Increase In Wave Frequency Research Articles

Two-phase flow simulations at [formula omitted] inclination in an eccentric annulus

Co-current two-phase simulations of gas-liquid flow with mixture velocities from 1.2 to 4.2 m/s were run in a partially eccentric annulus and compared with entirely eccentric and concentric experimental data collected at the Institute for Energy Technology in Norway. The gas-phase was sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) for all cases, while the liquid-phase was Exxsol D60 for the horizontal cases and a mixture of Exxsol D60 and Marcol 82 for the inclined case. The outer diameter of the annulus was 0.1 m for all cases, while the inner diameter was 0.05 m in the horizontal configuration and 0.04 m for the inclined configuration. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of the holdup fraction, mixture velocity, and interior pipe’s position on the pressure gradient and flow regime, in effect a study of the pressure gradient and holdup fraction transients. The comparisons between simulations and experiments indicate that moving the pipe from an entirely eccentric to the partially eccentric configuration has a drastic impact on the pressure gradient. In all 4 cases where the inner pipe was changed from a completely eccentric geometry in the experiments to a less eccentric configuration in the simulations, we notice an increase of 48–303% of the mean pressure gradient. Comparatively, the 4 cases where the pipe was moved from a concentric experimental configuration to a more eccentric configuration in the simulations result in less drastic pressure gradient changes. Two cases were within 22% of the experimental results for mean, maximum, and minimum pressure gradient, while the last two cases exceeded the minimum and mean pressure gradients by 25–250%, respectively. The flow regime is rarely significantly affected by a change in eccentricity; 2 out of the 8 horizontal cases indicate either a transition from wavy flow to slug flow or significantly larger waves. The most prominent and frequent discrepancies identified were altered slug and wave frequencies. The last case, a 4o inclined, partially eccentric simulation was compared to an entirely eccentric experiment and results in a 0.2 Hz increase in wave frequency, up from the experimental 0.56 Hz and a 49% increase in the mean pressure gradient.

Long-term sub-micrometer aerosol chemical composition in the boreal forest: inter- and intra-annual variability

Abstract. The Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR) II is well known among atmospheric scientists due to the immense amount of observational data it provides of the Earth–atmosphere interface. Moreover, SMEAR II plays an important role for the large European research infrastructure, enabling the large scientific community to tackle climate- and air-pollution-related questions, utilizing the high-quality long-term data sets recorded at the site. So far, this well-documented site was missing the description of the seasonal variation in aerosol chemical composition, which helps understanding the complex biogeochemical and physical processes governing the forest ecosystem. Here, we report the sub-micrometer aerosol chemical composition and its variability, employing data measured between 2012 and 2018 using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). We observed a bimodal seasonal trend in the sub-micrometer aerosol concentration culminating in February (2.7, 1.6, and 5.1 µg m−3 for the median, 25th, and 75th percentiles, respectively) and July (4.2, 2.2, and 5.7 µg m−3 for the median, 25th, and 75th percentiles, respectively). The wintertime maximum was linked to an enhanced presence of inorganic aerosol species (ca. 50 %), whereas the summertime maximum (ca. 80 % organics) was linked to biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. During the exceptionally hot months of July of 2014 and 2018, the organic aerosol concentrations were up to 70 % higher than the 7-year July mean. The projected increase in heat wave frequency over Finland will most likely influence the loading and chemical composition of aerosol particles in the future. Our findings suggest strong influence of meteorological conditions such as radiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed and direction on aerosol chemical composition. To our understanding, this is the longest time series reported describing the aerosol chemical composition measured online in the boreal region, but the continuous monitoring will also be maintained in the future.

SERCA Stimulation Triggers Arrhythmogenic Ca2+ Events in Mouse Cardiomyocytes Harboring the RyR2R420Q+/- Mutation

