Independence Of Kosovo Research Articles

Borders vs. Numbers: Albanian National Minority in the South Serbia between Nation Building in Kosovo and EU Member State Building

Serbia and Kosovo are two countries that want to join the EU as the ultimate goal. However, in order for this process to start, Kosovo, still not recognized by five EU member states, should be recognized by many countries including Serbia and these two former enemies have to solve the problems seriously to become allies. While the independence of Kosovo remains unacceptable for Serbia, today one of the main problems facing the parties is the border issues. Despite the fact that Serbia insists there is no state border between Serbia and its former province, the EU-mediated talks on the normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo which includes the option of a border correction namely, land swap is taking place behind closed doors. The land swap solution suggests that Kosovo take control of the Albanian-inhabited Presevo Valley of South Serbia while the Serb-inhabited four northern municipalities of Kosovo would be associated with Serbia. But this controversial step, depending on whom you ask, is a historical matter that can lead to a war or a great compromise. This paper aims to take a comprehensive look at the solution of the land swap between Kosovo and Serbia on the side of Albanian minority in the South Serbia, considering that the balances in this region are very dynamic and to examine the importance of the EU membership motivation for solving such disputes. The analysis in this study has been conducted based on (a) interviews with political decision-makers in the Presevo Valley involved in talks about swapping land and journalists from the region, (b) observations and field research of author (c) objectives and priorities identified in the Brussels Agreement in 2013, Stabilisation and Association Agreement and instruments concerned with minority rights and the recognition of local autonomy (e.g. Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter of Local Self-Government) compared to comments from the latest country-specific monitoring works by the EU and Council of Europe on the framework of the EU-facilitated Dialogue for the normalisation of relations between two countries.

Development of Police Terminology in Albanian Language in Kosovo and Albania

In this paper chronologically are presented several periods of development of police terminology in Kosovo and Albania. Below are some of the topics which will be elaborated:- Development of police terminology in Albania;- Development of police terminology in Kosovo;- Word formation of police terminology in Albanian language;- Influence of foreign languages (Serbo-Croatian, Italian and English).Police terminology in Albania differs based on time period and historic developments, two World Wars from 1913 until 1945, with main influence from Italian language police terminology. Influence by Russian language is present during the communist time in Albania from 1945 until 1990 when the Italian influence returns again and it also starts influence by English language with the establishment of democratic pluralist system. In Kosovo, as a result of historic developments, development of police terminology was mainly influenced by Yugoslav system of government, Serbo-Croatian language, which was the dominant language in use in comparison to other languages in ex-Yugoslavia: Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian and Hungarian. Whereas, after declaration of Kosovo independence in 2008 the dominant influential language in police terminology in Albanian language has been English after 10 years (1999-2008) during which Kosovo Police was led by United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the police force in Kosovo was called UNMIK Police.

The Importance of Globalization in the Economic Integration of the Countries in the Region: The Case of Kosovo

Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries. Globalization is a process that has changed a lot in our everyday lives. This multidimensional and contradictory process brings to life the hopes and achievements that life can bring to it. The rush for greater competition is one of the main objectives of globalization. Such a thing can only be reached with market liberalization, economic integration and technology development. It is important for us to benefit from globalization. Therefore, during this paper we will discuss the importance of globalization for the integration and development of countries in the US and as a case study for Kosovo. Globalization is an unstoppable process for Kosovo, and a hope for integration and development that will impact on economic development and integration into the European Union. Following the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo on 17 February 2008 and the entry into force of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo on 15 June 2008, the same objectives, more than before, were introduced in Kosovo. Like other transition countries, Kosovo also declared membership in the EU not only objective of foreign policy, but also a strategic social and state goal. The definition of this decision puts Kosovo at the forefront of the transition, reform and harmonization process with EU criteria.

