Incremental Life Cancer Risk Research Articles

Illegal Mining and Armed Banditry in Katsina State, Nigeria: What is their Contribution to the Heavy Metal Pollution of a Popularly Consumed Vegetable?

The health risk to the population from exposure to heavy metals in an area that have witnessed a surge in illegal mining activities, cattle rustling and banditry were evaluated in the current study. Cabbage leaves sample from Makiya village, Jibia local Government area, Katsina State, Nigeria was evaluated for the presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals in the sample to the population were assessed using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Health Risk Index (HRI)) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risks. The result of the mean concentration value of the evaluated heavy metal Pb from the sample falls above the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) of heavy metals in leafy vegetables. The concentrations of the other metals including Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cd evaluated in the sample were within the permissible values The result of the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) associated with the evaluated heavy metals exposure through consumption of the sample for adults and children were all below 1. The combined health risks for all the metals in the sample for the adults and children population represented as the HRI were below 1, the result of the Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both the adults and children population shows that all the heavy metals have ILCR that falls within the safety limit for cancer risk. Because of the above permissible Pb concentration in the analysed cabbage leaves sample, it can be deduced that the vegetable is not safe for consumption.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water from Iponri water treatment plant, Lagos water corporation Nigeria

Abstract Urban water supplied from treatment plants can constitute public health problems if poorly treated or accidentally contaminated. Water quality and health risk assessment of water supplied from Lagos State water treatment plant was performed. Heavy metal concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As and Cr were within the standard maximum permissible limits for drinking water quality. The mean estimated daily intake through oral ingestion of drinking water for Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As and Cr were 0.00024, 0.00117, 0.00158, 0.00665, 0.00736, 0.000271, 0.00148, 0.000563 and 0.000834 mg/kg bw/day respectively, but were within acceptable tolerable daily intake standards for adult population. The values of hazard quotients for the heavy metal in water samples were below one for adult population. Hazard indices of treated water samples were below the threshold value of one (HI ˂ 1) while hazard indices of untreated and pre-treated water samples exceeded one, indicating possible associated potential health risks as a result of combined effects of the heavy metals through oral consumption water. Incremental life cancer risk values of Cd, Ni, As and Cr in all the three categories of water samples exceeded the safe limit for cancer risk while the cumulative cancer risk (ΣILCR) also exceeded the proposed threshold safe risk limit (> 1x10−4), indicating potential carcinogenic lifetime health risk in adult population through oral consumption of the heavy metal in water. Conclusively, the treated water had lowest levels of heavy metals, hazard quotient, incremental life cancer risks values and unsafe for drinking purposes compared to the untreated and pre-treated water.

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Fruits, Leaves, and Soil within Automobile Repair Workshops in Nsukka Metropolis

The level and distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in soil, fruit, and leaf from within automobile repair workshops in Nsukka metropolis was assessed. The PAHs concentrations were evaluated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The health risk was assessed using incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) and mutagenic effect and the possible sources of the PAHs were estimated by the diagnostic ratio. The results showed that the concentrations of the PAHs in soil, fruit, and leaf ranged from 0.003 to 0.564, 0.011 to 0.070, and 0.020 to 0.120 µg/kg, respectively. The mean PAHs concentration for soil, fruit, and leaf are 0.229842, 0.034059, and 0.043091 µg/kg, respectively. The TEQs were generally within the acceptable limit stipulated by Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry–ATSDR (100 µg/kg) for non-pollution and low toxicity. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for the seven prominent carcinogenic PAHS indicated that Benzo(a)pyrene and Dibenz(a,h)anthrance, being the most toxic were above the acceptable limit of 1 × 10−4 showing possible carcinogenic effects to humans with children being the most vulnerable. Although the concentration of PAHs in this study is lower than many similar cases, they have a high risk of carcinogenesis. In contrast, the Mutagenic Equivalent Quotient (MEQ) values were generally within the acceptable value. Benzo(a)pyrene and Dibenz(a,h)anthrance were the most contributors signifying possible alternation/modification of DNA in humans. The Diagnostic ratio showed that pyrogenic combustions could be the main sources of PAHs in the studied area. Therefore, it is evident that Nsukka automobile repair area is gradually being contaminated with PAHs.

