Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking Research Articles

Incremental conductance MPPT in grid connected PV system

PV (photovoltaic) system input is irradiation and ambient temperature. The solar radiation is varying in nature so efficiency is low of PV system. The various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods are used to enhance effectiveness of solar PV system. The incremental conductance(IC) algorithm is one of the MPPT algorithms which is extensively employed because, at steady state it has high tracking correctness and high productivity at quickly varying atmospheric circumstances. In this proposed system a combination of IC algorithm and integral regulator (IR) is used to obtain MPPT in PV system. This combination gives high accuracy, stable operation in PV module entire region and it also eliminate oscillations near about the peak power operating point. A 100kw PV system is design in MATLAB software 2016a version. This PV system consist proposed IC-IR algorithm to obtain maximal power operating point.

Investigation on Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm (INC and FLC) for Effective Utilization of Power Under Partial Shaded Photovoltaic System

Aim: This paper makes a comparative analysis on two types of maximum power point tracking algorithm to trace the global peak power efficiently with minimum oscillation and less tracking time under partial shaded photovoltaic green energy systems. Materials & Methods: Incremental conductance (INC) and fuzzy logic (FLC) MPPT algorithm are implemented to analyze the tracking efficiency under varying insolation conditions. Results: FLC MPP algorithm extracts peak power of 97.6 W with tracking time of 0.003s while INC extracts 94 W with tracking time of 0.004s. Conclusion: FLC MPPT algorithm provides better efficiency compared to INC algorithm for the selected data set.

Design of an On-Grid Microinverter Control Technique for Managing Active and Reactive Power in a Microgrid

This paper presents the design and implementation of an on-grid microinverter control technique for managing active and reactive power based on a dq transformation. The system was implemented in a solar microinverter development kit (Texas Instruments—TMDSSOLARUINVKIT). This microinverter has two stages: DC-DC and DC-AC. The DC-DC stage contains an active clamp flyback converter, where the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the solar panel is obtained with a current-based incremental conductance algorithm. The DC-AC stage comprises a dual-buck inverter in which voltage-, current-, and phase-tracking control loops are implemented to control the active and reactive power. These techniques were simulated in MATLAB using the proposed mathematical model and experimentally validated in the solar development kit. The results show that the simulated model behaved similarly to the real system, and the control techniques presented good performance. The maximum power point (MPP) of the solar panel was monitored in the DC-DC stage using a current reference provided by the incremental conductance MPPT algorithm and was regulated by a 2P2Z control. The algorithm is robust against continuous changes in irradiance, as it quickly follows the ideal power and continually operates at a point close to the MPP. In addition, the active and reactive power control in the DC-AC stage enables the microinverter to supply the maximum active power. Moreover, the microinverter supplies reactive power according to a defined reference and within the established limits. The proposed mathematical model of the microinverter can be used to design new control techniques and other microinverter topologies. In addition, this active and reactive power-control technique can be implemented in low-power and low-cost microinverters to successfully maintain power quality in small microgrids.

Implementation of Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with Integral Regulator by Using Boost Converter in Grid-Connected PV Array

ABSTRACT This paper presents a rapid, effective, and linear incremental conductance (IC) algorithm for chasing the maximum power point (MPP) of the grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) array. A technique has been proposed to find the optimum values of the design parameters of the PV array. This methodology enables the prime matching of the PV system with the DC/AC converter configuration by calculating the optimal values of the inductor, capacitor, and the duty cycle of the boost converter. Analysis of different techniques for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is presented and the comprehensive design of the PV converter system is also incorporated. The number of switches has been reduced for optimal power generation. Similarly, a technical inter-comparison has been made with the existing topologies. MATLAB/Simulink is used to characterize solar PV characteristics at various irradiance and temperature profiles. Furthermore, the simulation results agree well with the designed version in terms of PV panel efficiency.