Aktuelnost Cvijićevih istraživanja u kontekstu srpsko-albanskih odnosa na Kosovu i Metohiji

The area of Kosovo and Metohija has always attracted researchers, including a prominent geographer Jovan Cvijić. This was due to its strategic position, physical-geographical features, but also because of the dynamic ethnographic processes. Populated by Slavic tribes from the earliest times, the greatest rise was experienced in the medieval Nemanjić state. After the fall of the Serbian state under Ottoman rule, a large number of Serbs moved to the north, while the Arbanasi (Albanians) occupied this area. Impoverished by the Balkan and the First World War, Kosovo and Metohija became a part of the first Yugoslav state. The first half of the 20th century was marked by increase in the share of the Albanian population, with the planned immigration of Serbs through colonization processes in the late 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War and the formation of the SFRY, the Serbian national question was ignored and pushed into the background. The breakup of the federal-state has led to the culmination of Albanian nationalism in K&M, which soon has grown into an armed conflict. With the NATO involvement and the bombing of the FR Yugoslavia, and support of the Albanians, one of the greatest ethnic cleansings in the contemporary history was carried out. Today, ten years after the unilateral declaration of Kosovo's independence, the key issues of protecting national interests and improving the living conditions of the Serbian community in the southern province have been negotiated.

Kosovo Independence Anniversary: Results and Perspectives

Kosovo Independence Anniversary: Results and Perspectives

Kosovo's Independence a Stability Factor in Europe

Status of Kosovo's independence, stability factor: the Declaration of Independence of Serbia has turned to the International Court of Justice, but this court in this context does not have a mandate to deal with political issues, because the Declaration of Independence was - is a matter of exclusive political and not legal. In other words, the court normally does not deal with this category, and therefore gave respectively opposing opinion on this declaration Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Kosovo is in accordance with international law ... in one way or another, Peversise statement was treated and acclaimed as the Kosovo case sui generis. The case of Kosovo is sui generis, and the arguments of opponents of independence against the Declaration of Independence by the surface. If we refer exclusively to the declaration of independence, it entails anyway its harmony with international law as a natural right and positive right. As a rule, the Declaration of Independence has support in positive international law, ie in accordance with the UN Charter in 1945, the UN Universal Declaration of 1948, international covenants on Economic Social and Cultural Social and International Pact Economic and Political Rights, all of which were adopted by the General Assembly of the UN in 1966, Article 1 of these treaties, the Helsinki Document 1975 and the Charter of Paris Re 1990 for a New Europe and the UK, we have do with the New World Order. Kosovo citizenship is not a gift for someone to give to someone, but something that comes from the people and that should serve him. It is natural flair! International Court of Justice in the case of the evaluation of the Declaration of Independence was considered historical facts and current in which they have and are going through. Kosovo's independence is an imperative of historical and current issue to coincide with the new world order. In the current circumstances in which is it, the UN or the Security Council should take into account the new premises and be accepted as ma first ranks of members equal to the United Nations Organization. Kosovo's declaration of independence has proven to be necessary and politically stabilizing. Declaration of independence in 2008 and the subsequent recognition of Kosovo by many countries, brought much needed stability to the Balkans and closed the books on the protracted break what was once Yugoslavia. Declaration of independence sprang forth from a process supervised by the United Nations, through Resolution 1244 and the institutions it established, was deeply involved in the past and present of Kosovo. And the declaration has now made possible a future in which Kosovo is independent not only politically, but also economically and administratively. While Serbia, acting through the General Assembly, has asked this Court to give an advisory opinion to which she hopes will reopen status negotiations to re-define the future of Kosovo, it has not provided this Court no reason to upend what has become a stable equilibrium. Because Kosovo is now independent. Both Kosovo and Serbia are part of the future of Europe. At a time when Kosovo's independence has finally closed one of the most painful chapters of modern European history.

Inter-Ethnic Relations in Kosovo

Abstract The paper aims to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Kosovo between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs, with special focus on the period after unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008. Inter-ethnic conflict in Kosovo has exclusively been over its territory since both Serbs and Albanians have made claims about history and ethno-demography to justify their alleged exclusive right to this ethnically mixed region. Consequently, inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have been rather problematic throughout the most of the 20th century. During this period Albanians in Kosovo have been subjected to discrimination, intimidation and even mass expulsion by Yugoslav/Serb authorities. In late 1990s, these relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have progressively worsened and finally escalated in an armed warfare in 1999. Immediately after the war, Serbs in Kosovo were occasionally exposed to acts of inter-ethnic and retaliatory violence. Inter-ethnic relations between the two major ethnicities continued to be tense and fragile after independence of Kosovo in 2008. Dramatic changes of ethnic composition structure, atrocities and huge number of refugees due to the war, have left a legacy of deep mistrust and animosities between Albanians and Serbs in the newly created state. Consequently, Serbs in Kosovo have from the beginning refused to recognize Kosovo’s independence and have rigorously refused any governance by Kosovo authorities. Serbian community, especially in the North, claims stronger territorial autonomy, even separatism and unification with Serbia. The paper claims that in Kosovo inter-ethnic and interstate relations are basically the components of the same equation. Therefore, paper concludes that only overall improvement of relations between Kosovo and Serbia could contribute to overall relaxation of inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo. Unfortunately, the latest incidents between Kosovo and Serbia have increased the tensions between the two sides to alarming levels.

