Increasing Land Use Research Articles

Decoupling density from tallness in analysing the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of cities

The UN estimate 2.5 billion new urban residents by 2050, thus further increasing global greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and energy demand, and the environmental impacts caused by the built environment. Achieving optimal use of space and maximal efficiency in buildings is therefore fundamental for sustainable urbanisation. There is a growing belief that building taller and denser is better. However, urban environmental design often neglects life cycle GHG emissions. Here we offer a method that decouples density and tallness in urban environments and allows each to be analysed individually. We test this method on case studies of real neighbourhoods and show that taller urban environments significantly increase life cycle GHG emissions (+154%) and low-density urban environments significantly increase land use (+142%). However, increasing urban density without increasing urban height reduces life cycle GHG emissions while maximising the population capacity. These results contend the claim that building taller is the most efficient way to meet growing demand for urban space and instead show that denser urban environments do not significantly increase life cycle GHG emissions and require less land.

Ecological and historical perspectives of rice cultivation in Kerala: a synthesis

Rice, the staple food for the people of Kerala, is cultivated since time immemorial in the state. The 15th century Malayalam book of verse titled Krishi Gita describes the cultivation systems and locally adapted varieties of rice for various ecological and geographic regions of medieval Kerala. Although rice constitutes the principal crop of the state, its area has been declining since the mid-1970s: i.e., from 8.82 lakh hectares in 1974-75, the area has dropped to 2.02 lakh hectares in 2018-19 (77.1% reduction). The production has also declined from 13.76 lakh tonnes in 1972-73 to 5.78 lakh tonnes in 2018-19. While low per capita land availability (0.13 ha) has led to increasing land use intensification in Kerala, abandoned farmlands are also increasing, which is paradoxical. Conversion of paddy fields to cash crops is widespread. The net result is a major decline in area and production of rice in Kerala, which has made serious inroads into the state's food production capacity. In addition, it affected the diverse kinds of ecosystem services provided by the crop. Rice ecology in the state is varied and is strongly conditioned by local climate and land forms. It rangesfrom below sea-level cultivation (e.g., Kuttanad, Pokkali and Kole lands) to rice paddies in the High Ranges of Idukki and Wayanad (800-1500 m above sea-level). Rice cultivation also has profound environmental implications including climate change impacts. This paper reviews the literature on ecological and historical aspects of rice production in Kerala.

Conservation and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris) and terrace systems in different slope classes

The utilization of steep lands by planting forestry and agricultural species can provide benefits from soil-water conservation and economic aspects. The combination of planting <em>Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris</em> and terrace systems can increase land use values, such as soil conservation, crop production, and farmers’ income. The aim of this study was to analyze silvicultural, hydro-orological, and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops<em> </em>(<em>N. cadamba – P. vulgaris</em>) and terrace systems on two slope classes. Two study plots were established on a steep gradient (25–40%) and a very steep gradient (>40%). The results showed an annual increase in the average diameter and height of <em>N. cadamba</em> of 1.78 cm and 1.84 m, respectively on the steep slope, and 1.68 cm and 1.53 m, respectively on the very steep slope. The surface run off and erosion rate were lower on the steep ground compared to the very steep ground. Erosion hazard indices and levels on the plots in the steep slope and very steep slope were categorized as low and very low; meanwhile the erosion hazard class was I. The profit of <em>P. vulgaris cultivation </em>was IDR 9,360,000.00 ha<sup>–1</sup> per cropping season<sup> </sup>on steep slope and IDR 6,480,000.00 ha<sup>–1</sup> per cropping season on very steep slope. The planting of <em>P. vulgaris</em> as an intercropping plant to fill empty land in between <em>N. cadamba</em> can increase the economic value obtained from selling <em>P. vulgaris</em> in the short term until the leaves of the <em>N. cadamba</em> plant are linked. The combination of planting <em>N. cadamba–P. vulgaris</em> and terrace system on steep slopes is therefore more profitable not only from the economic perspective, but also in lowering runoff and potential erosion rates than on very steep lands.

Resirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) Technology Applications in Indonesia : A Review

Increasing aquaculture production will increase land use and environmental pollution, especially water quality for cultivation. Resirculating Aquaculture System is a solution in sustainable cultivation that can produce continuous production by minimizing its impact on the environment. The working principles of RAS include the process of solid waste disposal, biofiltration, degassing / CO¬2 stripping, aeration, and disinfection. Based on literature studies, the use of RAS technology in Indonesia has been carried out both on a small scale such as aquaponics and on a large scale in several Balai Sulawesi, Yogyakarta and Aceh to the application of integrated technology in RAS systems such as microbubble and Immuno-Probiocirculation System (SI-PBR). RAS implementation management includes the selection of fish species, selection of feed, the cultivation system used, the filters used and the shape of the cultivation pond. Although the RAS system involves high capital investment and risk factors, this can be balanced with the production of superior quality fish / shrimp without disruption anywhere and anytime.

ESTIMATING CARBON AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN REMOTE REGIONS OF CANADA

Abstract. Longer growing seasons in Northern Ontario are predicted, as a result of climate change. There is the expectation that there will be increased land use conversion from natural forests in Northern Ontario to capitalise on the new economic opportunities resulting from longer growing seasons. This study examines the impacts the land conversion – from forest to agricultural environment – has on the greenhouse gas emissions and soil properties. We use remote sensing technologies for detecting these changes. This paper highlights an automatic method we developed for change detection. The method was applied to the satellite data over a predominantly vegetated area of Northern Ontario for the period 2001 to 2016. The study showed how the forest air and soil properties transform over time from various land disturbances, and how subsequent management schemes affect the environmental properties such as greenhouse gas emissions and the soil carbon stock.

How Reindeer Herders Cope with Harsh Winter Conditions in Northern Finland: Insights from an Interview Study

Reindeer herding involves hard physical work carried out in a cold climate under variable weather conditions. In the fall and winter, herders’ work in northern Finland includes collecting and moving reindeer herds to round-up sites, working in round-ups, slaughtering and processing meat as well as daily feeding and monitoring of the animals in the field. To study the experiences and perceptions of coping with cold among physically active herders in harsh winter conditions, we interviewed 22 herders from six herding districts of the central reindeer management area within the north boreal coniferous forest zone. We focused on behavioral and cultural strategies that accompany the physiological cold adaptations. Semi-structured interviews revealed that the main behavioral and cultural strategies used by herders to successfully carry out their duties while avoiding cold-related injury include clothing, physical activity, nutrition, and shelter as well as protecting vehicles and devices. Herders across sex, age, and herding district reported using modern layered clothing developed for extreme conditions, often combined with traditional footwear and clothes made of reindeer fur or woollen fabric. In addition, herders increase their physical activity; eat warm, energy-rich foods; make fires; stay overnight or take breaks in a house or a cabin, a car, or other protected places to reduce exposure to the harsh environment. Coping with extreme conditions not only requires flexibility, preparedness, and innovation from the herders but also thoughtful caution when approaching and managing unexpected situations. We conclude that modernization of reindeer husbandry, climate change, and rapidly increasing land use competition not only drive herders to modify their behavioral and cultural coping mechanisms for extreme weather conditions but may also create new, unexpected vulnerabilities.

Charting a perfect storm of water quality pressures

The agri-food economy can be a significant driver of water quality pressures but the role of hydro-meteorological patterns in a changing climate also requires consideration. For this purpose, an assessment was made of a ten-year synchronous high temporal resolution water quality and hydro-meteorological dataset in Irish agricultural catchments. Changes occurring to rainfall intensity and soil temperature patterns were found to be important drivers of nutrient mobility in soils. There were links between the intensity of the North Atlantic Oscillation over the decade and large shifts in baseline nutrient concentrations in catchments. The data also revealed extreme weather impacts to pollution patterns including short periods of rain induced nutrient flux, that exceeded average annual mass loads in these catchments, and drought influences on point source pollution. These influences need consideration, and may require different mitigation strategies, as links between water quality land use pressure and water quality state in regulatory reviews. In a decade of both increased land use source and hydro-meteorological transport pressures, water quality natural capital in Ireland has faced a perfect storm. Such conditions are difficult to model and only revealed in high temporal resolution datasets.

Ekistics in plannned and unplanned settlement

Doxiadis (1969) in ekistics states that settlements are where people life and existence. Ekistics is one of the efforts that must be made to address the increasingly complex problems due to the increasing population growth and increasing land use Therefore, a settlement consists of the content (the content) that is human and where the physical human lives that include natural and man-made elements (the container). The formation of settlement morphology consists of planned and unplanned settlements, the method used in ekistics research in planned and unplanned settlements is the study of literature with descriptive analysis. Sampling used in this study is a planned settlement Kelurahan Baluwarti in Solo and an unplanned settlement that is a Kelurahan Gentan in kabupaten Sukoharjo. The result of this study is (1) The Concept of Ekistics exists in planned or unplanned settlements (2) The very noticeable difference between planned and unplanned settlements is the social condition of the community.

