Increase Breast Milk Research Articles

Intranasal oxytocin increases breast milk oxytocin, but has a reduced effect in depressed mothers: A randomized controlled trialcon.

Participants were mothers (N = 62, aged 23-42 years) and their infants (aged 3-9 months). Each mother underwent screening for PND symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). N = 26 mothers scored above the cut-off point (≥9) on the EPDS, and N = 36 mothers scored below. Breast milk samples, collected during breastfeeding, were assayed for OT content. Baseline endogenous OT concentration in breast milk was not associated with maternal low mood. Exogenous OT administration was associated with a significant increase in breast milk OT, but with reduced effect in mothers experiencing symptoms of PND compared to control mothers. Future studies should test if breast milk OT exhibits a protective role against the developmental disadvantages of maternal PND on children. The current findings may reflect a possible disruption of the interaction between the central and peripheral OT pathways during breastfeeding in mothers experiencing symptoms of PND. These insights shed new light on the potential biological mechanisms involved in the transference of mental health vulnerabilities from mothers to infants.

Breastfeeding patterns among parturients with diabetes: A secondary analysis of the MOMPOD randomized clinical trial

AbstractIntroductionInsulin resistance is associated with decreased milk supply in lactating people. Metformin is hypothesized to increase breast milk production by decreasing insulin resistance, suggesting use may increase breastfeeding success. We aimed to determine the association between metformin use during pregnancy and breastfeeding initiation and continuation.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of the MOMPOD randomized controlled trial of metformin versus placebo in addition to insulin therapy among pregnant people with type 2 diabetes and early diabetes. We included parturients who delivered a living neonate, received at least one dose of study drug or placebo, endorsed an intention to breastfeed, and completed a breastfeeding survey. Breastfeeding intentions and breastfeeding outcomes were collected utilizing a breastfeeding questionnaire at 24–30 weeks and 30 days postpartum, respectively. The primary outcome was breastfeeding at 30 days postpartum defined by exclusive or partial breastfeeding. Secondary outcomes included immediate breastfeeding defined as any breastfeeding during the postpartum hospital admission until at least postpartum day 3, onset of lactogenesis (days), breast and bra size, and breastfeeding challenges. Baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared using chi‐square, t‐test, or Wilcoxon tests, as appropriate.ResultsAmong the 794 women randomized and receiving either placebo or metformin in the primary trial, 378 (47.6%) met inclusion criteria with 194 (51.3%) in metformin and 184 (48.7%) in placebo groups. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. Immediate breastfeeding was comparable between groups (91.1% vs. 88.9%, p = 0.53) and there was no difference in onset of lactogenesis. Breastfeeding rates were lower among all parturients 30 days postpartum and there was no difference between metformin and placebo groups (76.0% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.11). Also, there were no differences in partial or exclusive breastfeeding, breast cup or bra size, or breastfeeding challenges.ConclusionOur data suggest no association between metformin use and breastfeeding patterns in those with type 2 or early diabetes in pregnancy. Antepartum metformin should not be recommended solely to improve breastfeeding success.

Pemanfaatan “SAKESI” Sari Kedelai Melancarkan Produksi ASI

Background: WHO and UNICEF recommend that newborns receive exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in early life until the age of two years. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding in the community is caused by various challenges such as the assumption that the supply of breast milk is insufficient and the lack of knowledge about natural methods to increase breast milk production. Community service is carried out in RW II, Siwalankerto, Surabaya. Method: Using a natural approach, educational workshops and direct training in preparing soy milk, aimed at mothers, pregnant women, and posyandu cadres. This program focuses on the use of soy-based products, especially "SAKESI" (Soy Milk), as a natural method to increase lactation. Pre- and post-intervention surveys were conducted to assess changes in knowledge and behavior regarding exclusive breastfeeding and the use of soy products. The study findings showed significant improvements in both knowledge and practical application of these methods, indicating the effectiveness of the program in promoting breastfeeding practices. Conclusion: The project highlights the potential of an affordable local resource such as soybeans to address public health challenges related to maternal and child nutrition and also the importance of ongoing community education and support to sustain these improvements.

Feeding Expressed Breast Milk Alters the Microbial Network of Breast Milk and Increases Breast Milk Microbiome Diversity over Time.