ПРОБЛЕМА СТАТУСУ КОСОВО В ПОЛІТИЦІ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ (1998 – 2016 рр.)

A particular feature of Kosovo’s internal policy development as an independent state and problematic reasons with a full international recognition of this fact is also highlighted. The research studied objective and subjective historical reasons for the state formation of Kosovo Albanians starting from the latent stage of this process within former Yugoslavia and then up to the declaration of Kosovo independence. Influence of Yugoslavia's collapse, as well as of external factors on Kosovo's separation from Serbia is also explored in this dissertation. A particular feature of Kosovo’s internal policy development as an independent state and problematic reasons with a full international recognition of this fact is also highlighted. Problem of Kosovo's status to the diplomacy of «power poles» in modern system of international relations within the context of NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 is underlined.The paper deals with EU policy on Kosovo Status. The author shows evolution of EU policy on Kosovo Status from diplomatic mission to «humanitarian intervention». These are the need for Kosovo independents. Another problem is to make a peace for Serbian-Kosovo relationship. Problem of Kosovo's status to the diplomacy of «power poles» in modern system of international relations within the context of NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 is underlined. A main tendency of Serbian policy towards Kosovo after the democratic transformation of political system of this state and in conditions of Serbia’s European integration aspirations was examined. NATO has been leading a peace support operation in Kosovo since Juni 1999 in support of wider international efforts to build peace and stability in the Balkan area. KFOR was established when NATO’s 78-day air campaign against Milosevic’s regime, aimed at putting to violence in Kosovo, was over. The operation derives its mandate from United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) and the Military – Technical Agreement between NATO, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia. KFOR’s original objectives were to deter renewed hostilities establish a secure environment and ensure public safety and order demilitarize the Kosovo Liberation Army, support the international humanitarian effort and coordinate with the international civil presence. KFOR continues contribute towards maintaining a safe and secure environment in Kosovo and freedom of movement for all. NATO strongly supports the Belgrad-Pristina EU-brokered Normalization Agreement. The author shows evolution of Balkans states policy on Kosovo Status from Dayton Agreements for Peace in Bosnia to independence of Kosovo. The Serb minority of Kosovo, which largely opposes the declaration of independence, has formed the Community Assembly of Kosovo in response. Problem of Kosovo's status to the diplomacy of “power poles” in modern system of international relations within the context of NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 is underlined. A main tendency of Serbian policy towards Kosovo after the democratic transformation of political system of this state and in conditions of Serbia’s European integration aspirations was examined.

Piętno casusu Kosowa

Often in the context of the anne xation of the Crimea was reminded precedent created after the independence of Kosovo. This comparison not quite correct, gives rise to discussion about what options this precedent creates. From time perspective it is much easier recognize its importance for the present and future of international politics. The purpose of this article is to indicate, based on the analysis of the case of Kosovo, its effects in relation to the contemporary status quo in the international system. Through this case study, will be indicated areas, in which is the greatest probability of use the precedent resulting in Kosovo. This will be the basis for deliberations about about whether it is possible take nay remedies, to prevent new attempts to use the case of Kosovo as an argument in the “competition” in the international arena.

