Increased Stress Resistance Research Articles

Wheat omics: Classical breeding to new breeding technologies

Wheat is an important cereal crop, and its significance is more due to compete for dietary products in the world. Many constraints facing by the wheat crop due to environmental hazardous, biotic, abiotic stress and heavy matters factors, as a result, decrease the yield. Understanding the molecular mechanism related to these factors is significant to figure out genes regulate under specific conditions. Classical breeding using hybridization has been used to increase the yield but not prospered at the desired level. With the development of newly emerging technologies in biological sciences i.e., marker assisted breeding (MAB), QTLs mapping, mutation breeding, proteomics, metabolomics, next-generation sequencing (NGS), RNA_sequencing, transcriptomics, differential expression genes (DEGs), computational resources and genome editing techniques i.e. (CRISPR cas9; Cas13) advances in the field of omics. Application of new breeding technologies develops huge data; considerable development is needed in bioinformatics science to interpret the data. However, combined omics application to address physiological questions linked with genetics is still a challenge. Moreover, viroid discovery opens the new direction for research, economics, and target specification. Comparative genomics important to figure gene of interest processes are further discussed about considering the identification of genes, genomic loci, and biochemical pathways linked with stress resilience in wheat. Furthermore, this review extensively discussed the omics approaches and their effective use. Integrated plant omics technologies have been used viroid genomes associated with CRISPR and CRISPR-associated Cas13a proteins system used for engineering of viroid interference along with high-performance multidimensional phenotyping as a significant limiting factor for increasing stress resistance in wheat.

Inhibition of PAR-1 delays aging via activating AMPK in C. elegans.

The antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging suggests that genes essential for growth and development are likely to modulate aging later in life. Previous studies in C. elegans demonstrate that inhibition of certain developmentally essential genes during adulthood leads to significant lifespan extension. PAR-1, a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, functions as a key cellular polarity regulator during the embryonic development. However, the role of PAR-1 during adulthood remains unknown. Here we show that inhibition of par-1 either by a temperature-sensitive mutant or by RNAi knockdown only during adulthood is sufficient to extend lifespan in C. elegans. Inhibition of par-1 also improves healthspan, as indicated by increased stress resistance, enhanced proteotoxicity resistance, as well as reduced muscular function decline over time. Additionally, tissue-enriched RNAi knockdown analysis reveals that PAR-1 mainly functions in the epidermis to regulate lifespan. Further genetic epistatic and molecular studies demonstrate that the effect of par-1 on lifespan requires the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and RNAi knockdown of par-1 results in age-dependent AMPK activation and reduced lipid accumulation in the metabolic tissue. Taken together, our findings reveal a previously undescribed function of PAR-1 in adulthood, which will help to understand the molecular links between development and aging.

Achiote (Bixa orellana) Lipophilic Extract, Bixin, and δ-tocotrienol Effects on Lifespan and Stress Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The onset of many degenerative diseases related to aging has been associated with a decrease in the activity of antistress systems, and pharmacological interventions increasing stress resistance could be effective to prevent the development of such diseases. Achiote is a valuable source of carotenoid and tocotrienols, which have antioxidant activity. In this work, we explore the capacity of an achiote seed extract and its main compounds to modulate the lifespan and antistress responses on Caenorhabditis elegans, as well as the mechanisms involved in these effects. Achiote lipophilic extract, bixin, and δ-tocotrienol were applied on nematodes to carry out lifespan, stress resistance, and fertility assays. The achiote seed extract increased the median and maximum lifespan up to 35% and 27% and increased resistance against oxidative and thermal stresses without adverse effects on fertility. The beneficial effects were mimicked by a bixin+δ-tocotrienol mixture. All the effects on lifespan and stress resistance were independent of caloric restriction but dependent on the insulin/insulin growth factor-1 pathway. This study could provide insights for further research on a new beneficial use of this important crop in health and nutraceutical applications beyond its use as a source of natural pigments.