Breastfeeding supplies nutrition, immunity, and hormonal cues to infants. Feeding expressed breast milk may result in de-phased milk production and feeding times, which distort the real-time circadian cues carried by breast milk. We hypothesized that providing expressed breast milk alters the microbiotas of both breast milk and the infant's gut. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the microbiota of serial breast milk and infant fecal samples obtained from 14 mother-infant dyads who were lactating, half of which were providing expressed breast milk. Infant fecal microbiota showed lower α-diversity than breast milk microbiota. Bacterial amplicon sequence variant sharing occurred between breast milk and infant feces with no feeding group differences. However, the age-dependent gain in breast milk α-diversity was only significant in the expressed breast milk group and not in the direct breastfeeding group, suggesting that decreased contact with the infant's mouth influences the milk microbiota. Trending lower connectivity was also noted with breast milk microbes in the direct breastfeeding group, consistent with regular perturbations of the developing baby's oral microbiota by latching on the breast. The results of this preliminary study urge further research to independently confirm the effects of providing expressed breast milk and their health significance.

Efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide on human milk production in postpartum mothers: a bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundBreastfeeding is the most advantageous nutrition for infants because of its many health benefits. However, lactation insufficiency is a prevalent issue among women, particularly those who give birth prematurely. Galactagogues, such as domperidone and metoclopramide, have been reported and may be beneficial for lactation insufficiency. However, the optimal pharmacological galactagogue remains unclear.MethodsThe PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from their inception to April 23, 2023. The primary aim of this research was to assess the efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide using Bayesian network meta-analysis. The efficacy outcome was the increased breast milk volume (in mL/day). The safety outcome was the frequency of maternal drug-related adverse events during the study period.ResultsSeventeen randomized controlled trials were included in the final analyses. Preterm mothers who took domperidone had a greater increase in breast milk volume than those who took metoclopramide or placebo (domperidone vs. metoclopramide: MD = 82.84, 95% CI: 37.04–118.95; domperidone vs. placebo: MD = 88.30, 95% CI: 59.48–118.62). However, in the term mothers, domperidone did not show the above benefit compared with metoclopramide or placebo (domperidone vs. metoclopramide: MD = 93.67, 95% CI: -186.11–375.59; domperidone vs. placebo: MD = 126.25, 95% CI: -49.91–304.55). Both in preterm and term mothers, metoclopramide was no better than the placebo. There was no difference in the frequency of maternal drug-related adverse outcomes among domperidone, metoclopramide, and placebo.ConclusionDomperidone increased the daily breast milk volume in mothers of preterm infants, without serious adverse events. However, this conclusion is limited due to the small sample sizes in the studies analyzed.

The Effect of Complementary Therapy from Plant Extracts on Breast Milk Production

Breastfeeding issues arise when mothers cannot produce enough milk to meet their babies' nutritional needs. This study aims to assess the effect of complementary therapies, such as consuming moringa leaves, katuk leaves, soy milk, spinach, young papaya, and using lavender aromatherapy, on increasing breast milk production. The quasi-experimental study involved postpartum mothers on day 4, using a pre-test and post-test design with six variables. Results showed that 83.9% of 56 mothers who consumed moringa leaves, 84.5% of 58 mothers who drank soy milk, 81.3% of 48 mothers who ate katuk leaves, 86.4% of 44 mothers who consumed spinach, 82.7% of 52 mothers who ate young papaya, and 83.3% of 30 mothers who used lavender aromatherapy experienced sufficient breast milk production. These findings demonstrate that all six therapies positively influence breast milk production. It is recommended that healthcare providers routinely offer these complementary therapies to postpartum mothers to support exclusive breastfeeding for their babies.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSUMPTION OF BANANA KEPOK HEART VEGETABLES ON FLOWNESS MILK PRODUCTION IN BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS IN TPMB MURNI

