Increase In Military Spending Research Articles

Red Crescent Soup Kitchens as a Social Aid during the Second World War

1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizinin etkileri devam ederken İkinci Dünya Savaşı başlamıştır. Bu durum savaşın olumsuz ekonomik etkilerinin daha yoğun biçimde yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Savaş yıllarında askeri harcamaların artması, üretimin ve ithalatın azalması halkın üzerinde ağır bir ekonomik yük oluşturmuştur. Enflasyon toplumda ekonomik bunalım oluşturmuş, ekonomik güçlerin askeri alana kaydırılması tarımsal üretimde azalmalara yol açmış, besin maddeleri sıkıntısı sonucunda karne uygulamaları başlamış, yer yer kıtlık yaşanmıştır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla savaş dışı kalmaya çalışan Türkiye seferberlik ilan etmiştir. Seferberlik ilanı dış tehditlere karşı milli müdafaa tedbiri olarak değerlendirilse de sonuçları itibariyle ülkede iaşe sorunu yaşanmasına yol açmıştır. Savaş yıllarında yaşanan ekonomik sıkıntıları hafifletmek amacıyla çeşitli ekonomik ve sosyal tedbirler alınmıştır. Ekonomik müdahalelerle savaş enflasyonu önlenmeye ve sosyal politikalarla savaştan kaynaklanan toplumsal sorunlar hafifletilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sosyal politika tedbirlerinde devletin yetmediği alanlarda sosyal yardım cemiyetleri ve gönüllü kişilerin yardımları ile desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmada İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında artan yoksulluk sonucunda özellikle kentlerde yaşanan açlığı hafifletmeye çalışan Kızılay aş evlerinin çalışmaları dönem basınından faydalanılarak incelenmiştir.

Individual and Contextual Influences on Public Support for Military Spending in NATO

ABSTRACT What factors at the individual and country levels influence public support for increased levels of military spending and related foreign policy preferences in NATO countries? Specifically, what individual-level characteristics (e.g., view of NATO) are associated with support for increasing military spending within the NATO alliance, and what country characteristics are associated with shifts in public opinion due to changes in the contextual environment within each country (e.g., military spending/economic growth)? Answers to these questions fill an important gap in the literature by investigating the domestic constraints that influence a country’s response to questions of ‘burden-sharing’ and free riding within NATO. This study examines how citizens’ preferences respond to their domestic political environment, and whether this behavior aligns with the ‘guns versus butter’ trade-off. Findings from a multilevel model combining country-level data with survey data from 13 NATO member countries between 2004–2012 suggest that individuals who view NATO as essential are consistently more likely to support increases in military spending, but changes in the contextual environment, such as high levels of military spending or high levels of economic growth, alter the preferences of individuals in a manner that follows what is known about the trade-offs citizens make between ‘guns versus butter.’

The Impact of Military Spending on Economic Wellbeing in Nigeria

The impact of military spending on domestic output is contentious and therefore requires further analysis on a country by country basis to determine its level of significance. Nigeria’s military contributions to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sub-region and the recent rise of various insurgencies, particularly, Jam??at Ahl al-Sunna lil-Da?awah wa al-Jih?d’ (Boko Haram) – arguably the most fatal insurgent group – has increased Nigeria’s military expenditure. This study investigates the impact of this increase in military spending on the economic well-being (measured by GDP per capita) of Nigerians using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration for the period from 1988 to 2017. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between military spending and economic well-being in Nigeria. However, the impact on citizens’ wellbeing is not instantaneous as the variable is only significant after the current year spending; which does not last longer than a year. The study therefore recommends that defense spending be strategic, and that all earmarked funds for defense be deployed appropriately so that increases in wellbeing can be more long-term as opposed to lasting for only one year.

