Incremental Ratio Research Articles

The impact of the frequency content of far-field earthquakes on the optimum parameters and performance of tuned mass damper inerter

Tuned mass damper inerter is a passive control device that is proven to be effective in mitigating structural responses under earthquake excitations, however, its efficiency highly depends on its design parameters. This paper aims to investigate how the optimum parameters of TMDI change with the frequency content of far-field earthquakes to minimize the need for repeatedly optimizing these parameters for varying far-field earthquakes and structural characteristics. To achieve this objective, the ratio of the earthquake's frequency to the structure's frequency is defined as an index to simultaneously represent the structure and the earthquake. Case studies of 5, 10, 15, and 20-story building structures are analyzed under twenty-three far-field earthquakes which are categorized into three main groups based on their frequency (PGA/PGV) including “Low”, “Intermediate”, and “High”. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to obtain the optimum parameters of TMDI including the damping and the frequency ratio to minimize two distinct objective functions: (1) the peak displacement and (2) the peak acceleration of the top story in a time domain analysis. To validate the applicability of the proposed method in determining the optimal parameters of TMDI regardless of the earthquake and structure frequency, a 10-story benchmark building is employed. Moreover, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of TMDI in minimizing the objective functions concerning the frequency content of the earthquake. It also illustrates the trend of the PSO optimization process. The results show that the index provides a discernible pattern for the variation of the optimum parameters of TMDI. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the difference in the structural response between tuning the TMDI with the PSO algorithm and the suggested method is less than 3 % when the index is greater than 1. As the ratio of earthquake frequency to the frequency of structure increases, the objective functions will correspondingly increase. The results also indicate that, an increment in the inertance ratio leads to an increase in the value of optimum parameters of TMDI. Furthermore, among all structures analyzed, those subjected to intermediate frequency earthquakes exhibit the most significant reduction in both objective functions.

Effects of Drought, Phosphorus Fertilization and Provenance on the Growth of Common Beech and Sessile Oak

The negative impact of drought on plant growth may be modified by the different availability of mineral nutrients and by their adaptation to different local habitat conditions. In this study, we examine the impact of drought, fertilization with phosphorus and provenance, as well as their interactions, on the growth and allometric growth relationships between the belowground and aboveground organs of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). The research was conducted on saplings originating from two mature mixed stands (dry and wet provenances) dominated by these species. In the common garden experiment, saplings were exposed to regular watering and drought in interaction with moderate and high phosphorus concentrations in the growing substrate (achieved by phosphorus fertilization). The obtained results indicate the negative impact of drought and phosphorus fertilization on the growth of both species. In common beech, a negative impact of phosphorus fertilization on the adaptive capacity to drought was demonstrated by unfavorable ratios between fine root mass and the mass of other organs. The sessile oak provenances under the impact of drought showed a different root collar diameter/stem height increment ratio, which indicates their different phenotypic plasticity as a consequence of adaptation to different frequencies of dry periods in their natural habitats.

Components and Delivery Formats of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia in Adults

Chronic insomnia disorder is highly prevalent, disabling, and costly. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), comprising various educational, cognitive, and behavioral strategies delivered in various formats, is the recommended first-line treatment, but the effect of each component and delivery method remains unclear. To examine the association of each component and delivery format of CBT-I with outcomes. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycInfo, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from database inception to July 21, 2023. Published randomized clinical trials comparing any form of CBT-I against another or a control condition for chronic insomnia disorder in adults aged 18 years and older. Insomnia both with and without comorbidities was included. Concomitant treatments were allowed if equally distributed among arms. Two independent reviewers identified components, extracted data, and assessed trial quality. Random-effects component network meta-analyses were performed. The primary outcome was treatment efficacy (remission defined as reaching a satisfactory state) posttreatment. Secondary outcomes included all-cause dropout, self-reported sleep continuity, and long-term remission. A total of 241 trials were identified including 31 452 participants (mean [SD] age, 45.4 [16.6] years; 21 048 of 31 452 [67%] women). Results suggested that critical components of CBT-I are cognitive restructuring (remission incremental odds ratio [iOR], 1.68; 95% CI, 1.28-2.20) third-wave components (iOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10-2.03), sleep restriction (iOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04-2.13), and stimulus control (iOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00-2.05). Sleep hygiene education was not essential (iOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77-1.32), and relaxation procedures were found to be potentially counterproductive(iOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.64-1.02). In-person therapist-led programs were most beneficial (iOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.19-2.81). Cognitive restructuring, third-wave components, and in-person delivery were mainly associated with improved subjective sleep quality. Sleep restriction was associated with improved subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset, and stimulus control with improved subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency. The most efficacious combination-consisting of cognitive restructuring, third wave, sleep restriction, and stimulus control in the in-person format-compared with in-person psychoeducation, was associated with an increase in the remission rate by a risk difference of 0.33 (95% CI, 0.23-0.43) and a number needed to treat of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.3-4.3), given the median observed control event rate of 0.14. The findings suggest that beneficial CBT-I packages may include cognitive restructuring, third-wave components, sleep restriction, stimulus control, and in-person delivery but not relaxation. However, potential undetected interactions could undermine the conclusions. Further large-scale, well-designed trials are warranted to confirm the contribution of different treatment components in CBT-I.