Concentration and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for consumers of chocolate in Brazil

Chocolate is widely consumed worldwide and its market grows every year, with emerging demands for new high-quality products. However, this product is susceptible to contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), representing a risk for humans. In this study, a methodology for the evaluation of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene in chocolate by high performance liquid chromatography was validated. The occurrence, dietary exposure, and health risks of 4 PAHs in 38 commercial chocolate samples was investigated. The methodology demonstrated adequate accuracy and precision, with recovery (95.25 %–108.12 %) and relative standard deviation (0.14 %–5.83 %). Benzo[a]pyrene and the ∑4 PAHs concentrations varied between 1.09 and 10.42 µg/kg and 8.38–41.58 µg/kg, respectively. The results of risk assessment suggest low potential health risk for chocolate consumers, considering the margin of exposure (MOE) and the incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in potato and related products in Tehran: a health risk assessment study

ABSTRACT The present study was performed to determine the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and health risk in potato and related products (raw potato, fries potato, charcoal-grilled potato, gas-grilled potato, boiled potato and industrial potato chips) using the MSPE technique (magnetic solid phase extraction) and GC/MS method (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The results exhibited that the median of 16 PAHs was 10.63 µg/kg. Also, the median level of BaP (Benzo[a]pyrene) in samples was 0.07 µg/kg, which was less than standard level of the European Commission (maximum level of BaP in vegetables is 1 and in dried herbs is 10 μg/kg). The highest and lowest median level of ƩPAHs were evaluated in potato chips (19.28 μg/kg) and raw potatoes (6.31 μg/kg), respectively. The simulation of Monte Carlo used to estimate the indexes of Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR). This results showed the rank order of the index of CDI according to percentile 95% was Nap > Ace > Acy > Ph > Fla > An > Chr > B(k)F > B(a)P. The cancer risk assessment exhibited PAHs in samples did not pose a serious concern to humans (ILCR<10−6), which were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily (10 ng/kg bw day−1).

Environmental and human health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter in Nigeria.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important organic group in particulate matter which has attracted much attention among the scientific community in terms of health risk because of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and ubiquitous nature in the environment. In this study, PAHs in particulate matter in Okitipupa were determined. Indoor and outdoor particle samples were sampled with the aid of SKC Air Check XR5000 high-volume gravimetric sampler, and analyzed using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results obtained showed that high molecular weight PAHs (5-ring, 6-ring PAHs) had higher mean concentration than low molecular weight PAHs (2-ring, 3-ring PAHs), in both indoor and outdoor particulate matter. Health risk assessments from exposure to these PAHs were also determined using toxicity equivalence quotient (TEQ), mutagenicity equivalence quotient (MEQ), incremental life cancer risk (ILCR), and hazard quotient (HQ). Dibenz(a,h)anthracene had the highest mean concentration across the sample location in both indoor and outdoor with values ranging from 33 to 31 and 90 to 93µg/m3 respectively. The total mean concentration in outdoor PAHs ranged from 280 to 329µg/m3, while total mean concentration in indoor PAHs ranged from 74 to 104µg/m3. The incremental lifetime cancer risk in indoor ranged from 6.9 × 10-7 to 1.2 × 10-5, while the ILCR in outdoor ranged from 8.5 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-5. The hazard quotient in indoor ranged from 7.6 × 10-5 to 2.2 × 10-3, while the HQ in outdoor ranged from 10 × 10-4 to 1.4 × 10-3. These values are within the WHO permissible limit, and therefore underscores the danger associated with the inhalation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Okitipupa.