Vulnerability of Economies Facing Terrorism: Case of the Countries of the Sahel Belt

Vulnerability of Economies Facing Terrorism: Case of the Countries of the Sahel Belt Allé Nar Diop Abstract This article has helped with the construction of a Structural Equations Model (SEM) to measure the negative impact of terrorist targets on economic growth, investment and positive influences on the military and security spending in the economies of Sahel. The SEM also helped break down the impact of the terrorist attacks in the Sahel in direct and indirect effects. The increase in military spending and security results in lower investment and economic growth and undermining development efforts and fiscal consolidation. Moreover, the consequences of terrorist attacks are more intense for targets in industries whose economic weight is important. These targets increase the vulnerability of fragile Sahel and undiversified economies. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jeds.v7n2a7

Wschodni model współczesnego wychowania państwowego na przykładzie rosyjskiego korpusu kadetów. Zarys problemu

The modern model of state education in Russia promotes patriotism and devotion to the authorities. Young people must be proud of their origin and, in spite of deteriorating material conditions, should stay in the country contributing to its development. Cadet Corps Alumni are an example of a patriotic education model. Several years of learning in the military school shapes their beliefs and teaches them complete surrender to authority. Patriotism, combined with the sense of external threat, has become the driving force behind the reconstruction of the Russian superpower. One of the cornerstones of the school is the acceptance of Putin’s Russia by spreading the vision of becoming an international representative of the country. The increase in military spending and functioning of military schools such as the Corps of Cadets give rise to fears that in the future Russia the army will become one of the tools of the superpower on the arena of foreign policy.

Shock and awe? Fiscal consequences of terrorism

This article investigates how the frequency and severity of terrorism affect government finances in a large sample of 156 developed and developing countries over the period 1970–2016. The empirical results indicate that terrorism has a negative effect on tax revenue performance, especially in countries where terrorism has become endemic with frequent attacks and large numbers of fatalities relative to population, and that this effect becomes more pronounced in dynamic models accounting for potential endogeneity. Similarly, controlling for a plethora of economic, demographic and institutional factors, we find compelling evidence that terrorism is associated with a significant increase in military spending as a share of national income. These effects of terrorism on government operations and finance appear to be greater in countries where attacks are frequent and result in large numbers of fatalities. Our empirical findings also confirm that the state of public finances in developing countries is more vulnerable to acts of terrorism than those in countries that are richer and more diversified.

Determinants of State Spending Patterns in Arab League Member States: a Post-Arab Spring Analysis, 1996–2014

What is the purpose of the modern nation-state and what drives its main functions? This analysis attempts to provide an answer by examining the correlates of state spending on military and public health in the Middle East and North Africa. I draw on theories of states and power, identifying the dual nature of modern nation-states, and argue that spending on military and social policy is shaped largely by domestic institutional arrangements. Theories from comparative politics, sociology, and political economy are operationalized. I consider hypotheses derived from each using pooled cross-sectional time series analysis with macroeconomic data and sociopolitical indicators. Analysis shows that democratic institutions generate spending in both areas, while governing capacity is associated with decreases in military and increases in public health spending. The regression also suggests the unrest of 2011 generated increases in military spending. Overall, these findings provide support for the notion that institutional arrangements largely determine state spending priorities and provide other insights relevant to the theories being tested. This paper extends our understanding of state behaviors vis-a-vis state spending in the context of social unrest. In light of these findings, I theorize that state behavior is molded by the triangular relationship between state, economy, and civil society, and I discuss the need to consider military expenditures in institutional analyses.

U.S. Debt: The Next Financial Crisis?

As the U.S. economy has mainly recovered from the 2008 Financial Crisis, with unemployment below 5%, inflation below 2%, and the stock market near all-time highs, there is growing concern about the huge amount of U.S. government debt, which today stands at over $20 Trillion dollars and 106% of Debt/GDP. Could this be the next thing to derail the U.S. economy, and in so doing, negatively affecting nearly every other country in the world? This paper reviews the size and scope of the U.S. National Debt in it’s historical context. There are three reasons to be alarmed about this, especially now. First, the annual budget deficit, which had been shrinking in the later years of the Obama administration, is once again on the rise. Second, the Republican tax reduction bill is estimated to add another trillion dollars to the overall level of government debt in the next 10 years, even with higher GDP growth rates factored in. Third, the Trump administration, while slashing other areas of government spending (State Department, Environmental Protection Agency, and more) is once again seeking major increases in military spending. This scenario is strikingly similar to the early 1980’s, where deficits soared as a result. The paper also offers some solutions as to what can be done to bring it down to a more manageable level (or at least reduce it’s rate of growth). Like many things in economics, the “best” solution is to find ways to return to levels of historical GDP growth rates (3% and above).