Mutations of the RyR2 are channelopathies that can predispose to life threatening catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardias (CPVTs) during exercise or stress. However, the cellular mechanisms that are causal downstream of the ß-adrenergic receptor (ß-AR) activation are not defined. They may be specific and different for each particular RyR2 mutation. Obvious possibilities are the phosphorylation of the mutated RyR2s or the stimulation of the SR Ca2+ pump (SERCA), which could increase SR Ca2+ loading. Potentially arrhythmogenic Ca2+ signals, such as Ca2+ waves, were recorded and analyzed from WT and RyR2R420Q+/- mouse cardiomyocytes with confocal microscopy after field stimulation at 1Hz. In RyR2R420Q+/- cardiomyocytes we found a higher occurrence and frequency of Ca2+ waves, particularly upon ß-AR stimulation with Isoproterenol. This was accompanied by a shorter latency to the first spontaneous wave. Wave velocity, amplitude and decay time (tau) analyzed in de-skewed waves were comparable in both cell types. When determining the SR Ca2+ threshold for wave generation by simultaneously measuring the cytosolic and SR Ca2+ concentration in permeabilized cells, we found a significantly lower threshold for Ca2+ waves in the RyR2R420Q+/- cells. To obtain further insight into the role of the SERCA we specifically stimulated SERCA using Fab fragments of a PLB antibody (2D12). The Fab fragments increased wave frequency, which was more pronounced in the R420Q+/- cardiomyocytes. Spark-to-spark recovery analysis suggested a remarkably higher RyR2R420Q+/- Ca2+ sensitivity, both in control and upon ß-AR stimulation. Together with the lowered SR Ca2+ wave threshold and the arrhythmogenicity of isolated SERCA stimulation, these findings are consistent with a higher intra-SR Ca2+ sensitivity of the RyR2R420Q+/-. In this CPVT mouse model harboring a RyR2 gain of function mutation, the lower wave threshold may lead to SR Ca2+ imbalance during SERCA stimulation.

Theoretical Analysis of Parameter Optimization for Lower-Ionosphere Excitation ELF/VLF Waves Based on Chirp-BOK Modulated Heating

To improve the anti-interference for ELF/VLF communication based on modulated heating lower-ionosphere, chirp spread spectrum technology with strong anti-interference is combined with square wave amplitude modulation, a novel method of chirp-BOK modulated heating lower-ionosphere is proposed in this paper. On this basis, to improve the radiation efficiency of ELF/VLF, the effects of heating parameters (effective radiation power, pump frequency, polarization mode, modulation frequency, duty cycle, and bandwidth) on the radiation efficiency of ELF/VLF were analyzed. The results show that the radiation amplitude of ELF/VLF increases with the increase of effective radiation power, while the radiation efficiency increases first and then decreases; the X-mode is better than the O-mode; the radiation intensity of ELF/VLF decreases with the increase of pump wave frequency from 4MHz to 10MHz; the ELF/VLF equivalent dipole moments increase with the rise of modulation frequency from 500Hz to 5kHz; with the change of duty cycle from 10% to 90%, the dipole moments first increase and then decrease, and the optimal range of duty cycle is 40% to 70%; with the increase of bandwidth, the dipole moments are unchanged. Furthermore, the ELF/VLF dipole moments of square wave amplitude modulated heating ionosphere is unchanged before and after the chirp spread spectrum.

The Applicability of WKB Method in Studying Inhomogeneous Dusty Plasma

In this article, the applicability of the Wentzel–Kramer–Brillouin (WKB) method in studying inhomogeneous dusty plasma is discussed. First the power transmission coefficient of electromagnetic waves in inhomogeneous dusty plasma is derived based on the WKB method. Then, the power transmission coefficients of the double exponential and hyperbolic electron number density distribution models are numerically simulated. The numerical results reveal that the power transmission coefficient increases with the increase of incident wave frequency. Furthermore, comparing the power transmission coefficient of the WKB method and the analytical method in common plasma and dusty plasma, it is found that the WKB method is more applicable for common plasma. Finally, the applicable region of the WKB method for dusty plasma is discussed. The results reveal that the electron number density distribution is crucial for the applicable region of the WKB method, as well as for the incident wave frequency.

Wave characteristics of the falling liquid film in the development region at high Reynolds numbers

The wave characteristics of the turbulent falling liquid film in the development region along the vertical Perspex plate were studied by using an Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (a non-intrusive technique). The instantaneous thickness of the falling film at the center of the plate with axial distance ranges from 50 mm to 1300 mm was measured and the Rel (the liquid film Reynolds number) ranges from 2.28 × 103 to 1.43 × 104. The results show that the mean thickness, wave frequency and amplitude increase while the growth rate decreases with the increase of Rel. The Probability Density Function of the liquid film instantaneous thickness tends to an approximately normal distribution with increasing Rel. Furthermore, the Plateau-Rayleigh instability can cause the breakup of the liquid film surface and resist the increase of the liquid film thickness, which results in the fluctuation range of the liquid film approximate to a fixed value when the Rel > 1.20 × 104.

