Increasing Salinity Concentration Research Articles

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF QUINOA TO SALT STRESS UNDER SHAD HOUSE CONDITION

Quinoa is a halophytic species emerging as a potential new crop in many regions of the world because of the nutritional composition of their seeds. This study has been carried out at the Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Science, Arish University, Egypt during the two successive growing seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The experiment has been done at the shad net house of the experimental crop farm using quinoa seedlings (one month old), which grow in pots. Seedlings have been irrigated every two days using four treatments of irrigation water (control, 100, 150, 200 mM), where control was tap water 85 mM. It was observed that vegetative parameters of quinoa seedling were significantly decreased with increasing water salinity concentration .The highest value for each of plant height, root length, number of leaves, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, water relative content was obtained with low saline control, followed by 100, 150 and 200mM which gave the lowest values in this respect. Concerning growth analysis, the maximum value for each of leaf area duration, relative growth rate, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate was achieved by control, followed by the other respected studied concentration which gave the lowest values. The obtained results cleared that the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, pigments decreased in plant tissue with increasing water salinity concentration. However, sodium and proline concentrations increased in plant tissue with increasing salinity concentration. It worthy to note that there were significant differences between Giza1 and Giza2 in most studied parameters.

Development of an eco-friendly bio-based granular geomaterial for the environmental restoration of Ichkeul Lake, Tunisia

Ichkeul Lake in northern Tunisia is a UNESCO World Heritage site. During the 1990s, its role as a nesting site for birds migrating between Europe and Africa became less prominent due to the increase in salinity due to the inflow of seawater from the Bay of Bizerte. This seawater inflow with increasing saline concentration was enhanced by lake-bed subsidence due to a reduction in sediment supply as a result of reservoir development. This phenomenon occurred by decreasing lake-bed elevation, which was accelerated by the draining from Ichkeul Lake to the Bay of Bizerte, with the resuspension of lake-bed sediments due to wind disturbance. In this study, self-medicating granular geomaterial with in situ microorganisms was proposed to raise or maintain the lake-bed elevation. This geomaterial can enhance urease-producing bacterial activity in the lake and accelerate calcite precipitation onto the surface of the lake bed, thus improving the benthos’ living conditions. Further, nitrogen resources are released from this geomaterial, which enhances the lake ecosystem by promoting aquatic plant growth. Filed column exposure tests were conducted to evaluate the proposed method’s effectiveness. Results were as expected. Therefore, this new geomaterial should help restore the function of Ichkeul Lake as a habitat for migratory birds while also recovering lake-bed elevation and aquatic plant conditions.

Henna extract as a potential sacrificial agent in reducing surfactant adsorption on kaolinite: The role of salinity

The adsorption ability of henna extract as a cheap, environment-friendly and easily available sacrificial agent was investigated. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was used to characterized henna extract and kaolinite. The adsorption of henna extract on kaolinite was done using Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The effects of salinity on the henna extract adsorption on kaolinite were studied. The mechanisms of the adsorption process were interpreted. Also, henna extract performances in reducing the adsorption of surfactant in the proximity of salts were assessed. The outcome shows that henna extract adsorption on kaolinite was increased with increasing salinity concentrations. The adsorption value increased from 7.88 to 13.35 mg/g in 0 and 50,000 mg/L of salinity respectively. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption process were mainly hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attractions. A reduction of 53% of surfactant adsorption was observed and showed a profound decrease in the adsorption of surfactant in the presence of henna extract suggesting a possibility to be utilized as a sacrificial agent in reducing surfactant adsorption.

Testing salt stress on aquatic plants: effect of salt source and substrate

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of industrial sand and commercial salts for mimicking brackish systems in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Many wetland and freshwater aquatic plants are adversely affected by salt stress and increased salinity concentrations. Sea level rise can increase salinity in aquatic ecosystems and shift vegetation compositions toward more salt-tolerant species. Many studies focus on salt tolerance mechanisms to understand the impacts of wetland salinization and saltwater intrusion. Ideally, natural substrates and seawater should be employed in these experiments to represent the natural environment, but acquiring seawater and field soil is not always feasible, so researchers use proxies to simulate these materials in greenhouse experiments. In this study, we evaluated the growth of Vallisneria americana and Hydrilla verticillata under four salinity levels (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppt) induced by four salt sources commonly used by researchers (seawater, Instant Ocean Aquarium Mix, laboratory-grade NaCl and Morton Sea Salt). Plants were grown in separate fertilized pots filled with field-collected soil or silica sand and were submersed in 60-L mesocosms filled with pond water. Salinity levels were increased gradually, and water level, salinity and pH were monitored every week. Our results showed that Instant Ocean Aquarium Mix is an appropriate proxy for inducing salinity in mesocosm experiments as its effects on plant biomass were similar to those produced in seawater. Substrate type did not affect the biomass of either plant species, which suggests that sand could be utilized in these types of experiments, provided plants are grown with sufficient fertilization.