Military Expenditure, Endogeneity and Economic Growth

While not always a concern for the general economic growth literature, the debate over the effects of military spending on growth continues to develop, with no consensus, but a deepening understanding of the limitations of previous work. One important issue that has not been adequately dealt with is the endogeneity of military spending in the growth equation, mainly because of the difficulty of finding any variables that would make adequate instruments. This paper considers this issue, using an endogenous growth model estimated on a large sample of 109 non-high-income countries for the period 1998–2012. The empirical analysis is framed within an instrumental variable setting that exploits the increase in military spending that occurs when unrest in a country escalates to turmoil. The estimation results show that endogeneity arising from reverse causality is a crucial issue, with the instrumental variable estimates providing a larger significant negative effect of military spending on growth than OLS would. This result is found to be robust to different sources of heterogeneity and different time periods.

Food crisis as factor of future value of the agricultural land

At the present stage of human development, food is one of the most acute problems. Over the past 30-40 years, the growth rate of population in many countries of the world is ahead of the growth rate of agricultural production, which leads to acute shortage of food. This is especially true of developing countries, which accounts for the overwhelming majority of the population of the planet that is under-eating and starving. According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), in the world now about half a billion people are constantly hungry and twice asleep. Insufficient consumption affects children in particular. Nearly 300 million children in Asia, Africa and Latin America are lagging behind in physical and mental development as a result of poor nutrition. Every day from hunger there are about 12 thousand people dying. According to FAO, food products around the world are produced in general enough to feed the entire population of the Earth. However, the main reason for the global food crisis is not that products are distributed among countries irrelevant to the population, although such a problem exists. Researchers believe that the food crisis is caused by the coincidence of demographic, environmental and energy problems with the effects of adverse weather conditions, as well as a colossal increase in military spending. Investigated the interconnection between the dynamics of population growth and world food production volumes with the areas of agricultural land and the possible influence of projected changes in agricultural land use on increasing the cost of agricultural land is substantiated. It was investigated that the average national land rent in Ukraine would increase by 25.5%. This in turn will lead to an increase in the value of agricultural land in Ukraine. Keywords : land cost, expert appraisal, agricultural land, deficiency, world food production.

U.S. Military Spending: A Look at Some Statistics

This paper examines U.S. military spending from 2000-2015 in an attempt to determine whether cuts in military spending have decimated the U.S. military, as some political leaders suggest, and whether a large increase in military spending can be justified.

Guns for Butter? Empirical Evidence from China

This study examines the causal nexus between defence spending and education expenditure in China using the bootstrap Granger full-sample causality test and sub-sample rolling window estimation. The full-sample result indicates that there is no causality between defence spending and education expenditure. By adopting a time-varying rolling window approach to revisit the dynamic causal relationships, this article identifies a negative unidirectional causality running from education expenditure to defence spending. The finding suggests that it is the education expenditure crowds out defence spending in China rather than reverse. No causality is demonstrated from defence spending to education expenditure, indicating that an increase in military spending will not crowd out expenditure on education. The results could be partly explained by that the education expenditure in China is below the requirement of corresponding economic growth, urging for more financial budget. Whereas the findings support a negative trade-off between defence and education expenditures, they refute the theory of ‘guns for butter’.