Overall numerical simulation of chemical-thermal-electric conversion for an all-in-one thermoelectric generator based on micro scale combustion

Micro combustion-based power systems have garnered significant attention owing to their high energy density and portability. This work presents a numerical simulation process for an integrated thermoelectric generator based on micro-combustion, which can track the chemical-thermal-electro energy conversion. The combustion performance, thermal characteristics and energy conversion for the micro-thermoelectric generator (MTEG) system are investigated. A range of equivalence ratios and Reynolds numbers (Re) is examined to provide a detailed analysis. With the increment of equivalence ratio (φ), both the energy output and the open-circuit voltage of the system significantly increase. At high φ, the voltage and energy output exhibit a growth tendency when the Re number increases. Conversely, at low φ, the voltage and energy output decrease at higher Re number. The maximum voltage of 0.264 V is achieved when φ = 1.0 and Re = 1500, while the system delivers an energy output of 1.87 W.

Cost-Effectiveness of Onasemnogene Abeparvovec Compared With Nusinersen and Risdiplam in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1 in Brazil: Custo-Efetividade do Onasemnogeno Abeparvoveque (AVXS-101) em Comparação ao Nusinersena e Risdiplam em Pacientes com Atrofia Muscular Espinhal Tipo 1 no Brasil

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the onasemnogene abeparvovec in relation to nusinersen and risdiplam in the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy type 1 from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System. MethodsA Markov model was built on a lifetime horizon. Short-term data were obtained from clinical trials of the technologies and from published cohort survival curves (long term). Costs were measured in current 2022 local currency (R$) values and benefits in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Utility values were derived from type 1 spinal muscular atrophy literature, whereas costs related to technologies and maintenance care in each health state were obtained from official sources of reimbursement in Brazil. Deterministic and probabilistic, as well as scenario, sensitivity analyses were performed. ResultsCompared with the less costly strategy (nusinersen), the use of onasemnogene abeparvovec resulted in an incremental cost of R$2.468.448,06 ($975 671.169 – purchasing power parity [PPP]) and a 3-QALY increment and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R$742.890,92 ($293 632.774 – PPP)/QALY. Risdiplam had an extended dominance from other strategies, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R$926.586,22 ($366 239.612 – PPP)/QALY compared with nusinersen. Sensitivity analysis showed a significant impact of the follow-up time of the cohort and the cost of acquiring onasemnogene abeparvovec. ConclusionsOver a lifetime horizon, onasemnogene abeparvovec seems to be a potentially more effective option than nusinersen and risdiplam, albeit with an incremental cost. Such a trade-off should be weighed in efficiency criteria during decision making and outcome monitoring from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Preparation, characterization, and fouling analysis of PVC/ND-PEG ultrafiltration membranes for whey separation