Genetic Responds of Two Varieties of Amaranthus on Diffrerent Salinity Concentrarations Grown in Mubi, Nigeria

The result of this study showed that the growth performance of the two varieties of amaranth were greatly reduced, in terms of number of leaves per plant in the saline treated plant exposed to the highest saline concentration compared to the control. Amaranthus cruentus had more number of leaves (6.63) than Amaranthus hybridus (5.67) and Amaranthus hybridus had higher survival rate than Amranthus cruentus(1.83). Although both test plant varieties responded to varying saline concentrations in various ways, both tends to show similar responds. Also, the number of days to germination increases with increased salinity concentrations the two amaranth varieties was both adversely affected by higher saline concentrations, where increased salinity concentrations caused reduction in shoot length Also, the leave breadth was better in the control and the plants with lower amounts of NaCl concentration(0.025 and 0.05), this implies that Amaranthus hybridus and Amaranthus cruenthus tolerate moderate salinity levels, while the plants with higher salinity concentrations (0.075,0.01,0.15) had leave breadth that were small, and eventually died because of high amounts of salt.

Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance of Some Selected Almond Genotypes Budded on GF677 Rootstock

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors: genotypes in 11 levels (Tuono, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokoufeh, Sahand, ‘Ferragnès,’ 1–16, 1–25, A200, 13–40 budded on GF677 rootstock, and GF677 (without budding)) and irrigation water salinity in five levels (0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 g/l of natural salt (equal electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.8 dS/m, respectively) and with 4 replication for each treatment in research greenhouse of Seed and Plant Institute in years 2013 and 2014. The results showed that with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll index, chlorophylls a, b, total, scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced in the all genotypes studied, but percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leaves were increased. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that salinity stress affected on the young trees by increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reduced variable fluorescence (Fv) in the plants and reduced variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescence of 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in Sahand cultivar and GF677 rootstock. The result showed that type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves, as well as was affected in increasing uptake of K+ by the roots and their transported to leaves. In this research, GF677 is well tolerated to water salinity to 4.9 dS/m but with higher range of salinity showed stress effects. The result showed that type of genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock was very effective in tolerant to salinity. Overall, ‘Ferragnès’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could tolerate salinity 3.6 g/l (Ec: 7.3 dS/m). Also, Sahand was recognized as the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress.

Effect of salinity on locomotor performance and thermal extremes of metamorphic Andean Toads (Rhinella spinulosa) from Monte Desert, Argentina

Rhinella spinulosa is distributed from Peru to Argentina (from 1200 to 5000 m elevation), inhabiting arid mountain valleys of the Andes, characterized by salty soils. The variations in soil salinity, caused by high evapotranspiration of water, can create an osmotic constraint and high thermal oscillations for metamorphsed Andean toad (R. spinulosa), affecting their thermoregulation and extreme thermal tolerances. We investigated the changes in thermal tolerance parameters (critical thermal maximum and crystallization temperature) of a population of metamorphosed R. spinulosa from the Monte Desert of San Juan, Argentina, under different substrate salinity conditions. Our results suggest that the locomotor performance of metamorphs of R. spinulosa is affected by increasing salinity concentrations in the environment where they develop. On the other hand, the thermal extremes of metamorphs of R. spinulosa also showed changes associated with different salinity conditions. According to other studies on different organisms, the increase of the osmolarity of the internal medium may increase the thermal tolerance of this species. More studies are needed to understand the thermo-osmolar adjustments of the metamorphs of toads to environmental variability.

Ionic Conductivity of Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels.