Study of the Absorption Properties of Terahertz Wave in the Plasma Medium

Abstract In this article, we study about the absorption properties of terahertz (THz) wave in the magnetic plasma medium. Terahertz wave has strong transmission in plasma. Generally speaking, with the increase in THz wave frequency, the transmission in plasma is stronger. Thus, we can consider raising carrier frequency to THz band to solve the communication of “blackout.” We found that the absorption in magnetic plasma is greatly affected by magnetic field. The changes on the power absorption coefficient of the two kinds of eigen wave in magnetic plasma vary with how the outside magnetic field, incident angle, and the thickness of the plasma are obtained. The study found that following the increase in magnetic field, the absorption of left circularly polarised waves (L-wave) gradually reduces, and the right circularly polarised waves (R-wave) will produce two absorption peaks, and these two absorption peaks move to high frequency as a whole. With the increase in incident angle and the high spectrum absorption of L-wave enhancement, the reflection between the two absorption peaks of R-wave broadens. The reflection area on the left side of the low-frequency area to absorb has a little change. The absorption on the right side of the high-frequency area is enhancement. With the increase in the plasma thickness, the L-wave absorption peak on the right side of the high-frequency area absorbs enhancement; the R-wave reflection between the two absorption peak areas is impregnability, the second absorption peak absorption enhancement on the right side of the high-frequency area. The study has shown the different absorption mechanisms of the L-wave and the R-wave and shown different absorption features in magnetic plasma.

The electromagnetic waves propagation characteristics of inhomogeneous dusty plasma

In this paper, the double exponential and hyperbolic electron number density distribution models are firstly established for dusty plasma. And then, the power transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient of those two models are respectively derived based on analytic method. In further, the numerical analysis is used to analyze the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in inhomogeneous dusty plasma, taking rocket exhaust as a typical example. Finally, the comparison between the dusty plasma and common plasma is realized. In a word, the simulation results reveal that the transmission coefficient of dusty plasma is smaller than that of common plasma, and it increases with the increase of incident wave frequency.

Flow and Heat Transfer in Curve Channel with Cosinoidal Wave Wall Structure

Heat transfer rate in curve channel decreases with channel curvature since the secondary flow turns weak with the decrease of centrifugal force. In this paper, the periodical wave wall structure is introduced into curve channel for improving heat transfer rate in the curve channel with small curvature. The channel radius is not constant anymore but varies periodically based on a cosinoidal function. Three-dimensional numerical investigation was carried out to explore the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the curve-wave channel, and the effects of wave frequency and average curvature on the heat transfer performance were analysed. The results show that the heat transfer rate in curve channel can be improve up to 95.50% due to the periodical wave wall structure, while the friction factor increases by 53.94%. The effect of periodical wave wall structure gets obvious with the increase of Re. Heat transfer in curve-wave channel can be further enhanced by increasing wave frequency of channel wall. In addition, the effect of wave wall structure on heat transfer is dependent on the overall curvature of curve-wave channel and stronger for larger-curvature curve-wave channel. The performance factors of all the curve-wave channels are almost above 1, indicating that this structure can be used as an economic passive heat transfer enhancement method.

Hair loss in parity violating gravity

The recent detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO/VIRGO collaboration has allowed for the first tests of Einstein’s theory in the extreme gravity regime, where the gravitational interaction is simultaneously strong, non-linear and dynamical. One such test concerns the rate at which the binaries inspiral, or equivalently the rate at which the gravitational wave frequency increases, which can constrain the existence of hairy black holes. This is because black holes with scalar hair typically excite dipole radiation, which in turn leads to a faster decay rate and frequency chirping. In this paper, we present mathematical proofs that scalar hair is not sourced in stationary, asymptotically flat, and axisymmetric spacetimes, including those appropriate to stars and black holes, when considering extensions of Einstein’s theory that break parity in gravity, focusing on dynamical Chern–Simons theory as a particular toy model. This result implies that current electromagnetic observations of accreting black hole systems or of binary pulsars cannot constrain parity violation in gravity today.