In this work, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes were embedded with nanodiamond-Polyethylene glycol (ND-PEG) nanoparticles. Fabricated membranes were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, AFM, pore size distribution, contact angle, porosity, pure water flux (PWF), and tensile strength. Successful functionalization of ND nanoparticles by PEG was proved by the FTIR test. According to the FESEM and pore size distribution results, there was an increase in the quantity of surface pores, a shift toward smaller pores, and larger macro-voids in the porous substructure of the nanocomposite membranes as the ND-PEG content in the dope solution increased. The decrease water contact angle from 79.8° for neat PVC membrane to 59.5° for 2.00 wt% ND-PEG containing membrane along with the increase of porosity from 53.89 % to 80.80 % respectively showed that the hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite membranes was improved by increasing nanoparticles content, and this phenome along with surface roughness increment caused PWF improvement from 206.8 LMH to 266.4 LMH. In addition, due to the uniform dispersion of ND-PEG nanoparticles and the high mechanical strength of NDs, the tensile strength of nanocomposite membranes reached a maximum value of 2.91 Mpa for 1.5 wt% ND-PEG membrane. The performance results showed that PVC/ND-PEG nanocomposite membranes had acceptable whey rejection along with a significant increment in flux recovery ratio. Moreover, PVC/ND-PEG membranes with 2.00 wt% ND-PEG had lower flux reduction in long-term filtration, improved antifouling properties and more turbidity removal efficiency in comparison with neat PVC membranes. The analysis of the fouling mechanism based on Hermia's model revealed that the cake formation is the prevailing mechanism for all fabricated membranes.

Effect of the incorporation ratio of recycled concrete aggregate on the properties of self-compacting mortar

This paper investigates the effect of the addition of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on the properties of self-compacting cement-based materials at the mortar scale, at the incorporation ratios of 0, 25, 50, and 100 %. The results showed that the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of the mortar increased with the incorporation ratio of RCA. Slump flow and V-funnel time were used to assess these properties. The mechanical strength of the mix also increases with the RCA incorporation ratio. A quantitative analysis of the data demonstrated that the effect of the addition of RCA on the mortar's rheological properties can be attributed to a decrease of the aggregate's packing density (morphology effect), a decrease of the effective water-to-cement ratio of the mix (water-to-cement ratio effect), and an increase of the aggregate's effective volume fraction (volume fraction effect). The latter two effects are caused by the aggregate's high water absorption, whose impact on mechanical strength is stronger than that caused by the morphology effect. In addition, the increase of the mix's strength can also be attributed to the increase of the effective water-to-cement ratio of the mix and to the bonding quality between the aggregate and the cementitious matrix. The increment in the incorporation ratio of RCA causes a reduction of the effective water-cement ratio of the mix and an increase of the bonding quality.

Investigation of thermal effects on the saturated shear behaviour of a clayey sand-structure interface

The mechanical behaviour of soil-structure interfaces at various temperatures plays a key role in predicting the performance of energy piles, such as their ultimate bearing capacity and settlement under heating and cooling. The experimental data was limited in the literature, and previous studies used clay and clean sand. In this study, a modified direct shear apparatus that can control temperature was developed. To control interface temperature, a refrigerated/heated circulating bath is connected to channels in the lower shear box and then heated/cooled water is circulated. The interface can be heated/cooled through heat exchange with circulating water. Three series of tests were conducted at various temperatures of 8, 20 and 42 °C and effective normal stress levels of 50, 150 and 300 kPa. The soil specimen was recompacted clayey sand with a 95% degree of compaction. The results indicate that the shear strength of saturated soilstructure interfaces decreases with increasing temperature. This is likely because temperature elevation results in a reduction of interface roughness and a partial increment of void ratio in the shear zone.

Flexural behavior of composite section of multiple full-culm bamboo beams with mortar infill bolted joints

Full-culm bamboo has several characteristics that make it an excellent alternative construction material due to its rapid growth rate, high strength-to-weight ratio, and high carbon sequestration. Thus, it becomes crucial to study the mechanical and structural performance of bamboo within an engineering framework, such as flexural behavior of multi-culm elements, since it is a key issue of typical elements of building such beams, joists, and others. While there is a general understanding of the composite section behavior in materials such as timber, steel and concrete, there is a lack of experimental evidence concerning bamboo in this regard. Therefore, an experimental program was undertaken by the Center of Research in Materials and Civil Works (CIMOC) at the Universidad de Los Andes in Colombia. Two- and three-culm elements of Guadua angustifolia Kunth from a Colombian plantation using a Bolted-Mortar Infill connections were tested in a bending setup. The gamma method, extensively employed in timber standards, was used to find the percentage of composite section for different number of shear connectors. Montecarlo simulations were performed to deal with uncertainty of the modulus of elasticity and the slip modulus (stiffness) of the Bolted-Mortar Infill connection. Additionally, a design factor FI was proposed that allows to find the ratio of increment of the effective moment of inertia of partially composite section for different connection configuration. Equations were derived and proposed for C and FI through linear regression.