Background: In 2020 UNICEF reported that the average coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in the world for babies aged 0-6 months only reached 38%. Exclusive breastfeeding in developing countries can prevent 90% of under-five deaths due to diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. Exclusive breastfeeding coverage in Indonesia is 52%, in Banten Province it is 72.6%, and in Pandeglang it is 70.93%. Low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding can be caused by various factors, one of which is not optimal breast milk production. The impact of breast milk not flowing smoothly makes mothers think about taking steps to stop breastfeeding and replace it with formula milk. One way to speed up breast milk production is by consuming boiled kepok banana blossoms which can increase breast milk production. The results of a preliminary study conducted at TPMB Murni found that 6 breastfeeding mothers had problems with breast milk production which was not smooth so they switched to formula milk. Research Objective: To determine effectiveness Consumption of kepok banana flower vegetables on the smooth production of breast milk in breastfeeding mothers. Research Method: Quasi experimental with one group pretest-posttest design research type. The sample in this study was all postpartum mothers at TPMB Murni in November 2023, totaling 30 people, the sampling technique was total sampling. Research Results: Frequency distribution of smooth breast milk production before consuming the Kepok banana flower vegetable was mostly substandard at 56.7%, and after consuming the Kepok banana flower vegetable the majority was smooth at 63.3%. Kepok banana flower vegetables can effectively increase the smooth production of breast milk in breastfeeding mothers at TPMB Murnim in 2023 ( p value 0.000). Conclusions and Suggestions: Kepok banana flower vegetables can effectively increase the smooth production of breast milk in breastfeeding mothers at TPMB Murnim in 2023. It is hoped that midwives will be more active in providing counseling to breastfeeding mothers to consume lots of vegetables and fruit to increase breast milk production.

Effectiveness of Ginger Herbal Remedies, Ginger Boreh, and Infrared Therapy in Increasing Breast Milk Production

Introduction: The high incidence of stunting and the low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia are primarily caused by insufficient breast milk production. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of ginger herbal remedies, ginger boreh, and infrared therapy in increasing breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. Methods: This research utilized a quantitative experimental method. A pre-experimental design with a one-group pre-test and post-test approach was employed. The subjects were observed before the intervention and re-observed after the intervention. The study population consisted of postpartum mothers in the working area of Cisarua. The sample included 30 breastfeeding mothers, selected through purposive sampling. The sample was filtered from the population based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test revealed a significant p-value of 0.000, which is smaller than the significance threshold (p-value = 0.05 > 0.000). Thus, it can be concluded that the administration of ginger herbal remedies, ginger boreh, and infrared therapy is effective in increasing breast milk production in postpartum mothers. Conclusion: This study can serve as a therapy in maternal breastfeeding care and as a foundation for future research development, focusing on method enhancements or innovative approaches.

Potensi Daun Katuk (Sauropus Androgynus) Sebagai Sayuran Superfood

Sweet Leaf Bush (Sauropus androgynus), a plant native to Southeast Asia, have long been recognized as a food and traditional medicine rich in health benefits. Its nutritional content, which includes protein, fiber, vitamins A, C, and K, as well as minerals such as calcium and iron, makes it a potential superfood. In addition, bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and tannins in sweet leaf bush have antibacterial, anticancer, and immune system boosting properties. The health benefits of sweet leaf bush are especially evident in breastfeeding mothers due to its ability to increase breast milk production. With its various nutritional contents, sweet leaf bush have great potential to be developed into innovative and practical food products. This study uses secondary data from scientific journals and other publications to explore the potential of sweet leaf bush as a superfood that can increase the diversity of healthy food products in Indonesia. This study shows that the utilization and dissemination of information related to the potential of sweet leaf bush as a superfood can support local food security and strengthen people's healthy diets.

Composition of Breast Milk in Women with Obesity.

Background/Objectives: Among US breastfeeding women, those with obesity have significantly increased breast milk fat and caloric content from foremilk to hindmilk, with a 4-fold increase in fat content from the first to last milk sample. In view of different dietary norms and nutritional standards, we sought to evaluate the relationship between maternal BMI with breast milk fat and calorie content in women from Brazil, a low-middle-income country. Methods: Women who delivered singleton-term neonates were recruited from the Ana Abrao Breastfeeding Center (AABC) and Human Milk Bank at the Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. These women were then studied at 7-8 weeks postpartum. Women were grouped by BMI categories of nonobese (NonOB; BMI 18.5-29.9) and obese (OB; BMI ≥ 30). A breast pump was applied, and milk samples were obtained continuously in 10 mL aliquots from foremilk to hindmilk; samples were analyzed for macronutrients and lipids, and maternal blood was analyzed for serum lipids and glucose. Results: As compared to NonOB women, those with OB had significantly higher milk fat in the mid (4.9 ± 0.3 vs. 3.9 ± 0.2) and last hindmilk (6.6 ± 0.4 vs. 5.5 ± 0.3) samples, though not in the first foremilk sample, as compared to NonOB women. In both NonOB and OB subjects, milk caloric and fat content increased 1.5 to 2-fold from foremilk to hindmilk, with the average milk caloric value being 11% greater in OB women. Protein content was significantly increased in all three milk samples (first, middle, and last) in women with OB. Conclusions: Although the value of breastfeeding remains clear, these findings may have significant implications for infant nutrition and excessive infant weight gain in women with OB.