Comparison of PO and INC MPPT Methods Using FPGA In-The-Loop Under Different Radiation Conditions

The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are applied to obtain maximum efficiency under different atmospheric conditions in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Perturb&Observe (PO) and Incremental Conductance (INC) methods are the oldest algorithms used among MPPT methods. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are used especially in applications requiring high speed. FPGA in-the-loop feature is used to test algorithms designed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. In this study, PO and INC methods have been designed to work in FPGA environment. Both algorithms have been tested under different radiation conditions using FPGA-in-the-loop feature. The FPGA in-the-loop simulation result of PO and INC methods has been graphically shown. In this study, Altera DE2-115 development board was used to test PO and INC MPPT algorithms. On the other hand, PO and INC methods were synthesized using the Quartus-II program. Comparisons of simplicity of algorithms were made according to synthesis results. Thus, by using the FGPA in-the-loop feature and performing the synthesis process, both the algorithms were tested and the areas covered by the algorithms in the FPGA were compared.

Variable Step-size Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Solar Cell Under Partial Shading Conditions

The maximum power point tracking concept is essential in PV systems to increase the power transfer capability and efficiency. The conventional methods to track maximum power point perform satisfactorily only under uniform solar irradiation, however under partially shaded conditions, PV array offers several local maxima along with one global maximum power transfer point on the P-V curve. This makes optimal tracking more difficult. This paper proposed an improved adaptive MPPT algorithm with varying step size to track the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) under different partial shaded conditions. First, the simulation model has been analyzed which is suitable for partially shaded conditions and then the proposed Variable Step-size Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking (VSAMPPT) method has been developed to track the global optimal power point for various irradiations. Here changing the duty cycle is not with fixed step size but with variable step size (Dstep), which depends on the square of the difference between the ratio of voltages to current and makes the proposed algorithm faster. The proposed algorithm keeps on adjusting its tracking strategy to find Global Peak Area (GPA) where the global maximum power point can be tracked down very easily. The proposed algorithm has been validated in the laboratory with dSPACE (DS1103) and tested with different case studies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed concept over the existing MPPT methods like P&O method, Incremental Conductance (IC), and Adaptive MPPT methods in terms of speed of tracking global maximum power point, accuracy, and flexibility.

Effect of Various Incremental Conductance MPPT Methods on the Charging of Battery Load Feed by Solar Panel

The presented work in this paper deals with various step sizes used in incremental conductance (INC) related to the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. In the solar photovoltaic system, the variable step size selection method for INC is proposed and compared. The MATLAB/Simulink and hardware setup are used for assessing and analyzing step size methods. The variable step size (DVS), fixed step size (DFS) are comprehensively studied and compared. This DVS method is having a lower ON delay time (Td <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> ) as 148 msec as regard to 164 msec in the DFS method. On the other hand, the lowest peak-peak oscillations in load current as 0.04 amp for DVS as compared to 0.5A for the DFS method, lower peak current as 1.96A for DVS as compare to 2.37A for the DFS method. In this way, the performance of the DVS method is found superior as it is analyzed and compared with the DFS algorithm.

Harmonic spectra of BLDC motor supplied by a solar PV multilevel inverter

&lt;p&gt;The multilevel inverters have been used especially in renewable energy aspects in order to assess total harmonic distortion (THD). THD is considered to produce a good quality of current signal of BLDC motor drive. In this paper, a solar PV inveter fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive is discussed considering two topologies of three phase multilevel inverters. These topologies are flying capacitor and clamped diode inverters. The inverter efficiency and output power have an effectiveness on THD values. A boost dc to dc converter using incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (INC-MPPT) is implemented with a solar PV. The mathematical model of the proposed systems ares tudied via simulation using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results of a BLDC motor based on two multilevel inverters are compared with each other considering the THD and the utilization of the dc-bus voltage, the comparition verified that the clamped diode inverter has a better harmonic spectra.still the overshoot is a little bit high in the two types of inverter that are proposed. &lt;/p&gt;

A Comparative analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Battery Operated PV Systems at Different Temperatures

This paper presents a comparative analysis of Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) with conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods such as Perturb &amp; Observe (P&amp;O) and Incremental Conductance (IC). Photovoltaic (PV) array along with the buck converter and its MPPT control have been simulated for all three MPPT methods at different solar radiation levels at 25°C and 70°C and results have been compared. From the simulation results, it can be observed that P&amp;O is much affected with slow tracking and oscillations, and IC MPPT performs better than P&amp;O in terms of tracking, but not for ripples. Simulation results verifies that RCC MPPT is capable of solving both these problems effectively and RCC performance is better than both P&amp;O and IC MPPT methods.

Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants with Constant Power Injection Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm

Day to day there is an increase in installations of new Solar Photovoltaic Power plants (SPVPP’s) which directly reflects the grid. As the SPVPP’s output power is fluctuating in nature, which is directly injected to the utility grid faces the challenges like overloading. Therefore, to overcome the overloading situations of grid, its infrastructure should be replaced by higher ratings which will increase the system cost. Due to this there is a need to limit the grid injected power from SPVPP’s to overcome the overloading situations. In this article a Constant power injection (CPI) algorithm is used to control the feed in power to grid as per grid regulations. Based on the instantaneous SPVPP’s output power and power limiting value this strategy will controls the output power by switching between the incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (InC-MPPT) algorithm and CPI algorithm. The proposed InC-CPI algorithm is applied to the single phase two-stage (SPTS) systems with the working region is on the left side of maximum power point (MPP) for maintaining the system to be in stable conditions. In this article the InC-CPI and the perturb and observe (P&amp;O)-CPI algorithms were compared, and results were analyzed. The proposed control algorithm is designed using Matlab/Simulink and the results taken for both clear and cloudy days with wide varying climatic conditions.

Solar PV array-based DC–DC converter with MPPT for low power applications

This article discusses a DC–DC converter based solar fed PV array system for low power applications. A single diode based solar panel is designed and modelled for this PV array system. At low value of irradiance in solar panel, the system will perform with better accuracy. To acquire better efficiency, the similar system is operated with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control algorithm. The solar panel current v/s Voltage (I–V) and Power v/s Voltage (P–V) characteristics curves are obtained from Matlab simulation. The comparison of simulation curves is also done with the curves obtained from the experiment results. The detailed investigation of DC–DC converters with solar fed system with soft-switching technique is also performed. This soft-switching technique is formed by using the resonant inductors and capacitors. These passive components reduce the circuit switching losses. The Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) technique is used to eliminate the switching losses developed in the circuit at the time of switching transitions. This technique also reduces the dv/dt noise owing to junction capacity discharge. This Proposed ZETA and SEPIC converters based system are modelled and simulated in MATLAB program and its performance is evaluated through experimentation in the terms of losses and efficiency. From the performance study of ZVS ZETA and SEPIC converter, increment in efficiency are obtained 1.97% and 7.23% under Perturb and Observe MPPT control and 4.14% and 0.41% in Incremental Conductance MPPT control respectively as compared to its conventional ZETA and SEPIC converter.

An Enhanced Adaptive Perturb and Observe Technique for Efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking Under Partial Shading Conditions

In this paper, we propose enhanced adaptive step size Perturb and Observe (P&amp;O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with properly organized comparison sequences which lead to achieving the actual maximum power point (MPP) effectively in the presence of partial shading conditions, taking into account the optimization of all aspects of high-performance MPPT to be novel, simpler, fast, and accurate, with the best efficiency reaching up to almost 100%. In this study, the proposed algorithm, along with a boost converter, was designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the performance of the suggested technique. Four different levels of partial shading conditions were considered for system examination: weak, moderate, and two different levels of strong shading. Each case was applied separately first and then combined in a sequence arrangement to provide robust and comprehensive testing which can provide a guaranteed assessment of the proposed algorithm. The performance of the suggested technique is discussed and compared with that of conventional P&amp;O and conventional incremental conductance (IC) MPPT techniques. The failure of the conventional techniques to work efficiently in the presence of partial shading conditions was observed from the simulation results. Meanwhile, the success of the proposed technique and its high performance were clearly confirmed under partial shading conditions with no increase in complexity or convergence time.