Combination of Stressors in the Critical Periods of Development Increases Resistance to Inflammatory Pain Stress in Adult Rats

We report here studies of the long-term effects of combined stress in the prenatal and prepubertal periods of development on measures of tonic inflammatory pain in the formalin test and the severity of depression-like behavior, and also the stress reactivity of the hormonal response in adult rats. In addition, the effects of the serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone, given chronically to stressed mothers during pregnancy, on various types of adaptive behavior impaired by prenatal stress were assessed in rats of both sexes. The results showed that in rats of both sexes prenatal stress increased the pain response organized at the spinal and supraspinal levels of the central nervous system and that fluoxetine and buspirone normalized responses. Stress during the prepuberal period of development eliminated the effects of prenatal stress on the inflammatory pain responses integrated at the supraspinal level in adult rats; in these conditions, fluoxetine and buspirone had no effects, in contrast to their antinociceptive actions on the pain response integrated at the spinal level. Stress at prepubertal age eliminated sex-related differences seen in depression-like behavior in prenatally unstressed and prenatally stressed rats given physiological saline. Control adult females and adult females exposed to prenatal stress in the prepubertal period showed increases in the plasma corticosterone level after forced swimming as compared with the basal hormone level, though there were no significant differences in the level of stress reactivity of the hormonal response after forced swimming. Thus, the conditions for stress actions increasing stress resistance in adult rats were identified. Stress in the critical period of development formed a phenotype with increased stress resistance to inflammatory pain, which was seen in responses organized at the supraspinal level in adult individuals.

Diphenylurea-derived cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase inhibitors for biotechnology and agriculture.

Increasing crop productivity is our major challenge if we are to meet global needs for food, fodder and fuel. Controlling the content of the plant hormone cytokinin is a method of improving plant productivity. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO/CKX) is a major target in this regard because it degrades cytokinins. Here, we describe the synthesis and biological activities of new CKX inhibitors derived mainly from diphenylurea. They were tested on four CKX isoforms from maize and Arabidopsis, where the best compounds showed IC50 values in the 10-8 M concentration range. The binding mode of the most efficient inhibitors was characterized from high-resolution crystal complexed structures. Although these compounds do not possess intrinsic cytokinin activity, we have demonstrated their tremendous potential for use in the plant tissue culture industry as well as in agriculture. We have identified a key substance, compound 19, which not only increases stress resistance and seed yield in Arabidopsis, but also improves the yield of wheat, barley and rapeseed grains under field conditions. Our findings reveal that modulation of cytokinin levels via CKX inhibition can positively affect plant growth, development and yield, and prove that CKX inhibitors can be an attractive target in plant biotechnology and agriculture.

Increased Stress Resistance of the Offspring Egg Cross Chickens when Using Biologically Active Substances before Hatching.

Application of biologically active compositions, containing colamine, succinic acid, serine, and pyridoxine hydrochloride before hatching decreased hatchery waste and increased hatching rates by 2.65% and egg hatchability by 1.85%. The chicks of the experimental group exhibited a decrease in the intensity of lipid peroxidation, which indicated a greater resistance to stress. This conclusion is additionally based on an increase in the Krebs index by a factor of 1.74 (p < 0.01) and leukocyte intoxication index by 5.53% and a decrease in the lymphocyte-granulocyte index by a factor of 1.75 (p < 0.05) and leukocyte index by 1.67% (p<0.05). The body length of the offspring of the experimental group was by 2.12% less and safety for 60 days of cultivation was 3% higher compared to the control.

Transient intracellular acidification regulates the core transcriptional heat shock response.

Heat shock induces a conserved transcriptional program regulated by heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) in eukaryotic cells. Activation of this heat shock response is triggered by heat-induced misfolding of newly synthesized polypeptides, and so has been thought to depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Here, using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report the discovery that Hsf1 can be robustly activated when protein synthesis is inhibited, so long as cells undergo cytosolic acidification. Heat shock has long been known to cause transient intracellular acidification which, for reasons which have remained unclear, is associated with increased stress resistance in eukaryotes. We demonstrate that acidification is required for heat shock response induction in translationally inhibited cells, and specifically affects Hsf1 activation. Physiological heat-triggered acidification also increases population fitness and promotes cell cycle reentry following heat shock. Our results uncover a previously unknown adaptive dimension of the well-studied eukaryotic heat shock response.

