlights the importance of educating both leaders and followers about LIFTs.Practitioner points Managers should be cognizant of the follower traits and behaviours that influence their expectations of followers and be mindful of the potential harm done by negative expectations. Followers should be mindful of the way they engage with their leaders, especially when it comes to independent thinking behaviours which may be construed as rude or overly critical. Finally, organizations should encourage leaders and followers to discuss implicit expectations as this may resolve misinterpretations of behaviour and negative attributions of performance.

Do pharmacy practice standards effectively describe behaviour? Reviewing practice standards using a behavioural specificity framework

BackgroundGuidelines and practice standards exist to communicate the conduct and behaviour expected of health care professionals and ensure consistent quality practice. It is important that they describe behaviours explicitly so they can be interpreted, enacted and measured with ease. The AACTT framework specifies behaviour in terms of the: Action to be performed, Actor who performs the action, Context where the action occurs, Target who the action is performed with/for and Time when the action is performed (AACTT). It provides the most up to date framework for specifying behaviours and is particularly relevant to complex behavioural problems that involve sequences of behaviours performed by different people. Behavioural specificity within pharmacy practice standards has not been explored.AimTo determine if behaviours described in the Professional Practice Standards for Australian Pharmacists specify Action, Actor, Context, Target and Time.MethodsTwo researchers independently reviewed the scope and structure of the practice standards and one extracted action statements (behaviours) verbatim. Through an iterative process, the researchers modified and developed the existing AACTT definitions to operationalise them for application to review of the action statements in the practice standards. The operational definitions, decision criteria and curated examples were combined in a codebook. The definitions were consistently applied through a directed content analysis approach to evaluate all extracted action statements by one researcher. For consistency 20% was independently checked for agreement by a second researcher.ResultsA novel codebook to apply AACTT criteria to evaluate practice standards was developed. Application of this codebook identified 768 independent behaviours. Of these, 300 (39%) described at least one discrete observable action, none specified an actor, 25 (3%) specified context, 131 (17%) specified target and 88 (11%) specified time.Conclusion(s)The behaviours detailed in practice standards for Australian pharmacists do not consistently specify behaviours in terms of Action, Actor, Context, Target and Time. Developers in the pharmacy profession, and beyond, should consider the behavioural specificity of their documents to improve interpretability, usability and adherence to the behaviours detailed. This also has implications for the development and evaluation of interventions to change such behaviours and improve quality of care.

Experience Value Change Model on Independent Behaviors about Habitual

Experience Value Change Model on Independent Behaviors about Habitual

Analysis of super-resolution single molecule localization microscopy data: A tutorial

The diffraction of light imposes a fundamental limit on the resolution of light microscopes. This limit can be circumvented by creating and exploiting independent behaviors of the sample at length scales below the diffraction limit. In super-resolution single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), the independence arises from individual fluorescent labels stochastically switching between dark and fluorescent states, which in turn allows the pinpointing of fluorophores post experimentally using a sequence of acquired sparse image frames. Finally, the resulting list of fluorophore coordinates is utilized to produce high resolution images or to gain quantitative insight into the underlying biological structures. Therefore, image processing and post-processing are essential stages of SMLM. Here, we review the latest progress on SMLM data processing and post-processing.

Alone in the disaster? The independent nature of behavioural instructions for evacuation.

In disaster evacuation, the most reasonable reaction is seen as to evacuate through independence. On the contrary, people often stay and behave socially interdependent, hence stressing the gap between evacuation instructions and actual people's behaviour. The present research analyses the content of a set of behavioural instructions and provides an overview of common framing of evacuation communication. That is informed by psychological models that explain behaviour based distinguish between the independent self (i.e., everyone for themselves) and interdependent self (i.e., all together). Results of this article highlight that, despite the prevalence of interdependent behaviour, most of the instructions focuses on the independent behaviours rather than on interdependent instructions that do not reflect actual people's behaviour in case of evacuation. The objective of this article is to increase authorities' awareness on the relation between existing instructions (independent) and actual behaviour (interdependent); the final aim is to help authorities to design and create better instructional communication campaign for disaster evacuation.

Factors influencing the protective behavior of individuals during COVID-19: a transnational survey

To slow the spread of infectious disease, it is crucial to understand the engagement of protective behavior among individuals. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine individuals’ protective behaviors and the associated factors across countries during COVID-19. This causal-comparative study used a self-developed online survey to assess individuals’ level of engagement with six protective behaviors. Analysis of variance and McNemar’s test were employed for data analysis. Three hundred and eighty-four responses were analyzed. The majority of participants lived in three areas: Taiwan, Japan, and North America. Overall, the participants reported a high level of engagement in protective behaviors. However, engagement levels varied according to several demographic variables. Hand hygiene and cleaning/ventilation are two independent behaviors that differ from almost all other protective behaviors. There is a need to target the population at risk, which demonstrates low compliance. Different strategies are needed to promote specific protective behaviors.