Polyelectrolytes have many important functions in both living organisms and man-made applications. One key property of polyelectrolytes is the ionic conductivity due to their porous networks that allow the transport of water and small molecular solutes. Among polyelectrolytes, zwitterionic polymers have attracted huge attention for applications that involve ion transport in a polyelectrolyte matrix; however, it is still unclear how the functional groups of zwitterionic polymer side chains affect their ion transport and swelling properties. In this study, zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine acrylamide), poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine), and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) hydrogels were synthesized and their ionic conductivity was studied and compared to cationic, anionic, and nonionic hydrogels. The change of the ionic conductivity of zwitterionic and nonionic hydrogels in different saline solutions was investigated in detail. Zwitterionic hydrogels showed much higher ionic conductivity than that of the widely used nonionic poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate hydrogel in all tested solutions. For both cationic and anionic hydrogels, the presence of mobile counterions led to high ionic conductivity in low salt solutions; however, the ionic conductivity of zwitterionic hydrogels surpassed that of cationic and ionic hydrogels in high salt solutions. Cationic and anionic hydrogels showed much higher water content than that of zwitterionic hydrogels in deionized water; however, the cationic hydrogels shrank significantly with increasing saline concentration. This work provides insight into the effects of polyelectrolyte side chains on ion transport. This can guide us in choosing better polyelectrolytes for a broad spectrum of applications, including bioelectronics, neural implants, battery, and so on.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT ECONOMIES OF HIGH SALINITY WATER WELLS DESALINATION IN DESERT LANDS.

The research aims to reach for integrated management economies of small water desalination plants, to achieve sustainable development in the desert lands, by studying how to apply integrated management methods of high-salinity wells desalination plants, also estimate the cost of desalinated water unit produced from reverse osmosis desalination plants powered by solar energy by changing of independent variables that effect on cost finally, a financial analysis of the model of the integrated management project of a desalination plant powered by renewable energy in Al Shalatin area has been done, The main results were as follows: (1): Increasing the salinity of water from (ppm 2000) to (ppm 48000) led to an increase in the cost of water unit production from $ 0.839 - $ 1.242 / m 3. (2): Increasing water temperature from (15( to (37) reduced the cost from $ 1.117-1.034 / m3. (3): Increased salinity concentration in water produced from 50 to 1000 ppm resulted in a lower cost of 1.0935 - 1.0810 $ / m3. (4): Increasing the production capacity of the desalination plant from 10 m3 / day to 150 m3 / day led to a decrease in desalination cost of cubic meter of desalinated water from 1.551 to 1.033 $. (5): The financial profitability of the project shows that the payback period was (four years and five months), (NPV) was (46657.21 $), the proportion of (CBA) (1.41), and (IRR) was 22.45%, which indicates the profitability of investment in such projects.

Concentrate management for integrated MBR-RO process for wastewater reclamation and reuse-preliminary tests

Brine generated from membrane filtration processes is becoming an important concern. Indeed, untreated or improperly managed concentrate can lead to serious negative effects in the environment. As some other flow configurations of RO systems, concentrate recirculation allows to reduce the brine generation. In this study, a high system water recovery and concentrate retention was achieved with the additional advantage of a reduced membrane water recovery, which minimizes the fouling effects of the increasing concentration of the solution being passed through the membrane. Solute rejections and permeate quality were not significantly affected by the different concentrate retention ratios and by the increasing salinity concentration of the solution in the feed tank during three hours of experiments. However, highly concentrated feed water can damage membranes and reduce its performances. Hence, with this configuration, the process have to be interrupted when the salt concentration in the feed tank reach a certain level.

Physiological response of ornamental tree species to induced salinity

An experiment was conducted to explore the possibility about saline irrigation water may be used to grow ornamental tree species in pots under sub tropical condition of Punjab for two years (2015-16). Five salinity treatments of NaCl (analytical reagent) as 0 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM and 60 mM were given to one year old seedlings planted in earthen pots (10”) containing soil : FYM (2:1). These concentrations were given till October. After October month, i.e. in first week of November the treatments of NaCl as 0 mM, 30 mM, 60 mM, 90 mM and 120 mM were given. The results indicated that the increased salinity concentration in Bauhinia purpurea and Milletia ovalifolia significantly reduced the total chlorophyll, carotenoid and relative water content, whereas increased the cell membrane injury during both years. In Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia fistula, total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids were maintained or slightly increased during first year and after that decreased, whereas relative water content increased with increase in salinity concentrations in first year and after that decreased. Electrolyte leakage in Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia fistula were maintained or slightly decreased during first year and during second year increased. It has been concluded that depending on the physiological responses, viz. total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, relative water content and membrane permeability index, maximum salt tolerance was observed in Acacia auriculiformis followed by Cassia fistula, Bauhinia purpurea and Milletia ovalifolia.