Identification of chemical compounds as an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthesis, leading to an increased stress resistance and an extended lifespan in C. elegans

It is well known that the disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory components prolongs lifespan in many species. The mitochondrial stress response can lead to an increased survival rate through the restoration of the cellular homeostasis. Therefore, developing pharmacological interventions that induce mitochondrial stress response may be desirable to delay the onset of age-related diseases and promote a healthy life. In this study, we present chemical compounds, revealed by systematic screening of chemical libraries, which inhibit mitochondrial ATP synthesis in mammalian cells. Our study demonstrates that these compounds alter the body length and promote the oxidative stress response which leads to an increased longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, our study identifies chemical compounds that may have potential therapeutic applications through affecting the mitochondrial function.

Prevention of Delinquent Students' Behavior in Vocational Training Education

The article examines the essence of delinquent behavior, systematizes approaches to understanding the determinants and prerequisites for its formation. The author emphasizes the importance of focusing the prevention of delinquent behavior in the vocational training system on social relationships and on such areas of personality as: cognitive (increasing intellectual development, forming positive ideas about oneself and others); emotional (developing emotional stability and control over emotional manifestations, increasing stress resistance); regulatory (development of communication skills, self-control, focus on active and creative activities, etc.); motivational-value (development of motivation to achieve success, increasing legal literacy, familiarization with universal values, development of value-semantic sphere). The article presents results of studying the prerequisites of delinquent behavior in students of different levels of vocational education. It examines in detail the program of prevention of delinquent behavior, as well as the results and conclusions based on the results of its testing.

ПРОДУКТИВНОЕ ДОЛГОЛЕТИЕ КОРОВ РАЗНОГО ТИПА СТРЕССОУСТОЙЧИВОСТИ

The research goal is to increase the duration of the period of productive use of cows in modern complexes for milk production. The object of research is cows of the newly created intra-breed middle Volga type of black-and-white breed, culled for various reasons from the herd in the period from 2016 to 2018. All animals for further statistical processing of the studied indicators were divided into four groups, taking into account the type of stress resistance according to the method of E. p. Kokorina in the modification described by E. N. Letyagina. It was found that all hematological indicators decrease with increasing stress resistance in cows, except for the content of white blood cells. An increase in the concentration of white blood cells in the blood by 6.8-41.9% is probably a protective reaction of the body. Different reactivity of cows to the action of stress factors has an impact on the natural resistance of their body. A decrease in BASC by 3.2-10.5% was found, LASC –&#x0D; by 3.5-9.0%, FUNK-by 1.8-7.3%. When stress resistance decreases, the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood decreases: IgG-by 3.9 – 11.2%, IgM-by 1.1 – 22.5%, IgA-by 3.4 – 24.1%. Studies have shown that cows of the first type of stress was superior to their peers with high stress-STU life expectancy at 262,6-1264,8 day (11,6-100%; P&lt;0,05-0,001); in the long-STI period of productive use – on 0,2-2,5 lactation (4,7-125%; P&lt;0.001); the magnitude of the average milk yield per lactation on 487-2175 kg of milk (8,5-53.6 percent; P&lt;0,05-0,001); the value of lifetime milk yield –&#x0D; for 3340-19924 kg of milk (13.5-245.5%; P&lt;0.01-0.001); for milk yield per 1 day of life-0.2-4.7 kg&#x0D; (1,8-73,4%; P&lt;0,001), on the 1st day of lactation – 2,3-5,5 kg (13,9-41,4%; P&lt;0,001). It is recommended that the" breeding core " of the herd be equipped with animals of types I and II of stress resistance. When using type II stress resistance cows, additional attention should be paid to the milk productivity of their mothers when selecting breeding bulls.

The σB-Mediated General Stress Response of Listeria monocytogenes: Life and Death Decision Making in a Pathogen.