What supports mothers of very preterm babies to start and continue breast milk feeding neonatal units? A qualitative COM-B analysis of mothers’ experiences

BackgroundIt is challenging for mothers who give birth very preterm to produce sufficient breast milk by expressing for weeks before their baby is able to feed from the breast, and then to transition from tube feeding to breastfeeding. Lactation is most successful when stimulated shortly after birth, established within 72 h, and maintained by expressing 6–8 times a day. This study explored mothers’ experiences of how breast milk feeding and breastfeeding for very preterm babies can be supported by staff and the facilities of a neonatal unit.MethodsTwenty-three mothers of very preterm babies were interviewed, from four neonatal units in England with high or low rates of breast milk feeding at discharge. Interviews were analysed using the COM-B framework to consider how mothers’ behaviour (breast milk feeding and breastfeeding) is affected by capability, opportunity and motivation.ResultsMothers’ motivation in the traumatic situation of very preterm birth was strongly affected by information from staff about the benefits of breast milk for their baby, the importance of early and frequent expressing, and how to assess the effectiveness of direct breastfeeding. It was maintained through positive feedback about their efforts which built their confidence, and reassurance about what is ‘normal’ growth when a baby begins direct breastfeeding. Motivation needed to be supported by opportunity, including access to equipment for expressing and facilities to stay near the neonatal unit, and also by capability, which required proactive and skilled information and support from staff. Specialist support and facilities varied between units, and some mothers were not given necessary information or had their motivation undermined by staff comments.ConclusionsInterventions to increase breast milk feeding and breastfeeding for very preterm babies should address mothers’ motivation, capability and opportunity, aiming for systematic elimination of obstacles. Mothers value personalised and skilled specialist support, but also need other staff to be able to give consistent information and affirmation focused on their efforts rather than their success, with a trauma-informed approach. Investing in rooming-in facilities that minimise the separation of mothers and babies is likely to overcome a key obstacle.

Banana Blossom Ingestion Does Not Increase Breast Milk Volume in Mothers of Preterm Newborns: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Breast milk is essential for the development of a newborn's neurological, gastrointestinal, and immune systems and helps reduce the risk of infections and infant mortality. Banana flowers, often combined with additives such as ginger, are commonly included in the country's local diets because they are believed to enhance postpartum lactation. We aimed to investigate the impact of banana blossom extract pills on breast milk volume (BMV) in mothers of preterm newborns. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted; it involved eligible preterm mothers, who were divided into two groups: a banana blossom group, which received banana blossom extract pills (36 mg/day), and a control group, which received placebo pills. All participants were given identical-looking tablets and were required to chew two tablets four times a day for 14 days. The primary outcome was the total BMV expressed (in milliliters) on the seventh day using an electric breast pump. Results: A total of 70 mothers of premature newborns were randomly allocated in equal numbers to either the banana blossom intervention group or the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to the median BMV on the seventh day postpartum (333 versus 350 mL, p = 0.73). A similar trend was observed on the 14th day postpartum (331 versus 510.0 mL, p = 0.6). Additionally, no significant differences were observed regarding maternal and neonatal adverse events. Conclusions: The administration of banana blossom extract pills (36 mg/day) to mothers with preterm infants did not increase the BMV on the seventh day postpartum.

Effects of Moringa oleifera on increasing breast milk in breastfeeding mothers with stunting toddlers in rural Batang-Batang District, Indonesia.

Stunting in toddlers (0-2 years) remains a significant public health problem in Indonesia. Adequate breastfeeding is essential for stunting prevention, yet many mothers struggle with insufficient milk production. Moringa oleifera, known locally as moringa, has traditionally been used to increase breast milk production. Moringa plants have the potential to overcome various kinds of malnutrition or malnutrition problems in toddlers, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. This study aims is to examines the effect of consuming Moringa leaf-based vegetable soup on milk production in breastfeeding mothers with stunted toddlers at Leggung Health Centre. A quasi-experimental design was employed with 40 breastfeeding mothers of stunted toddlers (0-2 years) - 20 in the treatment group (given Moringa soup) and 20 in the control group (no treatment). Pretest results showed that only 57% of mother in the treatment group had adequate milk production, which increased to 76% after consuming Moringa leaf vegetable soup. The Mann-Witney U test revealed a significant difference (p = 0.000). These findings suggest that Moringa leaf soup can enhance breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers and may indirectly support stunting prevention efforts.