Differential Calculus: a gross error in mathematics ∗

A detailed proof of the incorrectness of the foundations of the differential calculus is proposed. The correct methodological basis for the proof is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The proof leads to the following irrefutable statement: differential calculus represents a gross error in mathematics and physics. The proof of this statement is based on the following irrefutable results: (1) the standard theory of infinitesimals and the theory of limits underlying the differential calculus are gross errors. The main error is that infinitesimal (infinitely decreasing) quantities do not take on numerical values in the process of tending to zero. The number “zero” is not a permissible value of infinitesimal quantity. The concepts of “infinitesimal quantity”, “movement”, “process of tendency”, and “limit of tendency” are meaningless concepts in mathematics: they are not mathematical concepts because the mathematical formalism does not contain movement (process); (2) the concepts of “increment of argument” and “increment of function” are the starting point of the differential calculus. The gross error is that the increment of argument is not defined. An indefinite (undefined, uncertain, ambiguous, undetermined) increment of an argument is a meaningless quantity (concept); (3) the definition of the derivative of a function is a gross error. The derivative is the limit of the ratio of the function increment to the argument increment under the following conditions: (a) the argument increment is not equal to zero; (b) the increment of the argument tends to zero and reaches the value “zero”. In this case, the following logical contradiction arises: the increment of the argument is both not equal to zero and equal to zero; (4) the differentials of the argument and the function - as infinitesimal quantities - do not take on numerical values. This means that the differentials of quantities have neither quantitative nor qualitative determinacy. In this case, the differentials of quantities are meaningless symbols. The geometric and physical interpretations of the derivative are a gross error; (5) the definition of the total differential of a function of two (many) variables is a gross error because the definition contains a formal-logical contradiction, i.e. the definition as the sum of partial differentials does not satisfy the formal-logical law of the lack (absence) of contradiction; (6) the theory of proportions completely refutes the theory of differential calculus. Thus, differential calculus does not satisfy the criterion of truth and is not correct scien tific (mathematical) theory.

Shear behaviour of loess under varied drainage conditions subjected to monotonic and cyclic loads

The role of drainage conditions in altering the shear behaviour of loess is a fundamental concern, yet remaining unclear in the current literature. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the problem on saturated intact loess through static and cyclic triaxial tests. Four types of drainage conditions were controlled during shearing, including drained, undrained, water-absorbing and partially drained conditions. Results from the static triaxial test revealed that the loess exhibited a strain-hardening behaviour in the drained condition. When the drainage of the loess sample was gradually restricted, it showed strain-softening behaviour, and the lowest shear strength occurred in the sample under the water-absorbing condition. A fairly good correlation has been established between the strain increment ratio and the stress ratio at the asymptotic state. When subjected to the cyclic loads, the loess sample demonstrated the cyclic mobility type of failure mode. A smaller number of cycles were found at failure for the loess samples under the water-absorbing condition than that under the conventional undrained condition. Of a particular interest was the partially drained condition. The mean effective stress of the loess sample firstly reduced, and it then regained as the cyclic load gradually proceeded. At the meanwhile, the excess pore water pressure of the sample reduced after reaching a peak value. In this study, the dynamic elastic modulus and the damping ratio of the loess samples were also examined. Compared with the undrained case, the dynamic elastic modulus is greater under the partially drained condition, and it is lower under the water-absorbing condition. Accordingly, an opposite trend was found for the damping ratio. The above experimental results provide evidences on how the drainage conditions expedite or retard the occurrence of shear failure in loess, confirming the significant impact of the drainage conditions on the shear behaviour of loess.