Kajian Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan di Kawasan Malioboro

Yogyakarta city implies the city image and in the center of the city, is a tourist places. This is an increase in the number of tourists or demand accommodation, restaurant,the stores of all tourists needs.Thus, The goals of this research is to Identified the land use conversion in Malioboro Area by taking comparison in three years (2010, 2015, 2019) and to identified the factors that influence land use conversion in Malioboro Area. This research will use Spatial and Descriptive Statistics Methods to find out the scale of Land Use Conversion in three years (2010, 2015, 2019) and Factors that influence Land Use Conversion. The Result of this Research indicate the increase land use conversion from Residential Area to Commercial Area which in 2010 there is 140.60 Ha of Residential Zones however in 2019 there is a degradation of Residential Zones to 91.65 Ha, On the other side there is a improvement of Commercial Area which in 2010 there is 97.04 Ha of Commercial Area and in 2019 there is a 150.73 Ha of Commercial Area that exceed Regional Spatial Plan. Thus, there is a land use conversion in Malioboro Area which influence by demand of Amenities that cause by the increase of Tourist Visitation in Malioboro Area. The Land Use Conversion occur because of increase of quantity of Hotel and Amenities that cause demand of Amenities in Malioboro Areas. The conclusion of this research is Increase of demand for Tourist Visitation will increase the demand of space for commercial area, because there is an increase of Tourism Activities in Malioboro Area that influence Land Use Conversion in Research Area

Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) Over Riverside Cities Along the Gangetic Plain of India

Rapid urbanisation in India has led to increased land use and energy demand, and the consequent uncontrolled development and increased human-induced activities are changing the micrometeorology and the local environment. Of late, the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect is quite evident in India. It is known that river banks are where the most densely populated cities can be found around the globe, and the River Ganga (Ganges) in India is no exception. Town/cities located over the Gangetic Plain are witnessing a fast urbanisation, and associated perturbation is taking place in the micro/meso-scale meteorology/environment. Discussion about the influence of the river on the SUHI and dynamics over different cities along a single major river is needed, and therefore this study is undertaken to investigate the SUHI effect on riverside towns/cities over the Gangetic Plain, India. For this purpose, the observation data for the period of 2001–2014 from the Terra-MODIS satellite are used. The study quantifies the land surface temperature (LST) under different zones namely urban, suburban, and rural, delineated on the basis of International Geosphere Biosphere Programme-Land Cover (IGBP-LC) products. The intensity and trend of SUHI are measured as an indicator of environmental and micro-climate change. The study found a prevailing regime of nighttime SUHI intensity (SUHII) as well as the daytime formation of SUHI. The interaction of the wind blowing from the river and other land cover to towns/cities was examined with respect to the SUHII of Kanpur and Patna and was found to be quite important.

Bacterial communities drive the resistance of soil multifunctionality to land-use change in karst soils

Bacterial communities play key roles in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality. With increasing land use intensity, soil biogeochemical and microbial characteristics change significantly and may affect the multifunctionality of ecosystems. The relationship between soil microbial communities and resistance of multiple ecosystem functions under land-use change has not previously been assessed in the karst regions. Soils from four karst ecosystems (primary forest, secondary forest, abandoned land and cultivated land) were analyzed for microbial communities as predictor of multifunctional resistance to land use change by using high-throughput sequencing, structural equation modeling and random forest modeling. We evaluated the multifunctional resistance of soil ecosystems by measuring indicators related to soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. The resistance of Proteobacteria was the highest in the secondary forest, and that of Verrucomicrobia was the highest in the abandoned and cultivated lands. With increasing land-use intensity, C-cycling functional resistance decreased by 77% and nitrogen functional resistance increased by 17% in the abandoned land, compared with those in the secondary forest. Bacterial communities had the largest direct positive effect on multifunctional resistance and N-related functional resistance. Among bacterial communities, Verrucomicrobia and Chloroflexi were the two most important phyla that affected soil multifunctional resistance. Armatimonadetes_unclassified, Chloroflexia and OPB35_soil_group were the best predictor of total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, respectively. Our results suggested strong links between microbial community composition and multifunctional resistance in various karst ecosystems, and provided insights into the importance of microbial community composition in the recovery of ecosystems following human intervention.

