Independent Behavior Research Articles

Young children's social and independent behavior during play with a coding app: Digital game features matter in a 1:1 child to tablet setting

The overarching aim of this study was to explore young children's (N = 25, Mage = 5.16 years) play with two coding games (Daisy the Dinosaur and Kodable) in a 1:1 child to tablet setting. We had three research questions focused on children's game play: 1) How does the structure of each game influence children's play? 2) Do children play more or less independently depending on the game they play? 3) Do children who play the games more independently learn more coding skills? Three researchers coded more than 6 h of video data showing children's play with digital coding games. Findings include, that the type of game did influence the different ways that children behaved while playing. However, during both games, children had the same amount of independent play. Children who played more independently during Daisy the Dinosaur learned more coding skills. This may be because these children were focusing more on the game than their peers as we did not find a similar effect for the game Kodable. We discuss the ways that children play structured vs. open structured (i.e., sandbox) digital games with a particular focus on how game play may influence learning. As opportunities for individual device ownership in classrooms increase, future work should continue to explore how game features influence learning.

Analisis Perkembangan Kognitif Terhadap Pola Tingkah Laku Siswa Dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran Di Sekolah Dasar

Cognitive development, especially in elementary school age children, is an important thing for a classroom teacher to know and understand. Each child has different cognitive abilities and influences changes in behavior during the learning process. Behavior is essentially a form of students' attitudes in interacting with their learning environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cognitive development of students' behavior patterns in learning activities. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach and using data collection techniques carried out in three ways, namely through document studies, interviews, and observations. The behavior patterns that students show at school during the learning process are, 1) independent behavior, 2) student discipline, 3) curiosity behavior, 4) honest behavior.

Does children’s independent mobility matter? Insights into escorting practices in a developing country

ABSTRACT Understanding children’s mobility behaviour and parents escorting practices are important to developing a children-friendly society. But only a few studies concerning children’s mobility behaviour have focused on developing countries. In this study, we attempted to develop an econometric model to understand escorting practices in a developing country. A multinomial logit (MNL) model is developed using travel diary data of 398 elementary school-going children, inhabiting in Chattogram City Corporation (CCC) area of Bangladesh. We have considered different combinations of environmental (both school and neighbourhood environment), socio-cultural, household, and personal factors to explain children’s independent mobility behaviour for both school and discretionary trip purposes. The findings suggested that children’s individual (e.g. education level) and parents’ sociodemographic (e.g. income, access to cars, mother’s education level) facilities available at school, and built-environmental factors (e.g. commercial density, road density, land use mix and proximity to open spaces) are significantly associated with parent’s choice for chauffeuring their children in CCC area. Results will be useful to planners and policy makers for formulating effective measures to promote children’s independent mobility and will be a guideline for urban planners to include children’s mobility demand for the neighbourhood as well as city design.

Default mode network mediates low-frequency fluctuations in brain activity and behavior during sustained attention.

The low-frequency (<0.1Hz) fluctuation in sustained attention attracts enormous interest in cognitive neuroscience and clinical research since it always leads to cognitive and behavioral lapses. What is the source of the spontaneous fluctuation in sustained attention in neural activity, and how does the neural fluctuation relate to behavioral fluctuation? Here, we address these questions by collecting and analyzing two independent fMRI and behavior datasets. We show that the neural (fMRI) fluctuation in a key brain network, the default-mode network (DMN), mediate behavioral (reaction time) fluctuation during sustained attention. DMN shows the increased amplitude of fluctuation, which correlates with the behavioral fluctuation in a similar frequency range (0.01-0.1Hz) but not in the lower (<0.01 Hz) or higher (>0.1Hz) frequency range. This was observed during both auditory and visual sustained attention and was replicable across independent datasets. These results provide a novel insight into the neural source of attention-fluctuation and extend the former concept that DMN was deactivated in cognitive tasks. More generally, our findings highlight the temporal dynamic of the brain-behavior relationship.