Eco-friendly management of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.

A field trial was conducted at Oilseed Farm, C S Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. The trial was laid out in RBD with three replications using mustard cultivars Varuna. Seven insecticides viz. NSKE@5%, Neem leaf extract@ 5%, Neem oil 2%, Eucalyptus leaf extract 5%, Fennel leaf extract 5%, Dimethoate 30EC @ 1ml/liter and Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.2gm/liter with second spray of each treatment after 15 days of first spray were evaluated. Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.2gm/liter followed by its second spray after 15 days of first spray was most effective treatments against mustard aphid followed by Dimethoate 30EC @ 1ml/liter followed by its second spray after 15days of first spray. The highest seed yield (18.73 q/ha.) was obtained with Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.2gm/liter followed by its second spray after 15 days of first spray which was at par with NSKE@5%followed by its second spray after 15days of first spray (16.83 q/ha.). The incremental Benefit Cost Ratio (1:40:63) was also highest with Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.2gm/liter followed by its second spray after 15 days of first spray.

A test for change points under the roughness of stochastic volatility: the case of the VIX index

ABSTRACT In light of the recent empirical studies with high-frequency data, the logarithm of the stock market volatility data behaves as a fractional Brownian motion (fBm) with the Hurst exponent smaller than 0.5. It thus leads to extensive research in the so-called rough volatility (RV). This paper introduces a novel non-parametric test for its change points detection problem, which combines the proposed autoregressive rough volatility (ARRV) model and an increment ratio (IR)-based filtering function. The empirical results of the VIX index show that our method can detect more accurate change points without dependence on initial conditions/parameters, work efficiently for trends and forecast robustly better.

Bioactivity and characterization of Wollastonite-Li-silicate glass

Glasses were prepared from nominal wollastonite-lithium silicate in the ratios of 87.5/12.5, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and glasses respectively. However, the glass of 25/75 ratio run through devitrification into lithium silicate and little quartz whereas, the other three ratios formed transparent glasses. The thermal behavior of glasses shows a decrease in the main exothermic temperature; which goes along with an increase in the lithium silicate content. Sintering of such glasses at the crystallization temperature given by differential thermal analysis (at 607 °C + 705 °C and at 661 °C) or at one step at 1000 °C, indicates the formation of three phases of pseudowollastonite [Ca3(Si3O9)], wollastonite (CaSiO3), and lithium silicate (Li2SiO3). The results of the in-vitro test by means of soaking in SBF for two weeks tracked by scanning the sample's surface and measuring the calcium and phosphorous ions using induced coupled plasma (ICP) in the SBF, exhibited that samples had improved talent to accelerate the mineralization of calcium phosphate and that the ratio of Ca/P declined from 2.55 to 1.86 upon increment of the Li2O ratio. The X-ray analysis shows the formation of hydroxyapatite on the sample’s surfaces. The biocompatibility and thermal properties of the premeditated glass ceramics secure exceptional properties and can be used to impress different biomedical applications.

Enhancement on electro-response of gelatin hydrogels with grafted polar groups

ABSTRACT In this article, three grafted copolymers, namely gelatin-graft-polypyrrole copolymer (gelatin-g-PPy), gelatin-graft-polyaniline copolymer (gelatin-g-PANI), and gelatin-graft-monomethyl polyethylene glycol copolymer (gelatin-g-MPEG), were successfully synthesized by the introduction of polar groups onto the gelatin matrix. Their chemical compositions were primarily characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible spectrum (UV-Vis) analyses. The grafted gelatin hydrogels were prepared by utilizing the three grafted gelatin copolymers under an applied electric field ranging from 0 ~ 0.8 kV/mm. The impact of the electric field on the hydrogels was assessed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dielectric analysis (DA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). SEM analysis revealed that the grafted gelatin hydrogels exhibited an ordered microstructure and larger pores when subjected to an electric field. DA testing indicated that all grafted gelatin hydrogels displayed a higher dielectric constant compared to pure gelatin, suggesting an enhanced orientation polarization of the copolymers in response to the electric field. DMA experiments confirmed that, in comparison to pure gelatin hydrogel, all the grafted gelatin hydrogels demonstrated an increased storage modulus in the direction of the applied electric field. The storage modulus increment (ΔG′) and incremental ratio (ΔG′/G′0) of the grafted gelatin hydrogels reached their maximum values at specific grafting levels. These findings suggest that the grafted gelatin hydrogels have excellent electro-responsive property.