The Role of NATO in the Processes of Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army, and Formation of Kosovo Protection Corps and Kosovo Security Forces

After the NATO operation Allied Force, the conflict between Kosovo Albanians and Serbian forces in Kosovo, and the humanitarian catastrophe provoked by operations of Serbian military and paramilitary forces was ended. On the grounds of the United Nations Security Resolution 1244 (UNSCR 1244), NATO announced a cessation of bombing and deployment of KFOR forces under operation Joint Guardian. NATO has attained new duties connected to post-conflict reconstruction of the society. In order to implement the mission of international military and civilian presence in Kosovo it was necessary to create, in a short time, a satisfactory level of security for functioning of international military and civilian administration in Kosovo. Basic precondition was demilitarisation of Kosovo. That referred to both, Serbian forces, and forces of Kosovo Albanians - Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA).Retreat of the Serbian forces from Kosovo was made under the terms of the Military Technical Agreement signed in Kumanovo, Republic of Macedonia. The retreat of the Serbian forces under the terms of that agreement was ended on the 20 of June 1999.According to the provision of article 9 point b. UNSCR 1244 there had to be made a demilitarisation of the KLA and of other armed groups of Kosovo Albanians.That was a rather complicated task for NATO because, in the institutional vacuum after the retreat of Serbian forces and authority structures, when international forces were not in the position to overtake, especially, civilian elements of authority, KLA had established temporary civilian and military authority in the major parts of Kosovo.NATO did not want to cause negative reactions of the local Albanian population by in its first activities in Kosovo. Because of that NATO, on grounds of the articles of the Rambouillet Accord and UNHCR 1244 sought an agreement with the KLA for demobilisation and demilitarisation. The agreement was accepted and signed by the KLA and under the control of military components of the international administration in Kosovo – Kosovo Forces (KFOR) the demobilisation was completed.After the demobilisation of the KLA, the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) was formed. KPC was structured as civil emergency organisation which acted until the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, which came into power on the 15 June 2008. By the Constitution it is regulated the dissolution of the KPC and creation of a new security formation in Kosovo – Kosovo Security Forces (KSF). The authority upon work and control of activities of the KPC during that time was made by Special Representative of the Secretary General of the UN (SRSG) and KFOR.The founding and training of the KSF will be leaded by NATO, whose disposal to take that engagement was confirmed by the NATO spokesperson just before coming into power of the Kosovo constitution.Political importance of the formation of the KSF in the affirmation of Kosovo independence emerges from the decree of the US President George W. Bush, by which from the 19.03.2008 was given the authorisation for the delivery of weapons to Kosovo, by which it was stated that Kosovo fulfills the conditions for obtaining of the modern equipment and utilities from the USA. That decision which in its basis signifies military cooperation has announced an overturn in the character of the development of Kosovo security forces.Engagement of NATO in relation to Kosovo have had three distinct phases characteristic for so called asymmetrical wars, all of which must be surmounted before success can occur. The first phase is the actual fighting aimed to bring fighting to an end on some terms (peace imposition). Second phase after the fighting has ended is one of adjustment and unstable peace, when the problem is maintaining the peace and beginning to improve conditions (peace enforcement). Third phase is peacekeeping during which the situation must be improved physically and politically – state building. The first phase ended after the NATO operation Allied Force.

Say 125 times ‘yes’: Bosnia and Herzegovina in the UN Security Council

Membership in the Security Council was one of the greatest achievements for Bosnia and Herzegovina after gaining the independence. Serving as a non-permanent member for the period of 2010 and 2011, it faced challenges mostly related to its capacity building and decision-making process in foreign policy. During this two-year period, the Council adopted 125 resolutions and two resolutions suffered veto, both regarding Middle East. Bosnia and Herzegovina had an affirmative stand in regards to all resolutions discussed. However, it faced difficulties forming a stand towards questions of Kosovo and Palestine. The attitude and voting behavior of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not influenced by other states nor the relationship between them, but by internal issues. Our article provides analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of particular topics, such as the independence of Kosovo, Iran’s nuclear program, situation in Libya, Palestine and situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina itself discussed in the Security Council in 2010 and 2011, with the explanation of the attitudes of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

THE KOSOVO ISSUE ON THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA

In this study we have tried to introduce the problem of Kosovo according to the international relationship in general, so we have done a chronological overview of the events which have been considered as the most important ones of the contemporary historical period of Kosovo, which was the time of politic developments in former Yugosla-via, and the time when the issue of Kosovo has become as a central issue of decisions. The end of the 20th century in fact was the beginning of a new historical era, cause till the 90’ies Balkan was not included into the international agenda of central decisions. A special importance of this study has the treatment of the political development in former Yugosla-via during the time of transition, since the violent exception of Kosovo Autonomy, the national resistance, the war of UCK, NATO intervene-tion and till the proclamation of the Kosovo independence. The intention of this study is to figure out the determinate factors which affected The political developments in Yugoslavia in general and especially in Kosovo, if we can reach this aim of the study, it will be a great moral satisfaction for the authors.