Explicit one-step model and adaptive maximum power point tracking algorithm for a photovoltaic module

This paper presents an accurate, simplified, explicit, and fast computing one-step model for a practical photovoltaic (PV) module without the need of heavy offline calculations, lookup tables, or iterative methods. A closed-form expression of the model shaping factor is provided, which paves the way to explicitly locate the maximum power point (MPP). Based on the obtained closed-form shaping factor expression, an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is proposed. The proposed adaptive MPPT algorithm is implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and verified using an FPGA-in-the-loop simulation, under rapid changes in temperature and irradiance, with comparisons to perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (InCond) MPPT methods. Moreover, two experimental case studies are discussed to highlight the validity of the proposed work.

Performance enhancement of energy extraction capability for fuel cell implementations with improved Cuckoo search algorithm

This paper addresses an improved optimization method to enhance the energy extraction capability of fuel cell implementations. In this study, the proposed method called Dynamic Cuckoo Search Algorithm (DCSA) is tested in a stand-alone fuel cell in order to control the system power under dynamic temperature response. In the operational process, a fuel cell is connected to a load through a dc-dc boost converter, and DCSA is utilized to adjust the switching duration in dc-dc converter by using voltage, current and temperature parameters. In this way, it controls the output voltage to maximize power delivery capability at the demand-side and eliminates the drawback of conventional cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) which cannot change duty cycle under operating temperature variations. In this regard, DCSA shows a significant improvement in terms of system response and achieves a more efficient power extraction than the conventional CSA method. In order to demonstrate the system performance, the stand-alone fuel cell system is constructed in Simulink environment via a processor-in the-loop (PIL) based digital implementation and analyzed by using different optimization methods. In the analysis section, the results of the proposed method are compared with conventional methods (perturb&observe mppt, incremental conductance mppt, and particle swarm optimization). In this context, convergence speed and efficiency analysis for both methods verify that the DCSA gives original results compared to conventional methods.

Advanced Solar MPPT Techniques Under Uniform and Non-Uniform Irradiance: A Comprehensive Review

AbstractAdvancement of human civilization has led to rapid industrialization going in hand with urbanization and globalization, which have elevated energy demand worldwide. Conventional energy sources with the fear of being exhausted at a rapid pace seem to fail to quench inflated energy demand alone. Solar being a ubiquitous and eco-friendly source of renewable energy has become one of the most dominant forms of power generation implemented in diverse applications. To maximize the efficacy of the solar photovoltaic (SPV) system, it must be operated at maximum power point (MPP) that incorporates the use of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. MPPT algorithm is a self-automated control technique that compels the SPV system to operate at MPP thereby harnessing maximum obtainable power under time-varying environmental conditions such as solar intensity, temperature, SPV module characteristics, and module shading. This paper puts forward an elaborated study on 27 MPPT techniques that are pervasive in the SPV system. The entire assessment deals with MPPT techniques employed under uniform solar insolation varying from time to time as well as global maximum power point tracking (GMMPT) techniques employed under partial shading (PS) conditions. Vivid comparisons among all the MPPT techniques along with their brief discussion, merits, and demerits have been done. Moreover, a detailed structure of error-based incremental conductance MPPT has been proposed.

Fast photovoltaic IncCond-MPPT and backstepping control, using DC-DC boost converter

In this paper, we present our contribution in photovoltaic energy optimization subject. In this research work, the goal is to determinate fastly the optimal PV Module working point, allowing maximum power extraction. In this work we use DC-DC Boost converter to control the working point, by adjusting PV voltage trough duty cycle. In order to achieve our goal, we use the combination of incremental conductance MPPT technique and DC-DC Boost converter backstepping control. The validation of this control is made by Matlab simulation; the obtained results prove its effectiveness and its good maximum power tracking dynamics for different irradiance and temperature profiles.