Reagan's legacy in a world transformed

Reagan's Legacy in a World Transformed. Ed. by Jeffrey L. Chidester and Paul Kengor. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp xvi, 229, notes. Cloth, $45.00.)Jeffrey L. Chichester, Director of Policy Programs at University of Virginias Miller Center, and Paul Regnor, Professor of History at Grove City College, have collected twelve scholarly essays dealing mainly with President Ronald foreign policy and its legacy. They also each contributed as essay to volume.The essays are divided into five units: Global Impact of Domestic Policy; Legacy in Global Democracy; Reagans Defense Policy Revisited: The Great Debate; Reagan and Negotiating End of Cold War; and Reagan and Multilateralism.The collection begins with a foreword by Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada from September 1984 to June 1993. He establishes overall tone of this collection by offering essentially a hymn of praise to presidents policy initiatives. He concludes his comments with a ringing endorsement of the golden achievements of era (p. xvi).The essays taken together develop three major themes. First, domestic economic initiatives, especially ones involving defense spending, helped reinforce his foreign policy goals. Second, Reagan's willingness to enter negotiations with USSR on nuclear issues ultimately paved way for agreements that reduced threat of nuclear war. Finally, pragmatism allowed him to deal with somewhat tangential issues, such as relations with United Nations and Law of Seas negotiations.The first three essays agree that Reagan's economic policies both helped nation's economy and speeded up rise of economic globalism. Alfred E. Eckes argues that and Margaret Thatcher's free market rhetoric and actions they took to deregulate and open markets ... brought political drive to globalization (p. 12). He does grant that ultimately American manufacturing jobs were lost in long run during process but that benefits far outweighed costs.The more immediate gains in Reagan's economic policies came in economic during his time in office. What Henry Nau calls the great expansion especially involved massive increase in military spending (p. 24). Although this led to increased budget deficits, it also was instrumental in pressuring Soviets. (Interestingly, himself regretted deficits but blamed Congress for not cutting spending in non-military areas. …

Fiscalidad e Independencia en Santafé y Bogotá, 1780-1830

El artículo analiza los cambios del fisco de Santafé y Bogotá entre 1780 y 1830 por medio del estudio de las variaciones en la política fiscal, la estructura y dinámica de ingresos y gastos. Este análisis asumió el comportamiento de las series fiscales como consecuencia directa de las condiciones en la estructura política y económica en Colombia. Se evaluaron los resultados de la política fiscal con base en series cuantitativas del comportamiento de ingreso y egreso, al demostrar que el proceso independentista mantuvo parte del sistema impositivo colonial con pequeños cambios referentes a un mayor uso del crédito, de recursos eventuales y aumento del gasto militar, permaneciendo el carácter patrimonial de la Hacienda de la capital.

Growth Opportunities and Debt Covenants: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Debt covenants reduce agency cost of debt while bringing into contracting cost which increases with firms' growth opportunities. In this paper, we exploit an unexpected increase in military spending after the War of Afghanistan which led to an increase in growth opportunities for defense contractors to establish a causal relationship from growth opportunities to firms' bank loan covenants. Using a difference-in-difference strategy, we find that defense contractors have much less covenants after 2001, with the effect concentrated right after the war. Aside from significantly less general covenants, firms receive less restrictions in investment spending and become less likely to include build-ups on covenant thresholds. The effect mainly comes from more diversified firms, firms that are more opaque and firms in need of more financial flexibility. Our findings are consistent with firms relieving debt covenants to minimize contracting cost as a response to increased growth opportunities and thus support the costly contracting hypothesis by Smith and Warner (1979).

State, Illegality, and Territorial Control

The inevitable incursion of Colombian armed groups into Ecuador remained at low levels for decades, but in the late 1990s the United States increased its level of engagement in the conflict and the Colombian government permitted the expansion of paramilitaries into the South of the country. While Rafael Correa’s Plan Ecuador privileged economic development in the border region as a way of promoting peace there, the massacre by the Colombian military in Angostura (Sucumbíos) in March 2008 led to an increase in military spending and increasing violations of the human rights of the region’s people. Socioeconomic conditions remain favorable to the expansion of the paramilitary organizations, linked to drug trafficking, gasoline smuggling, and other illegal activities. Without the resurrection of Plan Ecuador, their presence will continue to threaten the sovereignty of the state and the consolidation of its progressive national project. La incursión inevitable de los grupos armados colombianos en Ecuador se mantuvo en niveles bajos durante décadas, pero a finales de los 90s los Estados Unidos aumentaron su nivel de participación en el conflicto y el gobierno colombiano permitió la expansión de los paramilitares en el sur del país. Si bien el Plan Ecuador de Rafael Correa privilegió el desarrollo económico en la región fronteriza como una forma de promover la paz allí, la masacre por el ejército colombiano en Angostura (Sucumbíos) en marzo de 2008 generó un incremento en el gasto militar y el aumento de violaciones de los derechos humanos de la gente de la región. Las condiciones socioeconómicas siguen siendo favorables a la expansión de las organizaciones paramilitares, vinculadas al tráfico de drogas, contrabando de gasolina, y otras actividades ilegales. Sin la resurrección del Plan Ecuador, su presencia seguirá amenazando la soberanía del Estado y la consolidación de su proyecto nacional progresista.