Conservation of local resources: The role of kepok banana blossom in supporting breast milk production

Optimal production of breast milk is essential to support the health and development of babies. One of the efforts that can be made to increase breast milk production is through the nutrition of breastfeeding mothers. This study aims to determine the effect of consumption of banana kepok blossoms on breast milk production. The study was conducted at PMB Midwife Fitri, Ciamis, using a pre-test and post-test design in an intervention group consisting of 15 breastfeeding mothers. The results showed that the consumption of banana kepok blossoms could significantly increase breast milk production, from an average of 54 mL before the intervention to 99 mL after the intervention. These findings provide an alternative to natural ingredients-based nutrition to support breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers.

Community Empowerment in Stunting Prevention: Implementation of the UBaMa Method (Ultra Violet Rays and Baby Massage)

Babies are an age group that is vulnerable to stunting. The incidence of stunting in Ngariboyo District in 2022 was 185 (13.14%) children under five, the highest occurred in Mojopurno Village, which was 49 (19.91%) children under five. The purpose of this activity is to improve the understanding, attitude and behavior of baby mothers in stimulation with the UBaMa method. The method carried out is to conduct a pre-test for baby mothers, followed by providing explanations and training on the UBaMa method. After that, the baby's mother was asked to carry out UBaMa at home, evaluated at the second meeting and so on until the fourth meeting. After the fourth meeting, a post-test was carried out. The results achieved were an improvement in the skills of mothers under five to do stimulation with the UBaMa Method with a proficiency of 68%. Knowledge Improvement with pre-test 49 and post-test 83.75. The UBaMa Stimulation Method (Ultra Violet and Baby Massage) can improve the growth and development of babies. It is recommended that the baby's mother periodically stimulate UBaMa at least 3 times a week to increase breast milk production so that it can be used to prevent stunting.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pelatihan Membuat Makanan Olahan Dari jantung Pisang Untuk Kelancaran Produksi ASI di Link. Temu Putih Kota Cilegon Tahun 2024

Breast milk is the primary and most essential food for newborn babies aged 0-6 months. Several factors can affect the amount of breast milk production, including nutritional patterns, support, breast care, baby's sucking, and socio-cultural factors. It is important to understand the nutritional factors for breastfeeding mothers because their nutritional needs must be increased to enhance breast milk production. One effort to boost breast milk production is through the consumption of foods that influence lactation, such as banana blossom preparations. The dietary fiber in banana blossoms is beneficial for increasing milk production because it contains lactagogum, which has the potential to stimulate oxytocin and prolactin hormones. These components, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, steroids, flavonoids, and other substances, are effective in enhancing and facilitating breast milk production. The purpose of this community service, in the form of training to make food preparations from banana blossoms, is to empower the community, particularly pregnant and postpartum women, by enhancing their skills in utilizing banana blossoms as a food that can be processed to increase breast milk production. This community service is carried out by providing training on how to make banana blossom-based food, specifically turning it into nuggets, for pregnant and postpartum women in the Temu Putih area, Cilegon City.

Pelatihan Metode SPEOS (Stimulasi Pijat Endhorpin, Pijat Oksitosin dan Sugesti) Ibu Nifas Pada Tim Pendamping Keluarga di Wilayah Puskesmas Danau Marsabut Kecamatan Sipirok

Based on the 2018 Riskesdas results, the proportion of breastfeeding patterns for babies aged 0-5 months in Indonesia is 37.3% exclusive breastfeeding, 9.3% partial breastfeeding and 3.3% predominant breastfeeding. Predominant breastfeeding is breastfeeding the baby but giving a little water or a water-based drink, for example tea, as a prelacteal food/drink before the milk comes in. Meanwhile, partial breastfeeding is breastfeeding a baby and giving artificial food other than breast milk such as formula milk, porridge or other food before the baby is 6 months old, whether given continuously or as prelacteal food. North Sumatra Province Nutrition Program Data in 2018. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for babies 0-6 months in North Sumatra in 2018 was 65.57 percent, an increase compared to the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding in 2017, namely 54.4 percent (Sumatra Provincial Health Service, 2017). 2018). In the breastfeeding process, problems sometimes arise that can prevent giving breast milk to babies. Problems that mothers often experience when breastfeeding include inverted nipples, swollen breasts, sore and painful nipples, blocked milk ducts, breast inflammation and insufficient milk production (Purwoastuti, 2015). There are many non-pharmacological methods that can help postpartum mothers increase breast milk production, ranging from marmet massage, oxytocin massage, Woolwich massage to areola and rolling massage. Currently, based on the results of related research, there are non-pharmacological methods that are cheaper, easier, non-invasive and acceptable to respondents and without side effects. Nursing interventions that can be applied to help increase lactation in post partum mothers are the SPEOS method (Endorphin, Oxytocin and Suggestive Massage Stimulation).