0958 Effects of CPAP On EEG Delta Frequency In Patients with RBD: A Descriptive Case Series

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) have been associated with increased risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We are interested in identifying the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in patients with iRBD and OSA when they are treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We hypothesized that there would be less delta activity in REM sleep with CPAP treatment. Our future goal is to identify the benefits of CPAP treatment in patients with iRBD and OSA and how this may help in the delay of onset or decrease progression of neurodegeneration. 3 patients diagnosed with iRBD and OSA based on the clinical history and nocturnal polysomnography findings, underwent CPAP titration. Six well-defined (without any artifact, arousals and respiratory events) REM sleep epochs (10 seconds each) were identified for each patient during the diagnostic and titration studies. The delta frequency band (0.4-3.6 Hz) in these portions was analyzed with spectral analysis. The discrete fast Fourier transform was used to calculate the EEG power spectrum. Spectral analysis showed a decrease in the mean delta power in two patients. In patient 1, mean Delta frequency decreased from 82.33 (95% CI: 76.69-87.97, SD: 9.9) to 72.66 (95% CI: 66.13-79.2; SD: 11.54). In patient 2, mean Delta frequency decreased from 72.41 (95% CI: 66.12-78.70, SD: 11.11) to 43.66 (95% CI: 36.87-50.45; SD: 11.99). Patient 3 has less delta activity at baseline {26.91 (95% CI: 20.6-33.23, SD 11.16)} and did not decrease with CPAP {41.25 (95% CI 30.83-51.66, SD 18.4)}. Our findings suggest that there are significant EEG changes in patients with IRBD and OSA with the treatment of CPAP. The overall increase in delta wave frequency in REM sleep stage might be indicative of encephalopathy with possible cognitive consequences in these patients. Subsequent decrease in delta frequency might be due to the beneficial effect of CPAP. Further studies with larger samples are required to validate the preliminary results presented here. None

Angles and waves: intervertebral joint angles and axial kinematics of limbed lizards, limbless lizards, and snakes

Segmentation gives rise to the anterior-posterior axis in many animals, and in vertebrates this axis comprises serially arranged vertebrae. Modifications to the vertebral column abound, and a recurring, but functionally understudied, change is the elongation of the body through the addition and/or elongation of vertebrae. Here, we compared the vertebral and axial kinematics of the robustly limbed Fire skink (Riopa fernandi) representing the ancestral form, the limbless European glass lizard (Ophisaurus apodus), and the Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon). We induced these animals to traverse through channels and peg arrays of varied widths and densities, respectively, using high-speed X-ray and light video. We found that even though the snake had substantially more and shorter vertebrae than either lizard, intervertebral joint angles did not differ between species in most treatment levels. All three species decreased the amplitude and wavelength of their undulations as channels narrowed and the lizard species increased wave frequency in narrower channels. In peg arrays, both lizard species decreased wave amplitude, while the snake showed no differences. All three species maintained similar wavelengths and frequencies as peg density increased in most cases. Our results suggest that amplitude is decoupled from wavelength and frequency in all three focal taxa. The combination of musculoskeletal differences and the decoupling of axial kinematic traits likely facilitates the formation of different undulatory waves, thereby allowing limbless species to adopt different modes of locomotion.

Research on hydrodynamic characteristics of conical bottom oscillating float based on AQWA

This paper simulates the conical oscillating float by hydrodynamic calculation software. It mainly focuses on the modelling and simulation of the float cone angle, and analyses the frequency domain of the respective radiation damping, added mass, exciting force and Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs). The results show that when the frequency is greater than 0.9Hz, the exciting force and the added mass of the float are smaller. When the frequency is less than 0.6 Hz, the radiation damping increases as the wave frequency increases, RAOs will change slightly. When the frequency is greater than 0.6 Hz, the radiation damping and RAOs decrease as the frequency increases. For an oscillating float of the same mass and different cone angles, the added mass reaches a maximum value when the wave frequency is about 0.2 Hz, and the added mass change is small when the frequency is greater than 0.9 Hz.

On wave diffraction of two-dimensional moonpools in a two-layer fluid with finite depth

This paper studies the wave diffraction problem of two-dimensional moonpools in a two-layer fluid by using domain decomposition scheme and the method of eigenfunction expansion. Wave exciting forces, free surface and internal wave elevations are computed and analyzed for both surface wave and internal wave modes. The present model is validated by comparing a limiting case with a single-layer fluid case. Both piston mode and sloshing mode resonances have been identified and analyzed. It is observed that, compared with the solutions in surface wave mode, the wave exciting forces in internal wave mode are much smaller, and show more peaks and valleys in low-frequency region. As the wave frequency increases, the bandwidth of sloshing mode resonances decreases. Extensive parametric studies have been performed to examine the effects of moonpool geometry and density stratification on the resonant wave motion and exciting forces. It is found that, for twin bodies with deep draft in surface wave mode, the decreasing density ratio has little effects on the sloshing mode resonance frequencies but can somehow suppress the horizontal wave exciting forces and surface wave elevations around piston mode resonance region. In addition, the presence of lower-layer fluid can lead to the reduction of piston mode resonance frequency.