RETRACTED: Rail transit corridor design modeling based on TOD project development

Transit-oriented development zones (TODs) are mixed-use residential or commercial areas that aim to maximize the use of public transportation, and often include functions that encourage public transportation. This paper proposes establishes an equilibrium model for designing the rail transit corridor considering the development of TOD project. The proposed model features the choice of living place. Further, house rent, travel cost and the capacity constraints of TOD's housing supply were also considered in this model. The objective function of model optimization is to maximize profit and maximize social welfare. Results show that while TOD near the CBD station can significantly improve the revenue of rail operation, while TOD far away from the CBD station may increase land use profit due to low land price.

Spatial and Temporal Changes in Ecosystem Service Value in Hantana Mountain Range

Land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics simply change ecosystem service value (ESVs), yet quantitative evaluation of changes in ESVs are occasionally endeavor in Sri Lanka. This study investigated of changes in land use and ecosystem service values in Hantana mountain range from 1956 to 2019. The objectives of this study are to identify the changes of the ESVs and classify the ecosystems using remote sensing and GIS (Arc GIS 10.5) in Hantana mountain range. Changes analysis of ESVs were conducted mainly by Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) using LULC Landsat datasets of the years 1956, 1988, 1997, 2008 and 2019 with their corresponding global value coefficients developed by Costanza et al. (1997). The results between periods revealed a decrease of total ESVs from Rs.547million in 1976, to Rs.416million, 208million in 1997, 2007 and 2019, respectively. Between the 1976 and 2019, land use changes resulted in a decrease of Rs.267million. ESV that was primarily caused by outward and the inward expansion of build-up lands and the net increase in the bare land, both of which have a low ESV, indicate that human encroachment into surrounding natural and man-made ecosystems is resulting in decrease ecosystem service functions. The resulting LULC change and socioeconomic development are likely responsible for the overall decline of ESV. It is projected that increasing land use demand will place heavy pressure on the natural ecosystems and impair the ecological functions that are necessary to support the human dominated ecosystem. Therefore, sustainable development policies must address the impact of the loss of natural lands due to intense urbanization.

Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Ikot Abasi coastal Area from 1986-2016, Southern Nigeria, Using Landsat TM and ETM+ Images and GIS

Ikot Abasi coastal area in Southern Nigeria, have witnessed enormous human activities which include commercial agriculture, industrial activities and urban development over the decades. Due to increasing land use in different dimensions the land cover in the area has been affected. This necessitated the gathering of land use and land cover statistically-based information which is the basis for monitoring and planning of sustainable coastal area management. This study was carried to quantitatively describe changes of land use and land cover in Ikot Abasi coast, Akwa Ibom State, from 1986 to 2016 using Landsat TM and ETM+ of the area, 1986 and 2013; and to carry out change detection in land cover between 1986-2016 in the study area. Image processing and change detection analysis were done through image interpretation processes using Erdas Imagine 9.2 software, and image Minus Algorithm of the mathematical Toolbox within ArcGIS 9.2 software respectively. Statistics indicated that out of 32,452.91ha area of land cover in 1986, the portion of land cover that has changed between 1986-2016 stood at 19,094.84ha (57.96%), while the portion of land cover that remain unchanged within that period was only 13,849.59ha (42.03%). With increasing human activities, more hectares of land cover are anticipated to be reduced in coming years. The study therefore, recommended sustainable agricultural practices such as bush fallowing, non-bush burning practice and selective tree cutting and implementation of development that is ecologically sustainable.