Modeling sulfur cycling and sulfate reactive transport in an agricultural groundwater system

Many irrigated agricultural areas worldwide suffer from salinization of soil, groundwater, and nearby river systems. Increasing salinity concentrations are due principally to a high water table that results from excessive irrigation, canal seepage, and a lack of efficient drainage systems, and lead to decreased crop yield. High groundwater salinity loading to nearby river systems also impacts downstream areas, where saline river water is diverted for application on irrigated fields. This paper presents a physically-based, spatially-distributed groundwater reactive transport model that simulates the fate and transport of sulfate, the principal salt ion in many salt-affected watersheds, in an agricultural groundwater system. The model, developed from the UZF-RT3D model that simulates chemical species transport in variably-saturated subsurface systems, accounts for sulfur cycling (crop uptake, organic matter decomposition, mineralization/immobilization) in the soil-plant system, oxidation-reduction reactions, including the oxidation of residual Sulfur in marine shale, and also the effect of dissolved oxygen and nitrate on sulfate chemical reduction. The model is tested at the small scale (i.e. soil profile) and at the regional scale (500km2) in the Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) in southeastern Colorado, an area acutely affected by salinization in the past few decades. Results demonstrate that although the major sulfate reactive transport processes are accounted for, the model consistently under-predicts measured soil and groundwater sulfate concentrations, pointing to the need for a comprehensive salinity module that accounts not only for advection, dispersion, sulfur cycling, and oxidation-reduction, but also salt ion equilibrium chemistry that includes the dissolution and precipitation of salt minerals in the soil-aquifer system. However, the model can be a useful tool to assess sulfate fate and transport in areas that are not dominated by salt mineral precipitation and dissolution.

Seed germination, vegetative growth and concentration of some elements in French marigold (Tageta patula) as influenced by salinity and ammonium nitrate

Marigold has special importance and application in landscape designing. Nowadays, various species and cultivars of this plant are grown in many climates, where different environmental stresses such as freezing, salinity and drought can lead to vegetative disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the interactions between salinity and ammonium nitrate on seed germination, vegetative growth and sodium and potassium concentrations in French marigold flowers (Tegeta patula). The experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with two factors: salinity (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mmos cm-1) and ammonium nitrate (0, 15 and 30 g l-1) with four replications. Based on the obtained results, different salinity concentrations were negatively influenced all studied parameters except germination rate. The application of ammonium nitrate recovered the studied parameters to the same level as the control plants. Plant height was decreased by increasing salinity concentrations. The tallest plant was observed in the control treatments. Salinity levels negatively influenced shoot fresh weight. Different levels of ammonium nitrate had significant effects on root dry weight and potassium and sodium contents. Ammonium nitrate led to reductions in root dry weight and potassium content, and an enhancement in sodium content in the shoot. Sodium and potassium levels were increased and root dry weight was decreased by increasing salinity. Enhancement of potassium ions in the marigold following salinity stress can improve its tolerance to salinity stress.

Growth, physiology, and leaf ion concentration responses to long-term flooding with fresh or saline water of Populus euphratica

We aimed at evaluating morpho-physiological responses of Populus euphratica to flooding with fresh and saline water to assess its potential for conservation of lowland areas prone to suffer soil waterlogging. One-year-old cuttings were subjected to five treatments, including control, and flooding at increasing salinity concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150mM NaCl) for 90days. Plant survival and growth, leaf gas exchange, leaf water potential, and concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ in leaves were assessed. Flooding with saline water of 100 or 150mM NaCl compromised plant survival. Plant death was preceded by strong reductions in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential, increments in leaf Na+ concentration, and restricted adventitious rooting. By contrast, flooding with fresh or slightly saline water (50mM NaCl) did not endanger survival although it reduced final plant biomass (65–68%). Cuttings flooded with fresh or slightly saline water showed profuse development of adventitious roots and hypertrophied lenticels in stems as typical adaptive responses to hypoxia, and despite having smaller-sized leaves, these were able to continue photosynthesizing at levels of 40–50% of their controls even after 90days of flooding. So, P. euphratica appears as a promising candidate species to be included in conservation programs for riparian areas experiencing long-term flooding with fresh or slightly saline water of up to 50mM NaCl.