Microstructural phase evolution and strength development of low-lime calcium silicate cement (CSC) paste incorporating ordinary Portland cement under an accelerated carbonation curing environment

Low-lime calcium silicate cement (CSC) is a CO2-reactive cement that utilizes the carbonation products of low- or non-hydraulic C2S, C3S2, and CS phases under H2O- and CO2-rich conditions. However, the reactivity and compressive strength of the CSC require further improvement. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of blending ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a reactive source into CSC on the initial reaction kinetics, phase evolution, and compressive strength development during carbonation curing. To assess the effects of blending CSC and OPC, CSC was substituted by OPC with the incremental ratio of 20 wt%. Notably, the CSC sample with 20 wt% OPC incorporation exhibited the highest compressive strength, which increased by up to 2.5 times compared to the pure CSC paste. Analysis of the microstructural phase evolution revealed that this significant increase in compressive strength was attributed to the strong mechanical interlocks between the rhombic CaCO3 crystals, which were reinforced by a substantial amount of vaterite.

Efficacy of Targeted Insecticides against Major Insect Pests of Phalsa (Grewia asiatica Linn.)

A two-year field experiment were conducted in a phalsa orchard situated at the Regional Horticulture Research Station (RHRS), Raya, District-Samba to study the efficacy of selected insecticides against major insect pests of phalsa. During the experiment, seven treatments were taken which were replicated thrice in the randomized block design. The insecticides were sprayed at the peak or ETL level of the insect problem population, insect population was noted one day before the spraying and three and ten days after the spraying. Five randomly chosen plants were subjected to pre- and post-treatment of herbicides, and insect counts was taken. Further, ten days after a second spray, 100 randomly selected fruits from each plant were examined to figure out the amount of fruits that were injured overall. Fruit damage (%) was then computed. The yield was calculated by employing the net plot area method, and the yield and cost of plant protection were utilized to calculate the monetary benefits and incremental cost-benefit ratios of the treatments. The application of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L was found to be the most effective method for suppressing aphids, with Fipronil 5 SC @ 1.0 ml/L, Chlorpyriphos 20 EC, and control following suit. Additionally, plots treated with imidacloprid had the highest cost-benefit ratio, followed by treatments with Fipronil and dichlorvos Therefore, in Jammu's subtropical climate, applying imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/L is the most efficient way to control insect pests and increase phalsa yield.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the film-cooling a gas turbine vane pressure side with various internal rib angles

To study the effects of the internal rib angles on the film cooling performance of turbine vane, a single row of film cooling holes on the pressure side was investigated using pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technology and numerical approaches. For the four internal ribbed cooling channels (smooth channel, 30°, 60° and 90° ribs), the distributions of film cooling effectiveness at three blowing ratios (0.3, 0.5, 0.8) and two density ratios (1.0, 1.5) were studied. Experimental results showed that the 30° rib is the most effective for most working conditions, followed by the smooth channel. When the blowing ratio (M) increases from 0.3 to 0.8, the film cooling effectiveness improvement of the 30° rib increases from 32.2% to 96.4% compared with the smooth channel. With the exception of slight variations at the local level, the area-average film cooling effectiveness for various angled ribs decreases as the blowing ratio increases within the scope of the experiment. The adherence of the cooling jet improves as the density ratio increases. For different angled ribs, the spanwise coverage of the film expands, the area with high cooling effectiveness expands, and the spanwise average film cooling effectiveness increases at the downstream regions of the film holes. With the increase of blowing ratio, the increment of density ratio on film cooling effectiveness is increased. The increment ratio for the smooth channel is the largest as the density ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.5 and it reaches 135 % when blowing ratio is 0.8. The film cooling effectiveness of film discharge for a turbine vane is systematically investigated with different rib configurations. The current study is useful for designing the pressure side of turbine vanes.