The Role of the Investigative Prosecutor and Judge in the Pre-Trial Proceedings in Kosovo (1999-2013)

The journey of the human society has gone through many challenges, the organization of which was based on written and unwritten rules that were used to preserve the kind. Later on these rules are replaced with written codes and laws. The separation in between criminal law and criminal procedure has its genesis with the appearance of the Austrian Criminal Code (1803). As it is historically known, after the Balkan Wars (1912), Kosovo was invaded by Serbia and Montenegro. On the Paris Conference (1919-1944) it was appended to the Yugoslavian Kingdom, Tito’s Yugoslavia (1945-1989 constitutive element of Yugoslavia). On March 23rd 1989 Milosevic destroyed its Autonomy with violence. On 1998-99 the war with Serbia breaks out, which on 10th of June 1999 ended (after NATO’s intervention), therefore installing the UNMIK Misssion and administration that even after the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo (17th February 2008). After UNMIK’s administration in Kosovo, the Law of the Criminal Procedure of ex-Yugoslavia was an applicable law. Its application was extended until the drafting and application of the Temporary Criminal Procedure Code of Kosovo (2004). The comparative methodology, written sources and different official raports are used to write this paper. The comparative data shows that with new Code, the authority of the Prosecution is empowered therefore weakening the role of the Court in the pretrial procedure, the number of the prescribed cases has risen and the discontent of the citizens also, towards the judicial system.

The Role of the Investigative Prosecutor and Judge in the Pre-Trial Proceedings in Kosovo (1999-2013)

The journey of the human society has gone through many challenges, the organization of which was based on written and unwritten rules that were used to preserve the kind. Later on these rules are replaced with written codes and laws. The separation in between criminal law and criminal procedure has its genesis with the appearance of the Austrian Criminal Code (1803). As it is historically known, after the Balkan Wars (1912), Kosovo was invaded by Serbia and Montenegro. On the Paris Conference (1919-1944) it was appended to the Yugoslavian Kingdom, Tito’s Yugoslavia (1945-1989 constitutive element of Yugoslavia). On March 23rd 1989 Milosevic destroyed its Autonomy with violence. On 1998-99 the war with Serbia breaks out, which on 10th of June 1999 ended (after NATO’s intervention), therefore installing the UNMIK Misssion and administration that even after the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo (17th February 2008). After UNMIK’s administration in Kosovo, the Law of the Criminal Procedure of ex-Yugoslavia was an applicable law. Its application was extended until the drafting and application of the Temporary Criminal Procedure Code of Kosovo (2004). The comparative methodology, written sources and different official raports are used to write this paper. The comparative data shows that with new Code, the authority of the Prosecution is empowered therefore weakening the role of the Court in the pretrial procedure, the number of the prescribed cases has risen and the discontent of the citizens also, towards the judicial system.

ЕВРО-АТЛАНТИЧЕСКАЯ ОРИЕНТАЦИЯ ЗАПАДНЫХ БАЛКАН

In the article, milestones in formation of Euro-Atlantic aspirations in the Western Balkan states (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia) are analyzed, the current stage of each country's integration into the EU and NATO is examined. The region represents the case of transatlantic solidarity with regard to security. The EU and the U.S./NATO share main strategic goals in the Western Balkans: to guarantee Kosovo's independence, to maintain the unity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, to keep the whole region on the Euro-Atlantic track not allowing strategic partnership of any Western Balkan republic with Russia in the situation of Russia–EU/U.S. confrontation over the Ukrainian crisis and sanctions. The region is an illustrative example of the EU/NATO burden sharing in security area. While the EU has gained its strength and become an experienced actor in principal peacekeeping operations in the region, NATO/U.S. still keep their role as major security guarantors to the most Western Balkans countries. The Ukrainian crisis has intensified the EU/NATO politics in the region and highlighted various degrees of Western Balkan states’ solidarity with the anti-Russian course: on one hand, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia have not joined Western sanctions – Milorad Dodik, the President of Republika Serbska, even praised Russian unification with the Crimea; Croatia, on the other hand, entirely associated itself with the EU/U.S. position. Europeanization has had an overall negative effect on Russian posture in the region, having considerably complicated the maintenance of its three-fold policy, namely: energy, identity and security. Although it is important to mention that the rising level of Euroscepticism in Serbia and Bosnia, accompanied with Russian activity, has intensified their humanitarian links and cooperation with Russia in the security field. Still the progress in Europeanization is a crucial factor for the Western Balkans stabilization. Peace and stability have not been fully achieved yet. Macedonian unrest may be a signal of general security situation worsening in the Western Balkans.