The Behavior of the Three-Dimensional Askin–Teller Model at the Mixed Phase Region by a New Monte Carlo Approach

The new approach of performing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, which eliminates large oscillations of the values of the thermodynamic quantities computed for a mixed phase region, is demonstrated. The results are presented on the example of the mixed phase region in the 3D Askin–Teller (AT) model, where within a certain range of parameters with equal probabilities there appear two different, but equivalent, ways of ordering two of the three order parameters showing independent behavior. This new approach allowed us to exploit magnetization and internal energy curves, Binder cumulant, Challa- and the Lee-Kosterlitz-like cumulants as well as the internal energy distribution histogram. According to the most effective strategy, in the critical region, we use our recently proposed cluster MC algorithm and the Metropolis algorithm beyond it wherever it is applicable. The existence of two tricritical points and the bifurcation point in this area of the phase diagram is confirmed, and their locations are determined. It is explained that although the system as a whole does not show the presence of latent heat at the boundary of the mixed phase region and the antiferromagnetic phase, it does occur for various order parameters. Specifically, the increase in the energy of the degrees of freedom of one kind is accompanied by an equal decrease in the energy of the degrees of freedom of the other kind.

A Hypoelastic Approach for Simulating the Independent Bending Behavior of Textile Composite within the Stress Resultant Shell

In the textile composite drape process, the material bending behavior plays a critical role in the onset and development of wrinkles. The bending moment is linked with the membrane forces in the classical shell element which leads to the insufficient for the textile composite draping simulation. Specific to the textile composite, a hypoelastic approach is proposed within the stress resultant shell. A bending stiffness independent of membrane stiffness is introduced to calculate the stress moments in the finite element analysis. This approach is implemented in the commercial software Abaqus, which makes it possible for any user of this software.

Redesigning navigational aids using virtual global landmarks to improve spatial knowledge retrieval

Although beacon- and map-based spatial strategies are the default strategies for navigation activities, today’s navigational aids mostly follow a beacon-based design where one is provided with turn-by-turn instructions. Recent research, however, shows that our reliance on these navigational aids is causing a decline in our spatial skills. We are processing less of our surrounding environment and relying too heavily on the instructions given. To reverse this decline, we need to engage more in map-based learning, which encourages the user to process and integrate spatial knowledge into a cognitive map built to benefit flexible and independent spatial navigation behaviour. In an attempt to curb our loss of skills, we proposed a navigation assistant to support map-based learning during active navigation. Called the virtual global landmark (VGL) system, this augmented reality (AR) system is based on the kinds of techniques used in traditional orienteering. Specifically, a notable landmark is always present in the user’s sight, allowing the user to continuously compute where they are in relation to that specific location. The efficacy of the unit as a navigational aid was tested in an experiment with 27 students from the University of Technology Sydney via a comparison of brain dynamics and behaviour. From an analysis of behaviour and event-related spectral perturbation, we found that participants were encouraged to process more spatial information with a map-based strategy where a silhouette of the compass-like landmark was perpetually in view. As a result of this technique, they consistently navigated with greater efficiency and better accuracy.

Viscous flow changes induced by illumination in selected chalcogenide and phosphate glasses detected by thermomechanical analysis

The modified thermomechanical analyser, using penetration method based on the coaxial action of light and applied force, proved to be a suitable tool for the measurements of photo-viscous changes in selected chalcogenide and phosphate glasses (As2S3 and (PbO)55(ZnO)10(P2O5)35 with 3.6 mol% CoO). Measurements of photo-viscous changes at temperatures close to the glass transition temperatures were performed and the highest photo-viscous changes were observed in both glasses using 650 nm wavelength. The effect of light on viscous flow was transient. The decrease in the dilatometric glass transition temperature upon illumination was also observed. The decrease of the light effect with the temperature in As2S3 and the independent temperature behavior in phosphate glass could be probably connected with the different nature of photo-viscous changes. In As2S3, a certain contribution of athermal photo-structural changes is assumed, in phosphate glass containing Co2+ ions, only the temperature rise is considered to be the mechanism.