Health risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in fish species consumed in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria

Abstract The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cr, Cu, Cd and Fe) were determined in the gills, liver and muscles of thirty-five fishes, water and sediment samples from Aba River using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal concentrations varied markedly among fish species and organs. Results revealed that Pb, Cr, Fe had maximum concentration levels of 0.63±0.01, 0.81±0.01 and 16.91 ± 0.20 mg/kg in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus respectively. As and Cd recorded the highest concentration of 0.18±0.03 and 0.87±0.02 mg/kg in Malapterurus electricus respectively, while Trachurus trachurus had 1.05±0.03 mg/kg of Cu. Orenchromis niloticus, Tilapia ziili and Malapterurus electricus had higher concentrations of As and Cr in the liver compared to gills and muscles. The gills had higher concentrations of these heavy metals than liver and muscles in the rest of fish species studied. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and As in freshwater samples were higher than the standard maximum permissible limit. The sediments had higher concentrations of these metals than in fish and water samples. Heavy metal concentrations in fish species exceeded the standard guideline limit in food substances for human consumption. Malapterurus electricus, Parachanna obscura and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus had bioaccumulation factors for Cd which ranged from 1.069-1.663, indicating potential Cd poisoning or contamination of the three fish species. The estimated daily intake in both adult and children ranged from 8.611 x 10−7 to 9.72 x 10−3 mg/kgbw/day and were within the standard limit of daily intake for the human population. The hazard quotient for adult and children populations ranged from 0.0041-1.3972 and 0.000287 - 0.2080 respectively. The hazard quotient was less than one in most of the metals except for iron, but hazard index was greater than one, indicating potential chronic health hazards. Incremental life cancer risk for the adult population was within safe limits.

Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Crude Oil Polluted Soil and Its Risk Assessment

abstract Crude Oil spill on land during oil exploration has been a major environmental challenge, such soil is rendered unproductive and toxic. Hence this study determined the levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in the crude oil-polluted soil, health implication from human contact with the soil was also determined. Soil samples were obtained from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, the soil was polluted with crude oil and then analyzed for PAHs. In order to assess the health risk, Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) from human unconscious ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact with contaminated soil was estimated. The results showed the mean ∑ PAHs of 1439.9 mg/kg and the mean ∑ carcinogenic PAHs in the sample was 704.84 mg/kg. The estimated Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) value for human unconscious ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact with contaminated soil with crude oil were 5.8 × 10 − 5 , 1.2 × 10 − 6 and 8.5 × 10 − 9 , respectively, for adults. While 1.3 × 10 − 4 , 9.3 × 10 − 4 and 3.7 × 10 − 9 were values estimated for children. The HQ values estimated were 101.1 and 442.1 for adults and children. The PAHs concentrations, the ILCR and HQ values obtained in the study are higher than the permissible which is of great health human concern.

Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottled water samples (non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavored water) in Tehran with MSPE-GC/MS method: a health risk assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are dangerous environmental compounds that are sometimes found in food. The objective of present study was to measure the level of 16 PAHs in bottled water samples (non-carbonated or drinking, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavored water) in Tehran by using magnetic solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MSPE/GC–MS) method. The limit of detections (LOD), limit of quantifications (LOQ) and recovery of PAH compounds were 0.010–0.210, 0.03–0.700 μg/L and 92.5–103.4%, respectively. The results showed that the mean of total PAHs in samples was 2.98 ± 1.63 µg/L and the mean of Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 0.08 ± 0.03 µg/L, which were lower than standard level of the US-EPA (0.2 µg/L, BaP in drinking water). Also, our results showed that carbonated flavored water had maximum mean of total PAHs (4.95 ± 0.8 µg/L) and mineral water had minimum mean of total PAHs (1.24 ± 0.8 µg/L). The Monte Carlo method was applied to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) indexes. In all samples, the rank order of the estimated CDI values based on the 95 percent percentile was F > B(a)A > Ace > Fl > Na > Ph > B(b)F > B(k)F > B(a)P > P > Ac > A. The cancer risk and uncertainty analysis of 95th Percentile for bottled waters studied gave values lower permissible limit of 10−6, indicating not pose a serious concern to humans.

Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in pork

Pork is an important part of the daily diet of the Chinese population, and its safety has attracted the attention of the government and consumers. This study aims to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution of pork in the Chinese market, and to study the preventive measures against the main factors of heavy metal pollution in the supply chain, so as to reduce the health risks associated with eating this type of meat. 126 previously published levels of heavy metals in Chinese pork were collected from www.cnki.net . The pollution index of lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury in pork as calculated by using the single pollution index method was found to be less than 0.7, and the pollution level of each single heavy metal in pork was deemed to be at the safe level. Then the risk of heavy metals in pork for different consumer age groups was assessed by using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Incremental life cancer risk (ILCR). These criteria are based on the weights and dietary habits of Chinese residents. The results showed that the contribution rate of lead in pork to Total THQ (TTHQ) was 42.2%, which was higher than for any other heavy metals. At the same time, it can be concluded that the ILCR of arsenic in [2,4] age groups exceeded the maximum acceptable limit (1 × 10 −4 ). Finally, the fault tree method was combined with the pork supply chain to comprehensively analyze the causes of heavy metal pollution in pork. The results show that the structural importance coefficient of strengthening government supervision and improving China's food safety standard system is 1, which is the key to prevent the occurrence of heavy metal hazards in pork in China. Furthermore, the lead pollution incidents which occurred in pork obtained from the Nanjing Farmers Market were used as example cases in order to show the feasibility of using the fault tree methodology. This study provides a scientific and advanced theoretical guidance for further strengthening the ability of pork safety risk assessment and to assess the risks associated with pork consumption. • The pollution level of heavy metal in pork was evaluated by pollution index. • Health risks of children eating contaminated pork were higher than those of adults. • The key control points of accidents were found out by the constructed fault tree.

Determination of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in bottled water distributed in tehran: a health risk assessment study

ABSTRACT In this study, the levels of six PAEs [bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)] were determined from four types of bottled water)non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavoured) using MSPE method (magnetic solid phase extraction) and GC/MS technique (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The mean concentration of total PAEs was 6.11 ± 1.43 µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP was 2.22 ± 0.76 µg/L and was lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6 μg/L for DEHP). The highest mean level of total PAE was observed in carbonated water (7.43 ± 2.03 μg/L) and the lowest mean level of total PAE was observed in non-carbonated water (5.15 ± 0.41 μg/L). The Monte Carlo method was applied to calculate the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) indexes. In all samples, the rank order of the estimated THQ values based on the 95% percentile was DEHP (4.77E-4) > DBP (2.25E-5) > BBP (1.99E-5) > DEP (2.75E-6) and there would be unlikely non-carcinogenic risks for consumers (THQ<1). The incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment revealed that phthalate esters (DEHP) in evaluated bottled water samples did not pose a serious concern to humans.

Assessment of hazard index and incremental life cancer risk associated with heavy metals in the soils

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the hazard Index and Incremental life cancer risks associated with heavy metal contaminations of the soil for residents in the country. In order of magnitude: Fe &gt; Mn &gt; Cr &gt; Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cd, Fe, Mn, and Cr have the highest Hazard Index in all the soil samples analyzed by different researchers in the country. In all the heavy metals reviewed, the Cd has the highest Incremental Life Cancer Risk followed by Cr, Pb, and Ni. This indicated that most of the areas are highly polluted with Cd, Cr, and Pb. Therefore, dwellers of the locations may likely be affected with cancer due to the ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with metals. The Overall results suggested that there is probable adverse health effects to an exposed population in all locations reviewed. Therefore, an effort will be made to prevent the transfer of heavy metals in the soil to the surrounding environment should be encouraged and soil remediation to further reduce the concentration of heavy metals needs to be affected immediately at root level.

Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in three senatorial districts of Anambra State, Nigeria

Direct exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in drinking water beyond the allowable tolerable limit can adversely affect human health. The study evaluated the hazards (cancer and non-cancer) of HMs in drinking water for both children and adults based on hazard quotients (HQ) derived from the concentration of HMs in drinking water in Anambra State, Nigeria.Eighty-one water samples were collected from 5 water sources (borehole, well, sachet water, harvested rain, and stream water) in 3 districts of Anambra State, and their concentrations of selected HMs [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The health risks were assessed based on the concentrations of HMs in the water samples ingested orally.The concentrations of the HMs were higher than the permissible limits recommended by international agencies. The chronic daily intake (CDI) indices in the studied areas were highest for Cd. The CDI indices in the borehole, well, sachet water and, stream water samples were Cd>Hg>Pb for both populations. The CDI was higher in children compared to adults exposed to the same water sources. The hazard quotient (HQ) indices for HMs in the various water sources were in the order Cd>Pb>Hg for both populations. The hazard index (HI) of Pb was highest in rain water while that of Hg and Cd were highest in stream water for both adults and children. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) in the studied areas showed a higher risk for children than adults. Cadmium was a major risk factor and children at greater cancer risk than adults. Generally, the HQ and ILCR were greater than international standards with values for children higher than adults. The contribution of Cd towards HI and ILCR in all cases was significant.This study showed the concentrations of the HMs in drinking water sources, and their attendant HQ and ILCR. These values were higher than the permissible limits set by international agencies. The results demonstrated enormously worrisome risks for children than adults.