Vibrio vulnificus Type 6 Secretion System 1 Contains Anti-Bacterial Properties.

Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium responsible for severe gastroenteritis, sepsis and wound infections. Gastroenteritis and sepsis are commonly associated with the consumption of raw oysters, whereas wound infection is often associated with the handling of contaminated fish. Although classical virulence factors of this emerging pathogen are well characterised, there remains a paucity of knowledge regarding the general biology of this species. To investigate the presence of previously unreported virulence factors, we applied whole genome sequencing to a panel of ten V. vulnificus strains with varying virulence potentials. This identified two novel type 6 secretion systems (T6SSs), systems that are known to have a role in bacterial virulence and population dynamics. By utilising a range of molecular techniques and assays we have demonstrated the functionality of one of these T6SSs. Furthermore, we have shown that this system is subject to thermoregulation and is negatively regulated by increasing salinity concentrations. This secretion system was also shown to be involved in the killing of V. vulnificus strains that did not possess this system and a model is proposed as to how this interaction may contribute to population dynamics within V. vulnificus strains. In addition to this intra-species killing, this system also contributes to the killing of inter bacterial species and may have a role in the general composition of Vibrio species in the environment.

English

Management of soil salinity is an important research field around the globe, especially when associated with the limited water resources. This work aimed to improve the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. CV. Sakha-93) grown under salinity stress. A completely randomized design pot experiment with three replications was conducted in a loamy soil with various levels of salinity under local weather conditions. The treatments included five levels of salinity (2.74, 5.96, 8.85, 10.74, and 13.38 dSm-1) prepared by adding NaCl to the selected soil and five treatments of Si (0, 2.1, 4.2, 6.3, and 8.4 mg Si/10 plants). Silicon was applied to wheat plants as a foliar spray 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing. Results indicated that photosynthetic pigments; N, P, and K concentrations; biomass, and grain yield significantly decreased with increasing salinity concentration. For example, in the pots treated with Si rate of 0.0 mg Si/10 plants, biomass and grain yield significantly decreased by 37 and 30%, respectively, as salinity increased from 2.74 to 13.38 dSm-1. However, Na and proline concentrations increased with the increase in salinity. Supplying Si alleviated salinity stress and enhanced plant growth, e.g., at salinity concentration of 5.96 dSm-1, biomass and grain yield increased by 32 and 54%, respectively, when Si rate increased from 0.0 to 6.3 mg Si/10 plants. Similarly, under the same previous salinity and Si treatments, Na and proline concentrations decreased by 10 and 23%, respectively. Eventually, application of Si to wheat enhanced its growth and yield under salinity stress.   Key words: Biomass, proline, grain yield, sodium, chlorophyll.

Cambios anatómicos en raíces e hipocótilos de plántulas de Prosopis ruscifolia (Fabaceae) sometidas a estrés salino

Prosopis ruscifolia is a pioneer tree species in flooding or saline areas. The aim of this work was to assess anatomical changes in roots and hypocotyls of P. ruscifolia seedlings induced to saline stress under controlled conditions. Seeds, collected in natural forests of Western Chaco region in Argentina, were sown on paper towels moisturized with saline solutions of 100, 200 and 300 mM of NaCl, and a control group with distilled water. Four repetitions of 50 seeds per treatment were sown, located in hermetic polystyrene boxes, and included in a seeding chamber, at 27 ºC and 12 hours photoperiod. Were studied 35 seedlings from each saline concentration; these seedlings were processed 12 days after sown to obtain microscopic samples. The anatomical variables measured in roots and hypocotyls were the following: main root diameter (µm), bark thickness (µm), number of cell strata in bark, central cylinder diameter (µm), pith diameter (µm), number of cell strata in the pericycle and the tangential diameter of vessels (µm). ANOVA analysis were performed with hypocotyl and root diameters as the dependent variable, and bark thickness (µm), number of cell strata in the bark, the central cylinder diameter (µm), the pith diameter (µm), number of cell strata in the pericycle, the tangential diameter of vessels and the saline concentration as independent variables. Results showed that the root diameter decreased with increasing saline concentrations (P < 0.0001). The bark thickness decreased at 100 mM (P < 0.0001) and the number of cell strata of bark increased to 300 mM (P < 0.0002). The central cylinder diameter decreased at 100 mM saline concentration (P < 0.0001) and the number of cell strata of the pericycle and the pith diameter reduced progressively until 300 mM. The tangential diameter of vessels decreased at 300 mM. These anatomical changes suggested alterations in the expansion and cell division caused by the salinity, and could limit lateral roots formation and reserves storage. Hypocotyls did not show significant anatomical changes in response to increasing salinity, with exception of stomata position and an increase of the hypodermis thickness. These changes indicated that the water stress imposed by low osmotic potential is caused by increasing saline concentration. The seedlings of P. ruscifolia experienced anatomical changes in response to tested saline concentrations in traits related to reserve storage, the absorption and conduction of water, and lateral roots formation.