922. Cost-effectiveness of baloxavir marboxil versus oseltamivir or no treatment for the management of influenza in the United States

Abstract Background Influenza poses a significant burden that can be effectively mitigated with antivirals. Baloxavir marboxil is an oral, single dose first-in-class endonuclease inhibitor that improves influenza symptoms and rapidly reduces virus shedding, shortening the infectious period and potentially reducing viral transmission. This study used real-world data to inform a cost-effectiveness (CE) model of antiviral treatment with baloxavir vs oseltamivir or no treatment. Methods A decision tree CE model was developed for seasonal influenza between 2018 and 2020. Patients aged 12 and older could receive baloxavir, oseltamivir or no treatment (Figure 1). Outcomes included complications, recovery and death. Patient profile and characteristics, complications and costs were derived from the Merative™ MarketScan® Research Databases, including US commercial claims, Medicare and Medicaid Supplemental databases. Healthcare resource use included outpatient visits, hospitalizations and intensive care unit admissions. Clinical inputs, recovery rates and utilities were derived from the literature. The base case model used a lifetime time horizon with 3.0% discounting for costs and 2.7% for quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), assuming no transmission reduction. A subgroup analysis was conducted for otherwise healthy (OwH) and high-risk groups; scenario analyses explored the impact of reduced viral transmission with baloxavir. Results In the base case analysis, baloxavir resulted in an incremental CE ratio (ICER) of $7788/QALY vs oseltamivir and $311/QALY vs no treatment; subgroup analyses showed even greater CE in the high-risk population (Table 1). Scenario analyses showed increasing net monetary benefit (NMB) with incremental reductions in viral transmission with baloxavir, where a 5% reduction in transmission yielded a NMB for baloxavir of $4153 vs oseltamivir and $13,098 vs no treatment (Figure 2). Conclusion This real-world evidence-driven model showed that baloxavir is cost-effective vs oseltamivir or no treatment from a US payer perspective. Transmission reductions with baloxavir can have a substantial health economic benefit, and baloxavir may play an important role in management of seasonal influenza and pandemic preparedness. Disclosures Svenn Hansen, n/a, F. Hoffman La Roche: Employee|F. Hoffman La Roche: Stocks/Bonds Shih-Chen Cheng, M.S., P.h.D, Genentech/F. Hoffman La Roche: Genentech Employee|Genentech/F. Hoffman La Roche: Stocks/Bonds Andy Surinach, MPH, Genentech/Roche: employee of Genesis Research which receives funding from Genentech/Roche for consulting services Vince Yau, PhD, Genentech/F. Hoffman La Roche: Genentech Employee|Genentech/F. Hoffman La Roche: Stocks/Bonds Jennie H. Best, PhD, Genentech: Stocks/Bonds Hassan Zaraket, PhD, F. Hoffman La Roche: Employee|F. Hoffman La Roche: Stocks/Bonds Hao Zhou, PhD, Genentech/F. Hoffman La Roche: Genentech Employee|Genentech/F. Hoffman La Roche: Stocks/Bonds Marie-Helene Blanchet Zumofen, PhD MBA, F. Hoffman La Roche: Employee|F. Hoffman La Roche: Stocks/Bonds

Using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for predicting thermal conductivity of silica -MWCNT-alumina/water hybrid nanofluid

In this study, the thermal conductivity (knf) of Silicon Oxide-MWCNT-Alumina/Water hybrid nanofluid (HNF) is predicted versus solid volume fraction (SVF) and temperature. For this reason, various combinations of SVF and temperature are considered from SVF= 0.1–0.5% and 20–60 (°C) respectively. Then, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been effectively used to model the knf of HNF as one of the effective machine learning techniques. Various shapes of membership functions are considered and the generalized bell shape membership function showed to have acceptable accuracy for knf prediction using an ANFIS-based model. Moreover, the outcomes reveal that the effect of SVF is higher than temperature influence on the knf of HNF. Specifically, when the SVF is increased from 0.1% to 0.5%, there is an approximate 25% increase in knf. Conversely, an increase in temperature leads to a smaller ratio of knf increment. When the temperature rises from 20° to 60°C, knf only increases by less than 10%. The highest error value is found at φ = 0.2% and T = 60 °C, amounting to 0.01128 W/mK.