California’s endemic Cornus sessilis in Ukraine

Global climate change and increased land use lead to the loss of biodiversity at all levels of the organization of living organisms – ecosystems, species, landscape population, genetic, molecular biological levels, etc. The reaction of plants to anthropogenic impact, according to experts, may be even stronger than postglacial changes. A shift in the thermal isotherm will cause the plants to either move and adapt, or disappear. Endemic species that make up “biodiversity hotspots” require special attention. Cornus sessilis Torr. ex Durand, the object of our research, is part of one of these points – the California Floristic Province. Researchers are now focusing their efforts on developing a climate change – related biodiversity management strategy. In the case of the threat of extinction of the species in nature, there is a important method of preserving it in culture (ex situ). M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (the NBG) pays great attention to the introduction of rare endemic species from the different geographical and floristic regions of the world. The gene pool of Cornus L. s. l. in the NBG consists of more than 30 species and 40 cultivars including the insufficiently researched and little-known Californian endemic C. sessilis. In Europe, it has been grown since 2017 only in Chateau Perouse Botanic Gardens (Saint-Gilles, France) and in Ukraine only the NBG has it. In this article we evaluate the life cycle of the development C. sessilis under conditions of introduction different from the conditions of its natural area. To do this, we used the classic traditional methods of the research on the process of introduction, in particular, botanical plant identification, visual observation, phenology, comparative morphology and biometrics. Morphological descriptors (life form, colour and texture of bark, leaf shape, pubescence character, structure of generative and vegetative buds, inflorescences, flowers, fruits and endocarp) of C. sessilis genotypes introduced to the NBG are identical to those of plants from their natural habitats. The weight of fruits and endocarps were determined by us for the first time. The results of biometric analysis of the size of leaves and fruits showed that the plants of C. sessilis grown in the NBG had the larger leaf blades, but the smaller fruits as compared to those in the wild. In the NBG the plants underwent a full cycle of seasonal development (from the deployment of buds to the leaf fall, inclusive) for 229 days. In general, the phenological strategy of C. sessilis genotypes introduced in the NBG corresponds to that of other species of Cornus s. str., including C. mas L. Our results indicate that C. sessilis, California’s rare endemic species new to Ukraine, has adapted to the new conditions – the plants bear fruits and produce seeds. The experience of successful introduction makes it possible to cultivate a new species to expand the diversity of food, medicinal and reclamation plants of the family Cornaceae as well as the use in synthetic breeding to obtain new cultivars with valuable biological and economic properties. Cornus sessilis compatibility test as rootstocks for other species is important for clarifying the theoretical issues of family ties of species Cornaceae and practical – for widespread reproduction of the required cultivars C. mas breeding in the NBG on a potentially compatible rootstock C. sessilis.

The potential for income improvement and biodiversity conservation via specialty coffee in Ethiopia.

The specialty coffee sector represents opportunities for coffee farmers and other actors due to increased value within the supply chain, driven by elevated consumer purchase prices. We investigated these relationships up to the export stage, as well as the potential for specialty coffee to improve stakeholder participation in biodiversity conservation. Household data was collected from a sample of 272 coffee farmers belonging to five primary cooperatives, in the heavily forested area of Yayu, in the Illubabor administrative zone of Oromia regional state in south-western Ethiopia, for the 2017/2018 harvest season. Qualitative and quantitative data, gathered between 2015 and 2019, from focus group discussions, was used to supplement the survey and to explain the empirical findings. We show that the income from coffee (and thus household income) can be increased, in some cases substantially, via participation in the specialty coffee market. The unit price for coffee was much higher than standard market prices and those including certification premiums. Whilst quality is a key factor for specialty coffee, income increases via the specialty market are caveat bound. In particular, there is a critical requirement for efficient and effective cooperative management, and we provide suggestions for improvements. In the long-term, more focus is needed to increase the financial and human capacities of Ethiopian coffee cooperatives, to make them more effective partners in the specialty coffee value chain. The high conversion rates from harvested to clean exportable specialty coffee (8:1, or higher) is identified as a major constraint on profitability. We show that specialty coffee can bring about positive environmental benefits. Elevating coffee prices and farm profitability to bring household income levels to around or above the global poverty line may ensure the continuation of forest coffee production, and thus the retention of forest. The increases in income via specialty coffee production, reported in the study, were achieved without increasing land use or the application of environmentally costly inputs. Moreover, analysis of satellite data shows that a large proportion of the coffee farms surveyed retain a level of forest cover and quality approaching primary (undisturbed) forest, and that the coffee production area at Yayu has not experienced any significant deforestation (since 2000). We recommend that coffee premiums linked to environmental benefit should demonstrate clearly defined and appropriate metrics, as we have demonstrated here for forest (canopy) quality and coverage (area).