Caregiver's Provision of Non-Recommended Commercially Prepared Milk-Based Drinks to Infants and Toddlers

ObjectiveAssess milk type provision (commercially prepared infant and toddler formula, cow's milk, and plant milk) to infants and toddlers, accounting for sociodemographic characteristics and marketing claims. ParticipantsCaregivers (N = 1,645) of children (aged 6–36 months) recruited through online panels in 2017. MethodsCross-sectional survey analysis (system of probit equations) estimated associations between sociodemographics and agreement with marketing claims (independent variables) with milk type provision in the past month (binary dependent variable). ResultsMost caregivers (63%) of infants (aged 6–11 months) provided only breastmilk and/or commercially prepared infant formula. Sixty-five percent of caregivers of 12-month-old infants provided commercially prepared infant formula, and 47% provided cow's milk. Most caregivers (64%) of toddlers (aged 13–36 months) provided cow's milk; some also provided other non-recommended milk types (51%).Associations between milk types suggested milk-based drink provision should be evaluated as a pattern and not as independent behaviors (all Ps < 0.048). Milk type provision was significantly associated with a child's age (months), household income, and race (all Ps < 0.049). Including agreement with marketing claims reduced the significance of associations between milk type provision and some sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings suggest the need for additional expert guidance to discourage inappropriate and unnecessary milk for young children, provide strategies to transition from breastmilk (or commercially prepared infant formula) to cow's milk, and conduct outreach to communities at risk for health disparities about the dangers of serving milk that is not recommended for their child's age. Research is needed to understand how diverse populations interpret product claims and how marketing may perpetuate health disparities.

The Chemistry Between Us: Momentary Complementarity Effects in Interpersonal Assessment Methods

Interpersonal complementarity has emerged as a key principle to structure and regulate everyday interactions. This begs the question whether interpersonal complementarity also influences ratings in interpersonal assessment methods. Unfortunately, we still lack a solid understanding of what happens in these assessments at the behavioral exchange level. Prior studies used single-point, retrospective self-reports of one party’s independent interpersonal behaviors. This study integrates Interpersonal Theory with Situational Strength Theory and conducts a fine-grained examination of how interpersonal behavior continuously unfolds to advance our understanding of interpersonal and temporal dynamics in interpersonal assessment methods. Ninety-six junior managers participated in four interpersonal simulations (“flash” role-plays) as part of diagnosing their strengths and weaknesses. In all interpersonal simulations, people consistently showed momentary interpersonal adaptation patterns in line with complementarity principles: Affiliative behavior led to affiliative behavior (correspondence), whereas dominant behavior resulted in submissive behavior (reciprocity). For affiliation, mutual interpersonal influence also occurred in that both parties’ temporal trends in affiliative expressions were correlated over time. Complementarity effects were significantly related to ratings of in situ (role-playing) assessors but not of ex situ (remote) assessors. Importantly, however, complementarity effects did not contain erroneous, nondiagnostic information because they did not decrease predictive validity.

The Relationship between Drug Consumption and Dating App Use: Results from an Italian Survey

To date, the literature regarding the relationship between drug consumption and dating app use is still very scant and inconclusive. The present study was thus aimed at investigating the association between drug consumption and dating app use in the general population. A total of 1278 Italian respondents completed an online ad hoc questionnaire assessing drug consumption (cannabis versus other illicit drugs), dating app use, the primary motive for installing dating apps, and demographics. Multiple logistic regression analyses were run to investigate the role of demographics and dating app use on drug consumption. Being single predicted cannabis use. Using dating apps accounted for higher odds of cannabis use; however, people who intensely used the apps were less likely to consume marijuana. Conversely, dating app use was not associated with the consumption of other drugs. This study suggests the presence of common underlying factors between dating app use and cannabis use, and it highlights the mediating role of the intensity of app use. Conversely, the study suggests that dating app use and the use of other drugs are quite independent behaviors.