Pengaruh Harga, Kualitas, Promosi dan Pelayanan Terhadap Perilaku Konsumen Dalam Pembelian Produk Home Appliances Panasonic di PT. Sumber Karya Asia

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the effect of Price, Quality, Promotion and Service on Consumer Behavior in purchasing Home Appliiances Panasonic products at PT. Asian Works Source. Multiple linear regression method. This study uses price, quality, promotion and service as independent variables and consumers behavior as the dependent variable. The data analysisi method of this study used qualitative and quantitative data analysis, and used descriptive research primary data was collected using a questionnaire distributed to respondents. The data analysis in this final projec uses multiple regression method and is processed with the SPSS 20 program. The results show that the price variable has a positive and significat effect on consumer behavior, the quality variable has a positiv and significat effect on consumer behavior. And the service variable has a positive and significant effect on consumer behavior in purchasing home Appliances Panasonic product at PT. Asian Works Source.

Peculiarities of Decision Making by Police Officers with Different Levels of Professional Self-Fulfilment

The research found that decision making within the professional activities of the police is the key to their success, an indicator of the effectiveness of their duties performance. It is appealed that decision making in critical situations requires a high level of individual’s self-fulfilment, which reduces stress and encourages police officers to solve the problem. The aim of the article is to identify and substantiate the relationship of personal characteristics with decision making factors in police officers with different levels of professional self-fulfilment. The sample of the empirical research consisted of 84 employees of special purpose police units. The groups of police officers with different levels of professional self-fulfilment were formed using the questionnaire of “Type and Level of Professional Self-Fulfilment”. The research involved the usage of psychodiagnostic techniques, including: the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, the Personal Decision Making Factors Questionnaire and the Big Five Personality Questionnaire. The results of the research showed that the behaviour of police officers with a high level of professional self-fulfilment is characterized by prosociality and responsibility due to the peculiarities of decisions they do not postpone them and do not lose valuable time, considering all possible alternatives. This characterizes them as capable to take risk if the situation requires it. On the other hand, police officers with a low level of professional self-fulfilment tend to shift the problem to other people, they often demonstrate independent behaviour and take responsibility for decision making, but this is accompanied by doubts and fears about their rationality.

The functional role of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle subregions during forward flexion: a shear wave elastography study.

BackgroundKnowledge of the morphological and functional differences in the anatomic subregions of the supraspinatus (SSP) and infraspinatus (ISP) muscles during forward flexion will provide useful information in the management of shoulder joint disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the SSP and ISP muscle subregions exhibit independent roles during forward flexion of the shoulder joint.MethodsEight healthy male volunteers without any restriction in their shoulder joints were recruited for this study. Participants were instructed to sit on a chair with their back against the backrest. Shear modulus (kPa) was measured as a surrogate for muscle stiffness using shear wave elastography on the SSP and ISP muscle subregions. Active measurements of the nondominant arm were obtained during isometric contraction at a neutral position and every 15° intervals from 30° to 150° during forward flexion. Friedman test and Dunn's post hoc test were used to evaluate differences in measurement outcomes among angles during forward flexion in each muscle subregion.ResultsActive stiffness outcomes of the anterior-middle subregion of the SSP muscle during forward flexion increased from 30° up to 45°, reaching a value of 182.4 ± 32.1 kPa (P < .001). Stiffness of the anterior-superficial subregion of the SSP muscle was highest at 30° (125.0 ± 20.6 kPa; P < .019) and linearly decreased up to 105° with increasing shoulder angle position. Stiffness of the superior, middle, and inferior subregions of ISP muscle presented a mountain-shaped trend, with peaks of 99.9 ± 23.5 kPa at 90° (P < .013), 144.2 ± 11.2 kPa at 90° (P < .013), and 122.9 ± 27.9 kPa at 105° (P < .007), respectively. Finally, the stiffness outcomes of the pectoralis major and anterior region of the deltoid muscles showed a mountain-shaped trend with peaks of 89.4 ± 23.5 kPa at 60° (P < .007) and 176.7 ± 22.9 kPa at 90° (P < .026), respectively.ConclusionsThe SSP and ISP muscle subregions play a significant role during active forward flexion motion. While closely overlapped, the activity of the muscle subregions changed during the forward flexion motion range, starting with an active anterior-superficial subregion of the SSP muscle at the initial range of motion and an active inferior subregion of the ISP muscle toward midrange of motion. The SSP and ISP subregions did not demonstrate independent functional behavior during forward flexion.