Sensing and responding to environmental cues is critical for the adaptability and success of the food-borne bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. A supramolecular multi-protein complex known as the stressosome, which acts as a stress sensing hub, is responsible for orchestrating the activation of a signal transduction pathway resulting in the activation of σB, the sigma factor that controls the general stress response (GSR). When σB is released from the anti-sigma factor RsbW, a rapid up-regulation of the large σB regulon, comprised of ≥ 300 genes, ensures that cells respond appropriately to the new environmental conditions. A diversity of stresses including low pH, high osmolarity, and blue light are known to be sensed by the stressosome, resulting in a generalized increase in stress resistance. Appropriate activation of the stressosome and deployment of σB are critical to fitness as there is a trade-off between growth and stress protection when the GSR is deployed. We review the recent developments in this field and describe an up-to-date model of how this sensory organelle might integrate environmental signals to produce an appropriate activation of the GSR. Some of the outstanding questions and challenges in this fascinating field are also discussed.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase (TPS) Gene Family and Expression Profiling of ScTPS Genes in Sugarcane

The trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family plays important roles in conferring plant stress resistance, but a comprehensive analysis of the gene family is lacking for sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). The objective of this study is to document functional classification, evolutionary characterization, and expression profiling of sugarcane TPS gene (ScTPS) family. Nine putative ScTPS genes were identified and assigned to two distinct classes based on gene structure and phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 31 TPS genes from Arabidopsis, rice and sugarcane could be divided into five distinct clades, suggesting that there were at least five orthologous groups in monocot and dicot plants. Evolution analysis of TPS genes revealed that TPS family members appeared to have undergone strong negative selection. The strength of the selective pressure differed in most clades, especially Class I TPS genes, experienced significantly stronger negative selection pressure than Class II TPS genes. There were also cis-regulatory elements related to phytohormones and abiotic stresses. Additionally, ScTPS genes were found to exhibit divergent expression in response to simulated drought, salinity, and ABA stresses. Since ScTPS genes function in sugarcane adaptation to environmental stimuli, it might be used as a molecular marker in screening sugarcane germplasm for increased stress resistance.

Expression of Three Related to ABI3/VP1 Genes in Medicago truncatula Caused Increased Stress Resistance and Branch Increase in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Related to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3)/VIVIPAROUS1(VP1)(RAV) transcription factors, which encode a B3 domain and an APETALA2(AP2) domain, belong to the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor(AP2/ERF) or B3 superfamily and play an important role in regulating plant growth and development and responding to abiotic stress. Although there have been many functional studies on RAV, the functional differences between RAVs are not clear. Therefore, in this study, the functional differences of RAVs of Medicago truncatula were analyzed. Based on sequence data from the plant transcription factor database and the M. truncatula genome database, we cloned three RAV genes from M. truncatula, named MtRAV1, MtRAV2, and MtRAV3. The cis-acting elements of these genes promoters were predicted, and the expression patterns of MtRAVs under exogenous conditions (4°C, NaCl, Polyethylene Glycol, Abscisic acid) were analyzed. MtRAVs transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana were obtained and subjected to adversity treatment. Subcellular localization results indicated that MtRAVs were located in the nucleus. A much lower expression level was observed for MtRAV3 than the levels of MtRAV1 and MtRAV2 in M. truncatula for growth in normal conditions, but under 4°C or PEG and NaCl treatment, the expression level of MtRAV3 was significantly increased. Only the MtRAV3 overexpression transgenic plants showed strong cold resistance, but the overexpressed MtRAV1 and MtRAV2 transgenic plants showed no difference from wild type plants. MtRAV transgenic plants exhibited similar response to exogenous mannitol, NaCl, and ABA, and the expression of some adverse-related marker genes were up-regulated, such as COLD REGULATED 414 THYLAKOID MEMBRANE 1 (COR414-TM1), Arabidopsis thaliana drought-induced 21 (AtDI21), and Arabidopsis thaliana phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (ATPLC). MtRAVs transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited increasing of branch number. These results indicated that there was some function redundancy during MtRAVs proteins of M. truncatula, and MtRAV3 has increased function compared to the other two genes. The results of this study should provide the foundation for future application of MtRAVs in legumes.