Fiscal Consequences of Terrorism

This paper provides an empirical analysis of how the frequency and severity of terrorism affectgovernment revenue and expenditure during the period 1970-2013 using a panel dataset on153 countries. We find that terrorism has only a marginal negative effect on tax revenueperformance, after controlling for economic and institutional factors. This effect is also notrobust to alternative specifications and empirical strategies. On the other hand, we find strongevidence that terrorism is associated with an increase in military spending as a percent of GDP(and a share of total government expenditure). Our estimations reveal that this impact isgreater when terrorist attacks are frequent and result in a large number of fatalities. Empiricalfindings also support the view that public finances in developing and low-income countriesare more vulnerable to terrorism than those in countries that are richer and diversified.

Fiscal Consequences of Terrorism

This paper provides an empirical analysis of how the frequency and severity of terrorism affect government revenue and expenditure during the period 1970–2013 using a panel dataset on 153 countries. We find that terrorism has only a marginal negative effect on tax revenue performance, after controlling for economic and institutional factors. This effect is also not robust to alternative specifications and empirical strategies. On the other hand, we find strong evidence that terrorism is associated with an increase in military spending as a percent of GDP (and a share of total government expenditure). Our estimations reveal that this impact is greater when terrorist attacks are frequent and result in a large number of fatalities. Empirical findings also support the view that public finances in developing and low-income countries are more vulnerable to terrorism than those in countries that are richer and diversified.

The theory of monopoly capitalism: an elaboration of Marxian political economy

In 1966, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy published Monopoly Capital, a monumental work of economic theory and social criticism that sought to reveal the basic nature of the capitalism of their time. Their theory, and its continuing elaboration by Sweezy, Harry Magdoff, and others in Monthly Review magazine, infl uenced generations of radical and heterodox economists. They recognized that Marx s work was unfi nished and itself historically conditioned, and that any attempt to understand capitalism as an evolving phenomenon needed to take changing conditions into account. Having observed the rise of giant monopolistic (or oligopolistic) fi rms in the twentieth century, they put monopoly capital at the center of their analysis, arguing that the rising surplus such fi rms accumulated as a result of their pricing power, massive sales efforts, and other factors could not be profi tably invested back into the economy. Absent any epoch making innovations like the automobile or vast new increases in military spending, the result was a general trend toward economic stagnation a condition that persists, and is increasingly apparent, to this day. Their analysis was also extended to issues of imperialism, or accumulation on a world scale, overlapping with the path-breaking work of Samir Amin in particular. John Bellamy Foster is a leading exponent of this theoretical perspective today, continuing in the tradition of Baran and Sweezy s Monopoly Capital. This new edition of his essential work, The Theory of Monopoly Capitalism, is a clear and accessible explication of this outlook, brought up to the present, and incorporating an analysis of recently discovered lost chapters from Monopoly Capital and correspondence between Baran and Sweezy. It also discusses Magdoff and Sweezy s analysis of the fi nancialization of the economy in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s, leading up to the Great Financial Crisis of the opening decade of this century. Foster presents and develops the main arguments of monopoly capital theory, examining its key exponents, and addressing its critics in a way that is thoughtful but rigorous, suspicious of dogma but adamant that the deep-seated problems of today s monopoly-fi nance capitalism can only truly be solved in the process of overcoming the system itself.

Military spending and economic growth in China: a regime-switching analysis

This article investigates the impact of military spending changes on economic growth in China over the period 1953 to 2010. Using two-state Markov-switching specifications, the results suggest that the relationship between military spending changes and economic growth is state dependent. Specifically, the results show that military spending changes affect the economic growth negatively during a slower growth–higher variance state, while positively within a faster growth–lower variance one. It is also demonstrated that military spending changes contain information about the growth transition probabilities. As a policy tool, the results indicate that increases in military spending can be detrimental to growth during slower growth–higher growth volatility periods.