Deep transfer learning correlation study of electronic and spin properties in buckled III–V monolayers

The correlation study of the electronic and spin properties in the buckled III–V monolayers using the transfer learning network approach is performed. Band engineering based on such approach has been applied to the target parameters of bandgap without spin–orbit coupling and with spin–orbit coupling, spin splitting at K-point in either of valence and conduction bands, and band splitting at Γ-point in the valence band. It is also found that some special nonlinear combination of Group-III and V atomic numbers together with their corresponding atomic mass can accurately describe the mentioned band engineering parameters of III–V monolayers. In this regard, a nonlinear descriptor relation as a function of atomic number and atomic mass is reported for every parameter. The maximum decoupling of Eg, WOS from other compounds is observed for InN, BSb and GaN. For this parameter, heavier compounds tend to have more correlation with the other ones. A similar pattern is observed for EgWS, although the correlation for heavier compounds is more evident. In addition, more compounds demonstrate discriminatory behavior for EgWS. Furthermore, the maximum correlating parameter among III–V compounds is valence band splitting. For heavier compounds, valence and conduction spin-splitting demonstrate sensible discrimination between the band engineering predictions and DFT calculations. Interestingly, for AlSb, a clear independent behavior for conduction band spin-splitting is also reported.

Landscaping Iron Folic Acid (IFA) Communication Materials as an Entry Point for Multiple Micronutrient Supplementations (MMS) Introduction in Indonesia

ObjectivesTo landscape and assess the quality of the existing IFA related communication materials that promote accepting behaviors as the initial stage of the implementation research that can accelerate MMS in Indonesia to reduce anemia in women. MethodsContent analysis consists of desk review through database search, hand-search and consultation with trusted sources from the Government of Indonesia (GoI), UN Agencies/INGOs, Local NGOs and universities, and thematic narrative analysis using technical and behavior checklists to materials published from 1990 to 2021. ResultsContent analysis was made to 91 documents. 93% were published by the GoI, addressing pregnant women (27%), health workers (25%) and adolescents (15%) as the primary intended audience. The materials consist of guidelines (25%), books (20%) and posters (20%) were mainly target behavior changes of individuals and health workers on IFA, nutrition and anemia. Materials produced up to 2014 focused on IFA consumption and side effects while 2014 onwards, IFA was tailored to more diverse topics, including anemia, maternal-child health, stunting and nutrition with various placements at community, mid-media and social media. The government produced materials were more informative, directive and technical/skill-based, while NGOs and religious organizations were more persuasive and informative. This assessment set up 17 acceptance criteria, including technical accuracy, credibility and persuasive appeals. 84% of IFA materials are technically correct but insufficient persuasive appeals. Most materials (74%), with some adjustments, are accepted for further use of IFA communication and introduction to MMS in Indonesia. ConclusionsThe communication materials should be updated as technically accurate, follow the latest policies and regulations, and operate under an umbrella branding to persuade independent behavior to seek for IFA or MMS. As the initial stage to accelerate MMS program, the materials should be complementary to other health topics, by mentioning specific behavior, cue to action, address barriers and myths including gender inequality and social engagement towards behavior changes in Indonesian community. Funding SourcesThis research is funded by Kirk Humanitarian.