OPTIMALISASI PENDAPATAN PETANI CABAI MERAH DENGAN DIVERSIFIKASI USAHATANI

Intercropping is one way to increase land use efficiency by planting several types of plants on the same land at the same time. Planting that is arranged in such a way in plant rows will help efforts to achieve the production potential of the two types of intercropped plants. This study aims to determine the amount of revenue, income, and eligibility in Bojonggambir District. The research method used was a survey on farmers who carried out farming with continuous red chili crop diversification. The results of this study with a land area of 0.34 indicate that the income of farmers is Rp. 9,590,000.00, with a total cost of Rp. 3,699,000 so that you get an income of Rp. 5,891,000 for six months, for eligibility as seen from the RC ratio value of 2.6 and for the Break Even Point (BEP) Unit of 51.90 kg, BEP (Rp) Rp. 578,246 and BEP (Selling Price) Rp. 3,111 / kg with a total production of 858.25 kg of the total production means that this business is financially feasible

Modeling Local-Scale Violent Crime Rate: A Comparison of Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Models and Conventional Spatial Regression Models

Environmental factors have both direct and indirect impacts on crime behavior decision making. This study aimed to examine to what degree the occurrences of violent crimes can be affected by social and built environment over space. Although a few studies have attempted to model crime rate using spatial regression models, there is a lack of comparison of spatial regression models. Particularly, the eigenvector spatial filtering type of spatial regression models has reportedly been effective in urban and regional studies, but it has not been widely applied to crime data. In this study, we aimed to examine whether the spatial filtering type of spatial regression models outperforms conventional types of spatial regression models in modeling violent crime rates over space. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the impacts of land use mix and street connectivity on the occurrences of violent crimes as the routine activity theory explained. In empirical studies, two types of spatial regression models (i.e., spatial error model and eigenvector spatial filtering model) were selected and estimated successfully to model local-scale violent crime rates across New York City. The eigenvector spatial filtering models outperform the spatial error models as well as the nonspatial models. Model estimation results show that occurrences of violent crimes (i.e., assaults and robberies) can be well determined by socioeconomic and built environment factors and thereby environmental factors can affect the occurrences of violent crimes. The contributions of socioeconomic and built environment factors to violent crime can offer insights on urban planning and policymaking toward violent crime prevention. Particularly, this study offers new evidence on the routine activity theory that increasing land use mix and street connectivity can enhance street activity, thereby reducing occurrences of violent crimes. Policymakers and urban planners should continue to enhance street activity through increasing land use mix and street connectivity. In addition, eigenvector spatial filtering models are advocated for use in crime or other applications in urban and regional studies.

Contributions of suspended load from Missouri River tributaries, southeast South Dakota, and northeast Nebraska: Building a sediment budget

AbstractSuspended sediment plays a critical role in riverine ecosystem health and river processes and is respondent to human alterations such as dams and increased land use. Gavins Point Dam, located on the Missouri River near Yankton, South Dakota, restricts upstream suspended load; yet, suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) increase when the river reaches Sioux City, Iowa. We determined the suspended load concentrations of seven tributaries of the Missouri River entering downstream of the dam. These data were collected from 2012 to 2019 during the summer months of May–July using a depth‐integrated sampler. Sediment rating curves were created based on discharge and SSC. We constructed a simple sediment budget, which indicated that the tributaries located in South Dakota contribute the bulk of the Missouri River's suspended load at ~80%, while the Nebraska tributaries contribute <5%. The remaining sediment is likely supplied by bank and bed erosion. Temporal changes were examined by comparing our recent measurements with historical data from USGS gaging stations on the James River and the Big Sioux River. Suspended sediment and discharge have increased by nearly an order of magnitude, potentially due to increases in precipitation and land use. Sediment budgets are useful resources for informing river management plans on a basin‐wide scale. Given the drastic, long‐term impacts of disruptions to sediment and flow regimes from dams and climate change, this research provides necessary groundwork for remediation efforts and river management.

Vulnerability factors in small islands and environmental carrying capacity by the AHP method. Case Study: Weh Island, Aceh, Indonesia

This study was intended to investigate the effects of land use change and land cover processes on Weh-Sabang Island, Aceh, Indonesia. The LULC change process was analyzed using Google Earth and ArcGIS imagery from 2008 to 2018. Through observations of satellite imagery, it was detected that the green space area had been greatly reduced on Weh island and turned into a built-in area that served as a tourist area and urban environment. Increased land use in ten years from 2008 to 2018 can cause changes in morphology and typology of the city of Sabang. Through the method of calculating the Land Diversity Index, as a criterion and sub-criteria for the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, land changes will be monitored in the period of the last 10 years. In plain view, coastal areas experience more land use changes than hilly areas, towards LULC changes on Weh Island. This paper focuses on areas with high vulnerability to the occurrence of disasters on Weh Island using ArcGIS software. It is expected that the results of this study can contribute to the government of the city of Sabang - Weh Island in controlling changes in land use that are experiencing land degradation, and making input in carrying out an analysis of the carrying capacity of the environment on small islands in Indonesia.