Literasi Pencegahan Stunting melalui Edukasi Kesehatan dan Demonstrasi Terapi Komplementer pada Ibu Menyusui

Most villages in Bandung Regency still experience a high prevalence of stunting. Because of this, ten villages spread across eight sub-districts in this area are a priority for handling stunting. In Katapang Village, the coverage of stunted toddlers in 2021 is 13.09%, and is a village with a stunting locus. Research conducted in 2022 shows that only 36.9% of babies receive exclusive breast milk in children with stunting status in Katapang Village, Bandung Regency. This activity aims to empower breastfeeding mothers independently in preventive efforts to prevent stunting in children. The method used is providing health education demonstrations and practical work on one of the complementary therapies to increase breast milk production, namely oxytocin massage. The fundamental contribution of this activity is that a chain of information is formed for breastfeeding mothers through information media that can be disseminated to the community. In the activity, a direct output evaluation of the activity was carried out by knowing that there was an increase in pre-test and post-test results after being given Health Education material. The results of the increase in pre-test and post-test results were 27%. Evaluation of the implementation of oxytocin massage practice is the mother's ability to perform oxytocin massage independently correctly.

Oxytocin Massage on Pain Levels and Breast Milk Production in Post Cesarean Section (Case Study)

Post cesarean section (CS) is a physiological condition that occurs in women who give birth via cesarean section or surgery. The changes include pain, uterine involution, breastfeeding (ASI) production, and psychological adjustments.. According to research, 20-80% of post CS patients experience moderate to severe pain that is inadequately managed. In Indonesia, this occurs at a rate of 30-80%. The effective breastfeeding rate in Indonesia is 55.5%, which does not yet meet the national target of 80%. Given the magnitude of these issues, the author aims to describe the influence of oxytocin massage application on pain levels and ASI production in post CS patients through this scientific work. The methodology used is a case study involving patients Mrs. L on their first day post CS. The intervention was applied from the second to the third day post CS, twice daily. The results of this application show that oxytocin massage can reduce pain from a scale of 7 to 3 and increase breast milk production, with a cumulative increase from no milk output to more than 50 cc.. It is hoped that the application of evidence-based nursing: oxytocin massage can be implemented as a standard intervention for post CS patients in hospitals.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers

BackgroundMalay herbal medicine (MHM) is a popular medication and supplementation among Malaysian mothers during pregnancy and postpartum. It is expected to improve the baby’s health, increase breastmilk production, promote slimming and uterine involution, and improve the mother’s general health. Recent increases in reports of heavy metal contamination have raised safety concerns.ObjectiveThis pilot exploratory study employed a comparative cross-sectional design to investigate the types of MHM ingested during pregnancy and postpartum, their possible heavy metal contamination and associated health risks.MethodThis study involved 167 healthy postpartum Malay women.FindingsMHM consumption was significantly associated with the mother’s number of pregnancies and children (p < 0.05) as well as her pre-pregnancy weight (p < 0.05). Mothers who consume MHM were twice as likely (95% CI 1.077–3.963) to experience threatened abortion. Heavy metals were detected in the three most widely consumed MHM samples. The mean concentration of heavy metals in these samples were 47.44 ± 67.74 μg/kg for As, 25.34 ± 2.48 μg/kg for Cd, 3685.87 ± 5683.36 μg/kg for Cr and 194.33 ± 195.19 μg/kg for Pb. The calculated non-carcinogenic hazard health risks (HQ) and health index (HI) were less than one, suggesting no adverse health impacts under the exposure conditions studied.ConclusionWhile the HQ and HI values indicate no immediate health risks, the potential transfer from mother to foetus during pregnancy and from mother to infant during breastfeeding warrants further investigation. Additional studies are essential to confirm our findings and monitor the health of mothers and infants.