Validating measurements of acclimation for climate change adaptation.

Acclimation and other forms of plasticity that can increase stress resistance feature strongly in discussions surrounding climate change impacts or vulnerability projections of insects and other ectotherms. There is interest in compiling databases for assessing the adequacy of acclimation for dealing with climate change. Here, we argue that the nature of acclimation is context dependent and therefore that estimates summarised across studies, especially those that have assayed stress using diverse methods, are limited in their utility when applied as a standardized metric or to a single general context such as average climate warming. Moreover, the dynamic nature of tolerances and acclimation drives important variation that is quickly obscured through many summary statistics or even in effect size analyses; retaining a strong focus on the temporal-level, population-level and treatment-level variance in forecasting climate change impacts on insects is essential. We summarise recent developments within the context of climate change and propose how future studies might validate the role of acclimation by integration across field studies and mechanistic modelling. Despite arguments to the contrary, to date no studies have convincingly demonstrated an important role for acclimation in recent climate change adaptation of insects. Paramount to these discussions is i) developing a strong conceptual framework for acclimation in the focal trait(s), ii) obtaining novel empirical data dissecting the fitness benefits and consequences of acclimation across diverse contexts and timescales, with iii) better coverage of under-represented geographic regions and taxa.

Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics increases stress resistance through activation of multiple stress response pathways.

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can change shape and size depending on the needs of the cell through the processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion. In this work, we investigated the role of mitochondrial dynamics in organismal stress response. By using C. elegans as a genetic model, we could visualize mitochondrial morphology in a live organism with well‐established stress assays and well‐characterized stress response pathways. We found that disrupting mitochondrial fission (DRP1/drp‐1) or fusion (OPA1/eat‐3, MFN/fzo‐1) genes caused alterations in mitochondrial morphology that impacted both mitochondrial function and physiologic rates. While both mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fusion mutants showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress and anoxia, surprisingly we found that the mitochondrial fusion mutants eat‐3 and fzo‐1 are more resistant to both heat stress and oxidative stress. In exploring the mechanism of increased stress resistance, we found that disruption of mitochondrial fusion genes resulted in the upregulation of multiple stress response pathways. Overall, this work demonstrates that disrupting mitochondrial dynamics can have opposite effects on resistance to different types of stress. Our results suggest that disruption of mitochondrial fusion activates multiple stress response pathways that enhance resistance to specific stresses.

Ecological features of the persistence of Vibrio cholerae: retrospective analysis and actual state of the problem

The review presents retrospective data on six cholera pandemics and current views on the causative agent of the seventh pandemic V. cholerae El Tor, which caused a pandemic infection with the formation of true persistent and temporary intermediate endemic foci that provide the longest pathogen circulation in the history of the disease. One of the possible explanations for such a long course of the cholera pandemic is associated with an extremely high variability of the genome and the development of a number of adaptive reactions that allow cholera vibrios to adapt and remain in the environment. Due to the development of molecular genetic research methods, the ability of cholera vibrios to form biofilms which increases stress resistance, the ability to spread by attachment to abiotic (plastic) and biotic substrates (zooplankton and phytoplankton) has been discovered. Biofilm formation is also directly related to overcoming the antagonistic action of members of aquatic ecosystems. Another strategy for the survival of cholera vibrios is the transition to an uncultured state that proves a low level of death in the population. Published data on the possible effects of temperature increasing due to the climate change on cholera outbreaks in Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Angola, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone), Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia), Central Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan) and South Asia (Nepal) are overviewed. Based on the publications of recent years, an analysis is made of the current state of the studied problem in the Russian Federation and, in particular, in the Rostov region.

N6-adenosine methylation of ribosomal RNA affects lipid oxidation and stress resistance.