A carbon-based fluorescent probe (N-CDs) encapsulated in a zeolite matrix (NaFZ) for ultrasensitive detection of Hg (II) in fish

In this work, a novel strategy was addressed to fabricate new sensing probe (N-CDs@NaFZ) from nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) confined in Al-free ferrisilicates zeolite (NaFZ) by hydrothermal/solvothermal method. The probe was systematically characterized by HR-TEM, FTIR, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction, and UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometers. Characterization of the designed nanocomposite template N-CDs@NaFZ by fluorescence spectrum demonstrates a variety of important conducts as stability improvements, reasonable dispersibility in water, highly emission intensity enhancement at 435 nm when excited at 340 nm, excitation independent fluorescence behaviors, great quantum yield percentage of 91.2%, and narrow size distribution 12 nm, as a nano-space confinement effect of zeolite effectively increase the rigidity of N-CDs. Based on the fluorescence quenching mechanism, the designed approach exhibits an excellent selectivity and good sensitive response to the presence of Hg(II) ions under ambient temperature, with a wide linear range of 0.1–1500 nM and lower detection limits of 5.5 pM. Influences of variables pH and incubation time were optimized. The N-CDs@NaFZ sensor was effectively applied for the detection of Hg(II) ions in the farmed and wild rainbow trout fishes, and the results are in reasonable agreement when compared with that obtained by the cold vapor atomic absorption method.

Fathers and Families: Risk and Resilience. An Introduction.

The articles in this special issue are informed by the historic changes in the twentieth century (i.e., decreasing family size, changing family roles, and youth demonstrating more independent behaviors) that propelled intensive study of fathers’ impacts on child development. The papers are conceptualized within a developmental systems framework and focused on a father’s presence rather than on his absence in the family, going beyond the study of merely father involvement. Papers reflect longitudinal and cross-sectional methods and examine issues related to paternal mental health, parenting behavior, cultural context, and children’s physical and mental health.

Space robot motion path planning based on fuzzy control algorithm

Path planning technology is one of the core technologies of intelligent space robot. Combining image recognition technology and artificial intelligence learning algorithm for robot path planning in unknown space environment has become one of the hot research issues. The purpose of this paper is to propose a spatial robot path planning method based on improved fuzzy control, aiming at the shortcomings of path planning in the current industrial space robot motion control process, and based on fuzzy control algorithm. This paper proposes a fuzzy obstacle avoidance method with speed feedback based on the original advantages of the fuzzy algorithm, which improves the obstacle avoidance performance of space robot under continuous obstacles. At the same time, we integrated the improved fuzzy obstacle avoidance strategy into the behavior-based control technology, making the avoidance become an independent behavioral unit. Divide the path planning into a series of relatively independent behaviors such as fuzzy obstacle avoidance, cruise, trend target, and deadlock by the behavior-based method. According to the interaction information between the space robot and the environment, each behavior acquires the dominance of the robot through the competition mechanism, making the robot complete the specific behavior at a certain moment, and finally realize the path planning. Furthermore, to improve the overall fault tolerance of the space, robot we introduced an elegant downgrade strategy, so that the robot can successfully complete the established task in the case of control command deterioration or failure of important information, avoiding the overall performance deterioration effectively. Therefore, through the simulation experiment of the virtual environment platform, MobotSim concluded that the improved algorithm has high efficiency, high security, and the planned path is more in line with the actual situation, and the method proposed in this paper can make the space robot successfully reach the target position and optimize the spatial path, it also has good robustness and effectiveness.

Physical Activity, Sleep, and Sedentary Behavior among Successful Long-Term Weight Loss Maintainers: Findings from a U.S. National Study.

Despite adults’ desire to reduce body mass (weight) for numerous health benefits, few are able to successfully lose at least 5% of their starting weight. There is evidence on the independent associations of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep with weight loss; however, this study provided insight on the combined effects of these behaviors on long-term body weight loss success. Hence, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the joint relations of sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors with successful long-term weight loss. Data are from the 2005–2006 wave of the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES). Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured with an accelerometer, whereas sleep time was self-reported. Physical activity and sleep were dichotomized into meeting guidelines (active/not active, ideal sleep/short sleep), and sedentary time was categorized into prolonged sedentary time (4th quartile) compared to low sedentary time (1st–3rd quartiles). The dichotomized behaviors were combined to form 12 unique behavioral combinations. Two-step multivariable regression models were used to determine the associations between the behavioral combinations with (1) long-term weight loss success (≥5% body mass reduction for ≥12-months) and (2) the amount of body mass reduction among those who were successful. After adjustment for relevant factors, there were no significant associations between any of the independent body weight loss behaviors (physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep) and successful long-term weight loss. However, after combining the behaviors, those who were active (≥150 min MVPA weekly), regardless of their sedentary time, were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to have long-term weight loss success compared to the inactive and sedentary referent group. These results should be confirmed in longitudinal analyses, including investigation of characteristics of waking (type, domain, and context) and sleep (quality metrics) behaviors for their association with long-term weight loss success.