An Adaptive Model Predictive Controller for Current Sensorless MPPT in PV Systems

Finite control set model predictive control (MPC) is a model-based control method that can include multi-objective optimization, constrained control, adaptive control, and online auto-tuning of weighting factors all in a single controller that exhibits fast dynamic tracking. This paper utilizes the model-based framework of MPC to develop a sensorless current maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Eliminating the current sensor can reduce the cost and improve the reliability of the photovoltaic system. This paper also utilizes constrained control and online auto-tuning of MPC to develop an adaptive perturbation MPPT to reduce steady-state oscillation and improve dynamic performance. This paper builds in a single framework the different layers of the MPPT problem: control, estimation, and MPPT. The proposed adaptive perturbation sensorless current mode MPPT (ASC-MPPT) technique performance is compared to the well-known incremental conductance (InCon) MPPT technique. The EN50530 European industrial test standards were used to demonstrate performance.

Implementation of Control Strategies for Optimum Utilization of Solar Photovoltaic System with Energy Storage Systems

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) system primarily based on autonomous system have advanced as a promising solution to the problem of electrification in areas where the network is now not available. The main challenges in designing such systems are as follows: 1) extraction of maximum power from PV system under fast varying irradiance; 2) extraction of high voltage gain with DC-DC converter; 3) development of efficient power management scheme between SPV and Energy Storage System (ESS). As multiple objectives must be satisfied, existing schemes for autonomous systems require a minimum of three conversion steps, which leads to significant reduction in the reliability and efficiency of the system. The above issues are addressed with different control strategies. For extraction of maximum power a modified non iterative Incremental Conductance MPPT method is developed to generate a fine tuned duty cycle for sudden change in irradiance and regulates that always the intersection point of load line and I-V curve represents Maximum power point (MPP). High voltage gain DC-DC converter generally required for industrial applications and can be achieved by high duty ratio which cause reverse recovery problem and voltage stress on power switches. To overcome this problem a soft switch interleaved boost converter (SSIBC) is proposed which is operate on zero current switching to turn ON active switches and it can achieve high voltage gain for lower duty ratios. Lead acid battery is an energy storage device which is used in SPV systems. Finally to achieve power management, variable DC bus voltage based algorithm is developed with super capacitor (SC) and battery (BAT) as ESS. The capability of the proposed control strategies is tested and validated under various scenarios

Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Technique based on Incremental Conductance (InCon) Control Algorithm

Maximum output power status can significantly improve the deployment rate of solar energy system. In order to get the maximum power output, issue of tracking maximum power point (MPP), reduced harmonics around MPP and improve efficiency of the solar power energy system, this paper presents the improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique algorithm on the basis of traditional Incremental Conductance (InCon) method. Nonlinear engineering model of solar cells is built in the “MATLAB/Simulink”, simulation software. Analyze the basic working principle of maximum power point control technology. Design the simulation model of conventional Incremental conductance method and compares the results with modified method. The main circuit of the system consist on DC Boost Converter. The simulation results illustrate that, the modified Incremental conductance (InCon) MPPT algorithm is realistic, fast tracking accuracy, efficient and the stability of output power are superior.

PV Based Grid System for Power Quality Enhancement using Instantaneous P-Q Theory

The SPV interfaced grid system with battery storage unit, bidirectional VSI interconnected shunt active filter, an adaptive Proportional Integral (PI) controller is employed for improve current and voltage profile enhancement. The p-q theory is the common employed technique to extract the basic fundamental current harmonic components from affected or polluted power supply by means of diode rectifier or non linear load. The basic concepts of reactive power (IRP) theory includes it’s a time domain model and it can be applicable for both 3P3W and 3P4W. Initially, the control technique called instantaneous real and reactive power theory or p-q theory has been developed for three phase three wire system and then later it was extend to three phase four wire system. This system is valid under steady state as well as dynamic state. The bidirectional VSI based shunt APF is controlled by the PI based instantaneous reactive power theory. The proposed PI Controller interfaced shunt Active Power Filter is used to maintain DC-Link voltage.SPV system is interfaced with incremental conductance MPPT algorithm. This SAPF control scheme has to provide the following benefits like current harmonic mitigation as well as reactive power compensation