Increasing Energy Costs Research Articles

The experimental study of thermal energy recovery from shower greywater

ABSTRACT Long-term savings can be achieved by small household improvements to deal with the increasing energy costs that are important to all of us. Hot shower greywater is discharged to the environment with a significant amount of thermal energy. In this study, unlike the studies in the field, the recoverability potential of the shower greywater thermal energy was experimentally studied and compared by the horizontal and vertical connection of the helical coil and brazed plate heat exchangers to a unit shower cabin. The shower water heating energy consumption of thermosiphon can be reduced by approximately 16.13% and 24.69% by mounting the helical coil heat exchanger horizontally and vertically. The saving rates reach 20.62% and 27.34% for brazed plate heat exchanger, too. It could be assessed that annual energy saving can be a minimum of 247.1 kWh and a maximum of 418.7 kWh for an average family of four people. The economic size of the saving was determined between $25.2 to $42.7, annually. The installation cost of a heat exchanger for a shower cabin is $87 and it was determined that the payback period could be 2 years. The reduction of carbon dioxide emission by the possible saving of energy is an estimated minimum of 203.85 kg/year. The study aims to contribute to the creation of literature for academic studies and design processes, as well as awareness for practitioners and investors.

Gearing Up the Human Ankle-Foot System to Reduce Energy Cost of Fast Walking

During locomotion, the human ankle-foot system dynamically alters its gearing, or leverage of the ankle joint on the ground. Shifting ankle-foot gearing regulates speed of plantarflexor (i.e., calf muscle) contraction, which influences economy of force production. Here, we tested the hypothesis that manipulating ankle-foot gearing via stiff-insoled shoes will change the force-velocity operation of plantarflexor muscles and influence whole-body energy cost differently across walking speeds. We used in vivo ultrasound imaging to analyze fascicle contraction mechanics and whole-body energy expenditure across three walking speeds (1.25, 1.75, and 2.0 m/s) and three levels of foot stiffness. Stiff insoles increased leverage of the foot upon the ground (p < 0.001), and increased dorsiflexion range-of-motion (p < 0.001). Furthermore, stiff insoles resulted in a 15.9% increase in average force output (p < 0.001) and 19.3% slower fascicle contraction speed (p = 0.002) of the major plantarflexor (Soleus) muscle, indicating a shift in its force-velocity operating region. Metabolically, the stiffest insoles increased energy cost by 9.6% at a typical walking speed (1.25 m/s, p = 0.026), but reduced energy cost by 7.1% at a fast speed (2.0 m/s, p = 0.040). Stiff insoles appear to add an extra gear unavailable to the human foot, which can enhance muscular performance in a specific locomotion task.

An integrated processing energy modeling and optimization of automated robotic polishing system

The automated robotic polishing system (ARPS) consisting of several robotic polishing cells (RPCs) is widely adopted in polishing industry to replace manual labor. Recently, energy-saving becomes a hotspot issue in manufacturing industry because of the increase in energy costs and requirement of environmental protection. Traditionally, robot motion planning and task scheduling are carried out separately and sequentially, which constrain the potential for energy-saving. In this paper, a task energy characteristic model is proposed as a polynomial function of the feedrate override to forecast the energy consumption of the polishing process of RPC, in which the designed parameters of the RPC and the polishing process parameters are encapsulated into the polynomial coefficients based on experimental data. Furthermore, an optimization model is proposed for an ARPS with mass tasks to minimize the energy consumption, in which the robot motion planning and the task scheduling are considered integratedly. An adaptive genetic algorithm with elite retention strategy is adopted to solve the optimization model. A case study is introduced to verify the proposed approach, which demonstrates the forecast error of task energy is less than 7%, and the proposed optimization approach can reduce the energy consumption of ARPS by more than 18% compared with the original processing scheme.

The increase in energy cost of walking with an immobilized knee or an unstable ankle

The effect of an immobilized knee joint or of an unstable ankle joint on the walking capacity has been assessed with 50 walking tests in ten healthy subjects. The knee joint was immobilized in extension with a standard splint and an unstable ankle joint was simulated by a modified shoe. A significant decrease in convenient walking speed was found. The energy cost of walking as assessed by oxygen cost at a convenient speed was significantly increased both with an immobilized knee (23%) and with an unstable ankle (10%), compared to normal condition of the subjects. Implications for the management of patients with similar joint disorders are discussed.