Penerapan Budaya dalam Komunikasi Konseling yang Efektif

The counseling process pays attention to, respects, and respects cultural elements. The alleviation of individual problems is very much possible with a culture that affects the individual. Guidance efforts in realizing the functions of education, directing efforts to help individuals to expand, renew, and integrate the value system into independent behavior. In this effort, guidance and counseling is very possible to use methods, approaches and techniques, to understand and facilitate individual development that is directed at human development in accordance with their existential nature. In society there is growing cultural diversity, so one communication approach in counseling that can be used is cross-cultural counseling communication.This study seeks to find and analyze data related to effective cross-cultural communication conducted by BK teachers at SMPN 2 Guguak District with Javanese and Minang ethnic backgrounds. This research is a field research with data collection in the form of interviews, observations and documentation. Data analysis using data reduction techniques, data presentation and conclusion.Based on the results of the study, it is known that, First: there are similarities in cross-cultural communication carried out by teachers to students with Javanese and Minang ethnic backgrounds, namely: in language use Indonesian as a means of communication, in certain cases using a clinical approach, using skills such as empathic skills , asking questions, assertive and confrontational, placing the position of teachers as friends and even parents of students, and treating students according to their rights and obligations. Second, the difference in cross-cultural communication between the two (Javanese and Minang students) is seen in the use of the approach, namely the approach for ethnic Javanese students using a rational-emotive approach, while for ethnic Minang students using a non-directive approach.

Highly Sensitive Temperature-Pressure Bimodal Aerogel with Stimulus Discriminability for Human Physiological Monitoring.

Multimodal sensor with high sensitivity, accurate sensing resolution, and stimuli discriminability is very desirable for human physiological state monitoring. A dual-sensing aerogel is fabricated with independent pyro-piezoresistive behavior by leveraging MXene and semicrystalline polymer to assemble shrinkable nanochannel structures inside multilevel cellular walls of aerogel for discriminable temperature and pressure sensing. The shrinkable nanochannels, controlled by the melt flow-triggered volume change of semicrystalline polymer, act as thermoresponsive conductive channels to endow the pyroresistive aerogel with negative temperature coefficient of resistance of -10.0% °C-1 and high accuracy within 0.2 °C in human physiological temperature range of 30-40 °C. The flexible cellular walls, working as pressure-responsive conductive channels, enable the piezoresistive aerogel to exhibit a pressure sensitivity up to 777 kPa-1 with a detectable pressure limit of 0.05 Pa. The pyro-piezoresistive aerogel can detect the temperature-dependent characteristics of pulse pressure waveforms from artery vessels under different human body temperature states.

Modeling magnetization processes in steel under stress using magnetic objects

The application of ferromagnetic steel products is pervasive in society, with important applications arising in electrical steel, oil and gas pipelines, transportation infrastructure, naval structures, aircraft landing gear, and automotive components. Magnetic properties of electrical steel materials play a key role in electrical motors and transformers, with a direct impact on energy efficiency. Measurement of response to magnetization has implications for non-destructive inspection methods, such as magnetic flux leakage, magnetic Barkhausen noise, and metal magnetic memory method. Examples include flaw detection, characterization of material properties, and identification of stress state in steel. An understanding of the magnetic response of steel materials can be facilitated by the use of magnetic objects (MOs). MOs are defined as regions of relatively independent magnetic behavior, typically about the size of a grain, to which fundamental magnetic energy considerations may be applied. This Tutorial outlines mechanisms by which MOs may be applied for modeling magnetic response in steel and presents examples of their application. MOs incorporate material physical properties such as microstructure, grain size, crystallographic texture, the presence of dislocations and impurity elements, and the presence of residual stress and stress load on the component. They can also accommodate a description of the evolution of magnetic domain structure under magnetizing conditions. As the MO model incorporates fundamental physics principles, it allows estimates of physical parameters that can be used to provide insights into the connections between magnetic properties and material properties, including hardness, embrittlement, and the presence of applied and residual stress. Practical applications include non-destructive characterization of the stress state of steel and an improved understanding of magnetic processes in electrical steel. Examples where such models may be applied include magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic memory method for the characterization of steel materials. This Tutorial summarizes recent advances in the MO model and its applications, providing the foundation for its further development. Magnetic objects have the potential to provide fundamental explanations and could form the basis for magnetic measurements and magnetization processes, including magnetic flux leakage, magnetic Barkhausen noise, and magnetic hysteresis.