Ecological role of distinct fruit‐wing perianth color in synchronization of seed germination in Haloxylon salicornicum

AbstractHaloxylon salicornicum is a perennial shrub that grows in sandy and stony desert areas. This species produces two types of dispersal unit with yellow and pink winged perianths that are wind dispersed. This species has been considered as an excellent sand binder and can tolerate extreme temperature, drought and salinity. We compared the germination characteristics of both colored dispersal units (with and without a wing) under various light, temperature and salinity treatments. It was found that wing color, presence of wings, temperature and light have a significant effect on germination percentage and germination rate. The presence of a winged perianth significantly reduced the germination percentage and germination rate in both yellow and pink dispersal units. De‐winged yellow dispersal units were able to tolerate higher salinity and, therefore, their germination was higher in all the tested concentrations of NaCl compared with pink de‐winged dispersal units. However, salinity tolerance in both pink and yellow dispersal units decreased with increasing salinity concentration. The germination‐recovery percentage was also higher for yellow compared with pink dispersal units. The present study has demonstrated that both morphological and physiological differences exist in different colored dispersal units, which might represent the combination of different complementary adaptive strategies and have ecological significance for Haloxylon salicornicum's successful survival in harsh desert environmental conditions.

EFFECT OF MAGNITIZED WATER ON COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO REARING IN DIFFERENT SALINITY CONCENTRATIONS

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of magnetized water on common carp Cyprinus carpio rearing in different salinity concentrations. The experiment was divided into four treatments using magnetized with 1500 gauss for each treatment, first as control with tap water, second treatment using water with 2 mg/l, third and fourth treatments with 3 and 4 mg/l respectively for 8 weeks. Results of the experiment indicated some variations between treatments as it seen sharp significant decrease (P≤0.05) in pH, dissolved O2 proportional with increasing salinity concentration but just remain within the accepted values for breeding common carp fish, meanwhile there are no significant differences in blood picture except in PCV which record significant decrease (P≤0.05) in fourth treatment. In contrast, blood ions noticed to record significant increase (P≤0.05) related proportionally with increasing salinity concentration. The survival ratio for is 100%. This study is confirmed that magnetized water could improve breeding and growth of common carp in the rivers or in water at mid concentrated salinity relatively for increasing magnetized with the time.

Effect of Salinity and Alkalinity on Luciobarbus capito Gill Na+/K+-ATPase Enzyme Activity, Plasma Ion Concentration, and Osmotic Pressure.

We evaluated the individual and combined effects of salinity and alkalinity on gill Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity, plasma ion concentration, and osmotic pressure in Luciobarbus capito. Increasing salinity concentrations (5, 8, 11, and 14 g/L) were associated with an initial increase and then decrease in L. capito gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Activity was affected by the difference between internal and external Na+ ion concentrations and osmotic pressure (P < 0.05). Both plasma ion (Na+, K+, and Cl−) concentration and osmotic pressure increased significantly (P < 0.05). An increase in alkalinity (15, 30, 45, and 60 mM) caused a significant increase in plasma K+ and urea nitrogen concentrations (P < 0.05) but had no effect on either plasma osmotic pressure or gill filament ATPase activity. In the two-factor experiment, the saline-alkaline interaction caused a significant increase in plasma ion (Na+, Cl−, and urea nitrogen) and osmotic pressure (P < 0.05). Variance analysis revealed that salinity, alkalinity, and their interaction significantly affected osmotic pressure, with salinity being most affected, followed by alkalinity, and their interaction. Gill filament ATPase activity increased at first and then decreased; peak values were observed in the orthogonal experiment group at a salinity of 8 g/L and alkalinity of 30 mM.