IBIEM Analysis of Dynamic Response of a Shallowly Buried Lined Tunnel Based on Viscous‐Slip Interface Model

A viscous‐slip interface model is proposed to simulate the contact state between a tunnel lining structure and the surrounding rock. The boundary integral equation method is adopted to solve the scattering of the plane SV wave by a tunnel lining in an elastic half‐space. We place special emphasis on the dynamic stress concentration of the lining and the amplification effect on the surface displacement near the tunnel. Scattered waves in the lining and half‐space are constructed using the fictitious wave sources close to the lining surfaces based on Green’s functions of cylindrical expansion and the shear wave source. The magnitudes of the fictitious wave sources are determined by viscous‐slip boundary conditions, and then the total response is obtained by superposition of the free and scattered fields. The slip stiffness and viscosity coefficients at the lining‐surrounding rock interface have a significant influence on the dynamic stress distribution and the nearby surface displacement response in the tunnel lining. Their influence is controlled by the incident wave frequency and angle. The hoop stress increases gradually in the inner wall of the lining as sliding stiffness increases under a low‐frequency incident wave. In the high‐frequency resonance frequency band, where incident wave frequency is consistent with the natural frequency of the soil column above the tunnel, the dynamic stress concentration effect is more significant when it is smaller. The dynamic stress concentration factor inside the lining decreases gradually as the viscosity coefficient increases. The spatial distribution and the displacement amplitudes of surface displacement near the tunnel change as incident wave frequency and angle increase. The effective dynamic analysis of the underground structure under an actual strong dynamic load should consider the slip effect at the lining‐surrounding rock interface.

Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Wave Instability by Loss Cone Distribution

AbstractWe propose a new method to construct a controllable and quantifiable loss cone distribution. Then, we derive a linear growth rate formula of the electrostatic mode for a realistic and arbitrary distribution function. Such formula is used to perform a parametric study of instability analysis of the electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) wave in a plasma consisting of electron loss cone distribution and isotropic cold electron distribution. We find (1) the peak linear growth rate and the corresponding wave frequency increase with the loss cone size. The wave frequency of peak growth rate is about 1.5 and 2.5 times electron cyclotron frequency when loss cone is about 4–6° wide. The wave normal angle corresponding to the growth rate peak decreases with the loss cone size. (2) Increasing hot electron temperature anisotropy decreases the growth rate but hardly changes the wave frequency and wave normal angle corresponding to the growth rate peak. (3) Increasing hot electron parallel temperature tends to increase both the peak growth rate and wave normal angle but only change the corresponding wave frequency slightly. (4) The peak growth rate and its corresponding wave frequency increase with ωpe/|Ωe| for wavebands above or passing upper hybrid resonance frequency ωUHR and almost remain unchanged for wavebands below ωUHR. (5) Increasing cold electron temperature tends to decrease wave frequency and increase wave normal angle and peak growth rate for wavebands below ωUHR. The impact of our work on ECH wave generation and the significance of ECH waves on diffuse aurora are also discussed.

Predicting the crack open displacements of a partially debonded pipeline in rock mass under SH waves

To avoid the in-service crack growth of pipelines, a fundamentally based mathematical model of a partially debonded pipeline embedded in the rock mass is proposed, and the dynamic crack open displacement under anti-plane shear waves is theoretical derived. The debonding region around the pipeline is modeled as an interface crack with noncontacting faces. The wave fields in different regions are expressed by wave function expansion method. The crack opening displacement in the debonding region is represented by Chebyshev polynomials. Some examples are illustrated, and the results are figured. The results show that the crack open displacement increases with increasing wave frequency. Due to the increase of pipeline thickness, the crack open displacement also increases. In the region of high frequency, the value of crack open displacement is more sensitive to the crack size. Comparison with existing results is given to validate this dynamic model. • A fundamentally based mathematical model of a partially debonded pipeline embedded in the rock mass is proposed. • The dynamic crack open displacement under anti-plane shear waves is theoretical derived. • The debonding region around the pipeline is modeled as an interface crack with noncontacting faces. • Some methods for preventing the crack open are given.