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl in indoor environment ofpublic bars and its health implications.

This study determined theindoor air levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in some selectedpublic bars in Southern part of Nigeria. The result obtained was used to carry out healthrisk assessment of exposure to PCBs inthese indoor environment.s. Air samples were obtained from the selected popular bars using polyurethane (PUF) passive samplers. PCB quantification was done using GC-MS operated in selected ionization mode (SIM). Healthrisk assessment from exposure of these pollutants was determining using toxicity equivalence quotient (TEQ), inhalation risk assessment (IRA), incremental life cancer risk (ILCR), and hazard quotient (HQ). The results showed the average concentration range of 0.15-0.17µg/m3. The mean TEQ at various locations was 0.00050ng WHO-TEQ/m3, while the calculated daily inhalation exposure values were 0.0004ng TEQ kg-1day-1 for adults and 0.0002ng TEQ kg-1day-1 for children. The values of IRA, ILCR for the children, and HQs for both adults and children were higher than the WHO permissible limits. The study revealed that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with longtime exposure to PCBs in theindoor environment public bars.

Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m3 and 0.15 ng/m3, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m3) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m3) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10−10, 3.49 × 10−9 and 1.41 × 10−8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10−6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.

Dietary Risk Assessment Due to the Consumption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Two Commonly Consumed Street Vended Foods

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are present and pervasive in the environment. Handling of the foods by the vendors is therefore likely to introduce PAHs into the meals. Quantification of PAH was made using HPLC-FID and consumption data by face–face interviews with 188 regular consumers for the vendors. Data obtained were iterated 10,000 times using palisade @risk software and results presented at 95th percentile level of consumption showing the worst case scenario. Dietary risk assessment of 12-priority PAHs was carried out on the components of two staple foods in Ghana. Naphthalene was detected in all food samples at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 6.5 mg kg − 1 at 95th percentile consumption level. Benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz-a,h-anthracene were detected in fried chicken samples with the stochastic concentrations of 1.2E–02 mg kg − 1 and 3.2E–03 mg kg − 1, respectively, at the 95th percentile level of consumption. Incremental life cancer risk values fell within the deminis value of ≤10 − 6 to 10 − 4 except at the 95th percentile level of consumption of chicken, hot pepper sauce, and soup components of the meals which were higher (10 − 3). The 95th percentile level of consumption of fried rice meal as well as the 50th and 95th percentile level of consumption of the fufu meal had a hazard index above 1, indicating consumers may be suffering the non-carcinogenic effects due to PAH in the respective meals. The study, therefore, showed that high consumption levels of the street vended foods are likely to cause dietary risk to the health of its consumers.

Implications of anthropogenic effects on the coastal environment of Northern Persian Gulf, using jinga shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) as indicator

The distribution and sources of PAHs in jinga shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis), and human health risks due to consumption was evaluated in collected samples from the Musa Bay, Persian Gulf. The total concentration of PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 10 to 144 μg kg−1 dry weight, indicating low to moderate level of pollution. The PAHs were dominated by three- (41%) and two-ring (38%) compounds. Source identification analyses indicated the PAH pollution mostly originated from petroleum inputs. A preliminary evaluation of human health risk using chronic daily intake, hazard index, benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent (BaPeq) concentration (PEC) as well as the incremental life cancer risk and non-cancer risk assessment suggest low potential health risk for consumers of the Metapenaeus affinis. However, the results indicate minimal risks associated with the intake of PAHs via shrimp consumption, but long-term monitoring is required to evaluate the changes in ecological and human health impacts of contaminants in the region. Main findingPAHs in Metapenaeus affinis from Musa bay, which influenced by anthropogenic activities were low to moderate level of pollution. Human health risk indicates low potential health risk for consumers.