Trace Metal Enrichments in Water of the Okavango Delta (Botswana): Hydrological Consequences

AbstractThe Okavango Delta in northern Botswana is an endorheic ecosystem formed by 150,000 islands surrounded by a flood plain. The vegetation of these islands displays an external tree ring enclosing a barren interior domain with evaporitic deposits. We sampled the groundwater into piezometers across an island at the southwest of the Delta, and drilled sediments. The geochemical analysis of the water exhibits two different compositions: a fresh water in the floodplain and a saline water in the interior part. These inner samples display enrichments in heavy metals, metalloids and critical metals such as, Rare Earth Elements (REE). The latest show a continuous enrichment from LREE to HREE and positive Ce and Eu anomalies, associated to alkaline pH. Overall, the two types of displayed REE patterns fingerprint two different water sources. The geochemistry of sediments indicates the same composition whatever the sample location and no traces of evaporitic deposits was found. The variations in the water table depth in the piezometers shows different hydrological behaviors in between the floodplain and the barren zone which does not follow the flood cycle. Thus, we document two different aquifers with independent hydrological behaviors: a surface fresh‐water aquifer in the floodplain connected to the channels, and a saline confined aquifer below the islands. The contrasted geochemical composition of the waters explains the distribution of the vegetation which survives through access to fresh water. The hydrological architecture of this island in the southwestern Delta differs from other islands, highlighting the hydrological complexity of the Okavango Delta.

A scoping review of workplace wellness audit tools assessing physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

Regular physical inactivity and excessive sedentary behaviour are public and population health concerns. The workplace is an ideal health promotion intervention setting to support employees, particularly office workers. Workplace assessments are a critical component of workplace health promotion programming. The aim of this project was to conduct a scoping review to systematically identify and describe workplace audit tools that assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour influences, as two independent behaviours, through a social ecological lens. Fourteen electronic databases were searched for academic literature and 69 web-based resources were searched for grey literature in May 2017. English language workplace audit tools with items on physical activity or sedentary behaviour established in western countries were included. Key characteristics (ie, aim, type, health behaviour, validity, reliability and theory/model/framework) of the audit tools, checklists or questionnaires for office-based workplaces were identified, described and summarised. The scoping review identified 21 relevant tools. Most tools focused on physical activity alone and did not address sedentary behaviour as a distinct behaviour. Few tools included items assessing physical activity and sedentary behaviour influences across multiple levels of the social ecological model. The most common social ecological focuses in the tools were policy and environmental influences. Numerous workplace physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour audit tools were available. However, a gap was identified as tools and resources that assess and support organisational changes to influence physical activity and sedentary behaviour as two independent health behaviours across multiple social ecological levels within the workplace had not been developed.

Capacitação de pais de crianças com TEA: revisão sistemática sob o referencial da Análise do Comportamento

Capacitar pais para mediar intervenções comportamentais com crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) tem sido utilizado para favorecer o desenvolvimento dessas crianças. Esta revisão sistemática de literatura objetivou caracterizar as capacitações de pais ou cuidadores de crianças com TEA, sob referencial da Análise do Comportamento, analisando as suas características e resultados. A busca foi realizada sem restrição de tempo. Foram utilizados descritores em língua portuguesa e inglesa referentes a autismo, treinamento de pais e análise do comportamento, nas bases de dados e revistas: Pepsic, SciELO.ORG, PsycINFO (APA), Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações (CAPES), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde – BVS (BIREME), Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento e Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento. Foram selecionados 46 estudos e seus dados foram categorizados e analisados, por estatística descritiva, com foco em variáveis dependentes e independentes, comportamentos e conteúdos ensinados aos pais ou cuidadores, estratégias de ensino e resultados. A maioria dos estudos avalia os efeitos de pacotes de treinamento sobre o comportamento da criança e dos pais ou cuidadores e combina estratégias de natureza conceitual, instrucional e prática para ensiná-los a modelar o comportamento das crianças. As pesquisas, em sua maioria, descrevem de forma pouco precisa os comportamentos ensinados aos pais ou cuidadores, não indicando em quais contextos esses comportamentos devem ocorrer ou quais os efeitos esperados sobre o comportamento das crianças. Essa limitação no planejamento dos programas de capacitação pode estar relacionada com resultados inconsistentes e baixa manutenção dos resultados analisados nesta revisão.