Coherent terahertz radiation from beam-driven upper hybrid wave in magnetostatic plasma

ABSTRACTA scheme for generating tunable terahertz radiation using relativistic electron beam-induced upper hybrid wave immersed in a magnetized plasma is investigated. The ponderomotive force applied to the beam electrons because of electromagnetic radiation wave and pump wave generates the non-linear current density in the high-frequency regime. For an appropriate pump wave frequency, under the condition of phase matching the THz radiation wave is obtained. The enhancement in the radiation power occurs along the axial direction in the vicinity of Cerenkov resonance. Our analytical expression shows that the growth rate in the unstable modes of the THz radiation wave increases with beam density (beam current) and the modulation index. In addition, the growth rate of the instability decreases with an increase in radiation wave frequency and scales as the inverse cube root of radiation frequency. An interesting result obtained from our model is that an increase in cyclotron frequency causes the growth decrement in THz radiation emission, while the efficiency of THz radiation emission increases with the growth rate and the modulation index. Also, the emission of the THz radiation wave becomes larger as the modulation index approaches unity.

Interaction of terahertz waves propagation in a homogeneous, magnetized, and collisional plasma slab

ABSTRACTThe properties of terahertz waves propagation in a homogeneous, magnetized, and collisional plasma are studied in this paper. We first theoretically calculate the reflectance and absorbance coefficients for terahertz waves passing through this region. Then, numerous simulations are conducted to investigate the influence of the plasma on the terahertz waves propagation. According to the results, the plasma density, collision frequency, and magnetic field play important roles in dielectric spectra, and then result in large impacts on the propagation with the variation of the plasma thickness, incident angle, and the gas pressure. The absorbance increases with the increase of plasma density, and the collision frequency. With respect to the collisional absorption and electron cyclotron resonance, the absorbance first increases to its maximum peak and then decreases as the wave frequency increases. When the plasma density increases, the peak value shifts to a higher frequency. Meanwhile, the plasma slab acts as the absorber or reflector with the variation of the gas pressure and the plasma thickness. These results provide supplementary information on the terahertz waves propagation in plasma and can serve as a theoretical basis for its application.

Dark Chocolate (70% Cacao) Modulates Gamma Wave Frequencies in Vigorously Active Individuals

IntroductionVisualization and the demand to increase cognitive function to improve performance is an area of growing interest in athletes and physically active individuals. Modulatory control of acute action from cacao flavonoids on brain state remains unknown. The cacao flavonoid, epicatechin, can cross the blood brain barrier and accumulate in the hippocampal region of the brain, having a direct association with cognition, learning, and memory. Gamma (25–48 Hz) waves, the fastest of the brainwave frequencies, are optimal for cognitive function.PurposeDetermine if savoring and ingestion of dark chocolate (70% cacao) can modulate gamma wave frequencies between visualization at a state of rest and a state of exercise performance via electroencephalography (EEG) in vigorously active individuals.MethodsTen vigorously active, healthy adults were enrolled. Participants consisted of 5 females and 5 males with a mean age of 23.7 ± 2.2 years. Vigorous activity was defined by the Centers for Disease Control and American College of Sports Medicine. Participants' visualization of rest and exercise were assessed by EEG Power Spectral Density (PSD) during three 60‐seconds trials: without cacao (1.4g of 70% cacao bar, Parliament Chocolates, Redlands, CA) consumption, savoring cacao, and after fully ingesting cacao. EEG wave band activity was recorded from nine cerebral cortical scalp locations using the EEG B‐Alert X10 System, Carlsbad CA. A Z‐score, using a reference baseline at visualization of rest without cacao, was utilized.ResultsDuring visualization of rest, there was a 541.5% increase in gamma wave frequency when comparing no cacao to savoring cacao and a 169.3% increase when comparing no cacao to after ingestion of cacao. During exercise visualization, there was a 207.5% increase in gamma wave frequency when comparing no cacao to savoring cacao and a 45.7% increase when comparing no cacao to after ingestion of cacao. When savoring cacao, there was a 13.8% increase in gamma wave frequency when comparing rest visualization to exercise visualization. After fully ingesting cacao, there was a 28.5% increase in gamma wave frequency when comparing rest visualization to exercise visualization.ConclusionWe suggest that EEG gamma waves are heightened during savoring and ingestion of 1.4 g of cacao, when visualization of rest and exercise take place. Our study demonstrates the potential increase in cognitive function for vigorously active individuals to achieve a level of peak performance. Further research is needed to expand these positive findings.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.