During stress, global translation is reduced, but specific transcripts are actively translated. How stress-responsive mRNAs are selectively translated is unknown. We show that METL-5 methylates adenosine 1717 on 18S ribosomal RNA in C. elegans, enhancing selective ribosomal binding and translation of specific mRNAs. One of these mRNAs, CYP-29A3, oxidizes the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid to eicosanoids, key stress signaling molecules. While metl-5-deficient animals grow normally under homeostatic conditions, they are resistant to a variety of stresses. metl-5 mutant worms also show reduced bioactive lipid eicosanoids and dietary supplementation of eicosanoid products of CYP-29A3 restores stress sensitivity of metl-5 mutant worms. Thus, methylation of a specific residue of 18S rRNA by METL-5 selectively enhances translation of cyp-29A3 to increase production of eicosanoids, and blocking this pathway increases stress resistance. This study suggests that ribosome methylation can facilitate selective translation, providing another layer of regulation of the stress response.

БИОСТИМУЛЯТОР ИЗ ОТХОДОВ КЕРАТИНСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО СЫРЬЯ

Ecosystem degradation forces us to introduce highly productive, environmentally friendly biotechnologies in agricultural production. In this regard, interest in organic farming is growing. Demand for organic products is ahead of supply. This, in its turn, causes interest in substances that, on the one hand, are safe for the environment, and on the other hand, increase yield and quality of crops. These substances include biostimulants. They stimulate the natural processes of assimilation of nutrients, increase stress resistance of plants. In this regard, keratin-containing raw materials deserve special attention, which, in terms of chemical composition, is a protein concentrate (90-95%) . But its use is limited due to the low functionality of the keratin protein of this raw material. Enzymatic keratin hydrolysis will provide a biostimulant for plants with a high content of amino acids. The aim of the study was to develop an enzymatic method for keratin hydrolysis with a high content of amino acids in the final product. Fermentation was carried out by Str. chromogeness.g. 0832 proteinase. The content of soluble protein, peptides and amino acids was carried out photocolorimetrically. Temperature (4000C) and pH (8.0) conditions of Str. chromogeness.g. 0832 enzyme complex have been determined, which allowed further hydrolysis of keratin-containing raw materials with a maximum yield of final products - amino acids (99.57 g/100g). Treatment of corn seeds with the obtained amino acid solution enabled to increase growth-promoting activity by 48%.

Apolipoprotein D in Lepidoptera: Evolution and functional divergence

Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) plays important roles in response to injury, cell differentiation, lifespan extension, and increasing stress resistance. However, the evolutionary mechanism of ApoD in insects remains largely unelucidated. We conducted a comprehensive study of the molecular evolution and functional divergence of ApoD in insects. A type I functional divergence analysis revealed significant differences among insect ApoD homologs, suggesting that they underwent functional divergence. We demonstrated that lepidopteran insects have three genes that are close homologs to ApoD and show divergences in sequence, expression pattern, and protein-protein interaction. Furthermore, positive selection was detected in lepidopteran ApoD2, and positively selected sites were located around the pocket and loop domains, which might result in conformational changes and affect binding properties. Moreover, we showed that the three ApoDs in Bombyx mori were significantly regulated by environmental stress. Thus, this work illustrates the dialectical relationship between genetic diversity and functional conservation of ApoD and highlights its unique functions in the stress response of Lepidoptera.

What's Genetic Variation Got to Do with It? Starvation-Induced Self-Fertilization Enhances Survival in Paramecium.

The pervasiveness of sex despite its well-known costs is a long-standing puzzle in evolutionary biology. Current explanations for the success of sex in nature largely rely on the adaptive significance of the new or rare genotypes that sex may generate. Less explored is the possibility that sex-underlying molecular mechanisms can enhance fitness and convey benefits to the individuals that bear the immediate costs of sex. Here, we show that the molecular environment associated with self-fertilization can increase stress resistance in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. This advantage is independent of new genetic variation, coupled with a reduced nutritional input, and offers fresh insights into the mechanistic origin of sex. In addition to providing evidence that the molecular underpinnings of sexual reproduction and the stress response are linked in P. tetraurelia, these findings supply an integrative explanation for the persistence of self-fertilization in this ciliate.