Effect of Phytoremediation on PAHs Levels of Agricultural Soil around Mechanic Village Wukari, Nigeria

This study evaluates the PAHs composition in agricultural soils around Mechanic village, Wukari using standard procedures by means of GC-MS. The possible source of the PAHs in the soil was deduced, using the diagnostic ratio analysis for PAH origin. Risk assessment was based on the incremental life cancer risk of PAHs proposed by Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Effect of phyto-remediation using Zea mays inter-planted with Striga hermonthica (SMV-MS), Zea mays alone (SMV-M), Zea mays inter-planted with Striga hermonthica alongside the application of fertilizer (SMV-MSF) and Zea mays alone alongside fertilizer application (SMV-MF). The result reveals that the PAHs composition based on ring prevalence in agricultural soils around Mechanic village Wukari was in the order Σ5 >Σ6 >Σ4 >Σ3 >Σ2 ring. Dibenz [a,h] anthracene 4.52 μg/kg (39.09%) has the highest percentage abundance but was less than the 100 μg/kg and 700 μg/kg Canadian soil quality guideline for agricultural and commercial layout while acenaphthene 0.111 μg/kg (0.90%) was the least abundant. The source of the PAHs in the soil was basically pyrogenic based on the diagnostic ratio analysis while phytoremediation of the soil using Zea mays inter-planted with Striga hermonthica significantly reduce the PAHs content of the soil.

STUDY ON THE HEALTH IMPACT FROM USING BEEHIVE COAL STOVES IN HOUSEHOLDS IN HOAN KIEM, HANOI

The combustion of biomass and coal significantly contributes to the total health burden due to the emission of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter. To determine the personal exposure related to beehive coal stove cooking in Hanoi, an assessment study on 120 females in three wards (Tran Hung Dao, Phuc Tan and Chuong Duong) were conducted. Personal and ambient concentration of PM2.5 and CO (upwind, near source, far source) were simultaneously measured twice a day at each household by PATS++ equipment developed by Berkeley Air Monitoring group. The concentrations of PM2.5 in three wards were in range of 10-186, 12-441, 9-59, 3-271, and 9-260 µg/m3 while those of CO varied from 100-3000, 300-260000, 200-29000, 300-255000, and 2000-36000 µg/m3, for upwind, near source, far source, indirect exposure and direct exposure samples, respectively. The estimated COHb% for direct exposed group was higher than indirect exposed group in the three wards. Consequently, directly exposed group was suffering a higher risk. All directly exposed respondents and 75% of indirectly ones were experienced COHb% calculated in blood exceeding safe threshold for health of WHO guidelines. There has been increased risk for both exposed group if the coal beehive stove placed indoor. The calculated levels of incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) posed by PM2.5 in the three wards ranged from 1.6E-06 to 3.8E-06 daily, indicating moderate cancer risk to community that should be study further to protect public health.

Safety of honey consumed in Enugu State, Nigeria: a public health risk assessment of lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Information about lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in honey and their dietary intake is very important in human health risk assessment. Currently, there are paucity of data on the risk assessment and concentrations of lead and PAHs in honey in Nigeria. This study has determined the potential human health risk of lead and PAHs associated with the consumption of honey in Enugu state, Nigeria. Lead and US EPA 16 priority PAHs in honey harvested from rural and urban communities in March 2016 were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and Gas Chromatograph respectively. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments were carried. The mean concentration of Pb in honey ranged from 0.005 mg/kg – 0.08 mg/kg. The mean concentrations of 16 PAHs in honey ranged from 4.71E-03 – 2.72 mg/kg. The dietary intake of the PAHs for adults and children ranged from 0.0021 – 0.0259 mg/kg/day and 0.0011 – 0.0129 mg/kg/day respectively. The levels of BaPeq and their margin of exposure MOE suggest non-significant health risk. The incremental life cancer risk ILCR of Pb were within safe range of <1E-04. Consumption of honey from Enugu State, Nigeria may not pose a significant health risk_