FISCAL TRANSPARENCY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: THE CASE OF KOSOVO

The aim of this research is to analyze and find out the major issue of fiscal transparency in theory and practice and the case of Kosovo. In this analysis we have used the research method of case study. The results of research show that are given various definitions from different aspects of transparency in general and of fiscal transparency particularly in financial theory. Nowadays, transparency has been made an indicator of the quality of institutions and credibility of modern states. Frequent social and political changes in Kosovo from 1999 until the second half of 2008, and those that followed them have also had their effects on the management of public finances, budgetary procedure and fiscal transparency. With the declaration of independence of Kosovo and the entry into force of the constitution, de jure, the role of parliament in the budgetary procedure was increased. Despite the achieved results, this analysis points out a lot of deficiencies that are necessary to be addressed in order to increase fiscal transparency in Kosovo. Among other things, transparency should be increased by strengthening the role of parliament in the budgetary procedure.

Double standards: The west and Russia

In relation towards Russia, there is a tacit consent of the West not to apply basic principles of modern international law. Such rule is not applied in one state only or in some short post-Cold war period? Unique rules have been applied in that case for almost 300 years, since the creation of the Russian Empire. Breaking the rule of diplomatic immunity in case of a Russian diplomat in 1708 in London and his arrest are an incident that could be compared to taking of hostages in the US embassy in Teheran. Also, breaking the Convention on Malta from 1798 by Great Britain shows that even the most basic principles of international contract law, pacta sunt servanda are not respected when it comes to Russia. Judgment in case ?Wimbledon? in front of SSMP shows that sometimes it is legal even to start a violent war against Russia. Double standards are applied by the West when it comes to recognizing the independence of Kosovo, 2008 and Crimea, 2014 and breaking the contract signed with the ex Ukrainian president Janukovic in 2014. Different standards when it comes to aggression of Saudi Arabia on Yemen and sanctions towards Russia because of the Ukraine in 2015, show that its custom legal case or one sided legal rule that the West applies towards Russia. Sometimes, as with the diplomatic boycott of 9 May celebration in Moscow, the EU does not even ask for unanimous approval of such custom legal rules. That is why it could be concluded that customary laws are not based on the idea of justice and respect for international law and not even on state reason (raison d? ?tat). This has arisen directly from the theory of customary law that does not recognize the mutuality of application of rules between civilized and barbaric countries. That is why such behaviour towards Russia can be defined as regional customary law that is applied unilaterally by the groups of states.

Supporting Emerging States: Kosovo — Hungary : Relations after the Independence of Kosovo

Emergence of new states is a rather complicated concept of an international system that entails political as well as legal implications. As Danilo Turk clearly points out:“Legal issues arising from dissolution of states, emergence of new states and recognition of the latter require a thorough understanding of the relevant facts. While it is obvious that any legal discourse must proceed from firm factual foundations, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the circumstantial dimensions of the issues, given that the views on the pertinent facts usually diverge, at least during the policy making stage”.Indeed, the recognition of emerging states needs a profound assessment and comprehension of facts, historic and political circumstances, especially the factual reality; the latter sometimes supersedes eventual legal disputes. However, the factual reality, if legitimate, as in the case of Kosovo is something that should not be ignored but rather supported, especially in the state building process. Hence, the paper will give a depiction of the case of the independence of Kosovo as a sui generis case, and will continue with an outline of the Hungarian support, namely the evolvement of Kosovo-Hungary bilateral relations after the declaration of independence. The paper will tend to highlight the fact that the support of Kosovo as an emerging state, serves peace and long–term stability, regional development and other integration processes. It contributes to regional security, as well.