Maintaining On-Task Behavior of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Absence of an Instructor.

Despite the vast amount of research on increasing independence for individuals with autism spectrum disorder, there is a lack of research on techniques for fostering independent on-task behavior and accuracy in the absence of an instructor. Though increasing distance of the instructor and altering reinforcer delivery have been shown in a few studies to produce independence in the absence of an instructor, no study to date has compared the effects of systematic fading and complete removal of an instructor. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of three conditions on the on-task behavior and accuracy of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: instructor present (instructor with participant and conditioned reinforcers delivered within session ), instructor absent (instructor not with the participant and no within-session conditioned reinforcers), and instructor fading (gradual, systematic fading of instructor and thinning of within-session conditioned reinforcers). Across all three participants, the intervention was effective in maintaining criterion levels of on-task behavior and accuracy. Responding generalized to novel instructors and remained high during maintenance evaluations for all participants. Clinicians rated the procedures as having high social validity.

Adolescents' Algorithmic Resistance to Short Video APP's Recommendation: The Dual Mediating Role of Resistance Willingness and Resistance Intention.

Adolescents have gradually become a vital group of interacting with social media recommendation algorithms. Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate negative reactions (both psychological and behavioral reactance) that the dark side of recommendation algorithms brings to social media users, little is known about the resistance intention and behavior based on their agency in the daily process of encountering algorithms. Focusing on the concept of algorithm resistance, this study used a two-path model (distinguishing resistance willingness and resistance intention) to investigate the algorithmic resistance of rural Chinese adolescents (N = 905) in their daily use of short video apps. The findings revealed that the perceived threat to freedom, algorithmic literacy, and peer influence were positively associated with the resistance willingness and intention; while the independent psychology on algorithmic recommendations significantly weakened resistance willingness and intention. Furthermore, this study verified the mediating role of resistance willingness and intention between the above independent variables and resistance behavior. Additionally, the positive impact of resistance willingness on resistance intention was confirmed. In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive approach to further understanding adolescents’ algorithmic resistance awareness and behavior by combining psychological factors, personal competency, and interpersonal influences, as well as two types of resistance reactions (rational and irrational).

Systematic Literature Review: Improving Self Regulated Learning Through The Flipped Classroom Model Based on Interactive E-Books

In the flipped classroom, students must have independent learning behavior to achieve optimal competence. However, the reality is that students' independence in learning is not good, so a teacher is supposed to carry out knowledge that can facilitate the formation of student learning independence. One of the lessons that can increase students' learning independence is the Flipped Classroom model with the help of interactive e-books. This study aims to conduct a literature review on the importance of improving student learning independence through the Flipped Classroom model based on Interactive e-books. The SLR (Systematic Literature Review) method was chosen in this study. Data collection was carried out by documenting and reviewing all articles on learning independence that had similar research in this report. A total of 15 journal articles obtained from Google Scholar with the help of the publish and perish application were used in this study. Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that increasing the ability to learn independently is needed by students in learning, especially in online education with the interactive e-book-based flipped classroom model. Independent learning has a positive influence on students in education.

DX center formation in highly Si doped AlN nanowires revealed by trap assisted space-charge limited current

Electrical properties of silicon doped AlN nanowires grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy were investigated by means of temperature dependent current–voltage measurements. Following an Ohmic regime for bias lower than 0.1 V, a transition to a space-charge limited regime occurred for higher bias. This transition appears to change with the doping level and is studied within the framework of the simplified theory of space-charge limited current assisted by traps. For the least doped samples, a single, doping independent trapping behavior is observed. For the most doped samples, an electron trap with an energy level around 150 meV below the conduction band is identified. The density of these traps increases with a Si doping level, consistent with a self-compensation mechanism reported in the literature. The results are in accordance with the presence of Si atoms that have three different configurations: one shallow state and two DX centers.