Establishment and development of Kosovo Correctional Service during 1999 -2013

Although a new country from the aspect of the establishment and development of Correctional Institutions, yet the Republic of Kosova has a very intensive and interesting flow, commencing from the acts and institutions of former Yugoslavia, Serbia, UN Protectorate and lately after the independence in 2008, it has the new legislation and institutions of Republic of Kosova. The establishment and development of Institutions of Correctional Service of Kosova, in the after war period of 1999, was part of the legislative transition which the Republic of Kosova has undergone during the international administration based on Resolution 1244 of UN Security Council. The process of reformation of the Correctional Institution of Kosova after the war was one of the fields where along with the efforts to build a new concept of the functioning of the Correctional Service of Kosova, there were efforts also to work on unifying the rules of procedure in compliance with the international norms and standards. The development of the Correctional Service of Kosova, from the chronological Aspect has undergone four periods of development under the supervision and support of the international community such as: First period includes the period of interim administration of the Institutions of Kosovo Correctional Service by KFOR, from June- October 1999. Second period begins with UNMIK, taking over from KFOR the authority for the organization and functioning of the Kosovo Correctional Service in October 1999. Third period begins with shifting of the authority from UNMIK to Kosovo Government, respectively from the UNMIK Department of Justice to the Ministry of Justice of the Government of Kosovo, which took place in October 2006. Fourth period begins with the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo in 2008, where the completion of the legal infrastructure and the promulgation of the sublegal acts for the functioning and the work of the correctional institutions in Kosovo. At the end of the war in 1999, Kosovo correctional facilities were destroyed from the aspect of the infrastructure and all other aspects. These institutions were rebuilt initially with the assistance of the international community- UNMIK, and later on with the investments by the Government of Kosova. New facilities were built as well. Now, six years after its independence, Kosova pledged to follow its path towards EU, which enabled the Correctional Institutions to rapidly develop with the purpose of fulfilling international standards for joining EU and other international structures. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p505

Children after war: A novel approach to promoting resilience through music.

Increasing research is promoting the need for innovative, holistic, and sustainable ways to foster resiliency and recovery in war-affected children. The Shropshire Music Foundation seeks to promote a culture of peace and unity, as well as development and recovery for children living in postconflict Kosovo. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of this program, by independent investigators, in promoting resiliency and diminishing distress in program participants. The study evaluated groups of students with no program participation, new program participants, 12 months of participation, and program graduates (N 74). Overall, children who participated in the program at least 1 year evidenced fewer affective and cognitive disturbances than children recently enrolled. Furthermore, the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology and conduct problems was mediated by attention problems. As researchers and practitioners from various fields continue to address the damage caused by armed conflicts, there is a need for developing innovative and dynamic approaches to healing and recovery in affected communities. This article will examine one such innovative approach to fostering recovery in children affected by conflict in Kosovo. After providing a brief background on the armed conflict in this region, we will examine some of the liter- ature on the psychological consequences of war and trauma on individuals and communities, specifically on children. Rationale for the need of a holistic approach to recovery will then precede the purpose of the current study, which is to examine the effects of a community-based music education program on cognitive and behavioral functioning in Kosovo youth. The region today known as Kosovo has a long history of ethnic and social tensions, outside rule, and war. Centrally located in the Balkans and bordered by Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, and Mace- donia, the ethnically Albanian-dominated region of Kosovo had been under Serbian rule since the Middle Ages. In 1991, Kosovo Albanians (Kosovar) declared full independence of Serbian rule and launched an insurgence to assert their claim. The Serbian military began a violent campaign in 1998 to control uprisings, resulting in massacre and the ejection of approximately 800,000 Kosovar from the country. International peacekeepers forced a cease-fire and expulsion of Serbian military forces in 1999. Though NATO and the United Nations became involved at this point, Kosovo independence was not officially recognized until 2008. During the intervening period, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) oversaw the gover- nance of the Republic of Kosovo (for a more extensive historical overview, see Kubo, 2010 or the online Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook page for Kosovo). Today, the country is still establishing itself as an independent republic and seeking to heal the wounds of war and hatred. Though many Kosovo Albanians outmigrated as refugees, many others are cur- rently fighting a different type of battle: rebuilding ethnic relation- ships, reintegrating uprooted people, and establishing unified so- cietal structures.