The effects of general fatigue induced by incremental exercise test and active recovery modes on energy cost, gait variability and stability in male soccer players

The aerobic endurance is considered an important physiological capacity of soccer players which is examined by Incremental Exercise Test (IET). However, it is not clear how general fatigue induced by IET influences physiological and biomechanical gait features in soccer players and how players recover optimally at post-IET. Here, the effect of general fatigue induced by IET on energy cost, gait variability and stability in soccer players was investigated. To identify an optimal recovery mode, the effect of walking at Preferred Walking Speed (PWS), running at Individual Ventilation Threshold (IVT) (two active recovery modes), and Rest (a passive recovery mode) on aforementioned features were studied. Nine male players walked 4-min at PWS on a treadmill prior IET (PreT), which was followed by four 4-min walking trials (PosT-0, 1, 2, and 3) with three 4-min recovery intervals (PWS, IVT, or Rest) between them, in three sessions (one for each recovery mode) in a random order. Energy cost, gait variability and stability were examined at PreT (baseline), and at PosT-0, 1, 2, and 3 (intervals of respectively 0–4, 8–12, 16–20, 24–28 min at post-IET). Gait variability was assessed by the standard deviation of trunk angle and gait stability was assessed by the local dynamic stability of trunk angular velocity. Gait stability was not affected by IET, despite increases in gait variability and energy cost. Different from IVT, PWS and Rest recovery modes reduced energy cost at post-IET. Gait variability and energy cost recovered at PosT-1 and PosT-2, suggesting that 8–12 and 16–20 min recovery intervals, respectively, were required for returning to their baselines. No preference for active over passive recovery was found in terms of gait variability and energy cost.

Effectiveness of a crossover prosthetic foot in active children with a congenital lower limb deficiency

Children with lower limb prostheses cannot always keep up with their peers during active play. A pediatric crossover foot may be a promising prosthetic alternative for children engaging in high-intensity movements necessary for active play. To compare children's walking performance, running performance, experienced competence, and cosmesis using their prescribed prosthesis compared with the crossover foot. Pretest-posttest study. Children with lower limb amputation or deficiency were recruited. Measurements were taken at baseline with the prescribed prosthesis and 6 weeks later with the crossover foot. Walking speed, energy cost of walking, anaerobic muscle power, stair climbing speed, ankle power, and cosmesis were evaluated. Four children participated in the study. Two children had increased walking speed with the same energy cost, one child had decreased speed with increased energy cost, and one child had the same speed with decreased energy cost. Muscle power increased for three of the four children and ankle power increased for all children while using the crossover foot compared to the prescribed prosthesis. Two children reported knee pain or feeling excessive knee flexion when running with the crossover foot. One child reported negative feelings toward cosmesis of the crossover foot. This study suggests crossover foot may benefit active children by improving walking and running performance, and decreasing energy cost. However, knee pain reports or negative feelings toward the atypical design suggest the crossover foot may not be ideal for every child. Further research is needed to determine which pediatric users would benefit from this type of prosthetic foot. Children with lower limb deficiencies are active prosthetic users who often switch between low- and high-intensity movements in their daily activities. Therefore, they might benefit from a crossover prosthetic design. The preliminary findings of this study suggest the crossover foot (XF) may be a promising foot for active children.

Optimal energy management strategies to reduce diesel consumption for a hybrid off-grid system

Although climate change is a reality, many off-grid communities continue to use diesel generators for electricity supply. This document presents a strategy to reduce diesel consumption in an out-of-grid system formed by renewable sources (PV-HKT-WT-DG). Three energy dispatch strategies have been proposed to verify the impact on diesel consumption and generator operating hours. In addition, different energy storage technologies (acid lead, lithium-ion, vanadium redox flow, pump storage and supercapacitor) have been considered. The HOMER software has been used to calculate the optimal size of the systems through technical-economic indicators.&#x0D; The results show that it is possible to reduce diesel consumption progressively; however, the cost of energy increases. On the other hand, when using lithium-ion batteries under charge cycle control, the penetration of the diesel generator has been greatly reduced without affecting the cost of the system. Finally, sensitivity analyzes have shown that when demand increases, diesel consumption does not increase significantly by using redox vanadium flow batteries, whereas the diesel generator operating hours decrease significantly in all systems.

Optimizing Steam Consumption of Mushroom Canning Process by Selecting Higher Temperatures and Shorter Time of Retorting.

Increasing energy cost has driven the food canning industries to optimize their energy consumption in order to produce safe and shelf-stable foods efficiently. In the mushroom canning industry, energy efficiency is very critical to improve product (price) competitiveness. This research aimed at demonstrating total steam consumption to achieve the same sterility level (F0-value) of canned mushroom by using different combinations of times and temperatures of retorting. Agaricus bisporus in brine contained in 300 × 407 cans was heat processed in a horizontal static retort. Three different retort temperatures (115, 121, and 130°C) and different operator processing times ranging from 2 to 97 minutes were employed to achieve different levels of F0-values. Our results showed that at the same level of sterility, steam consumption inversely decreased with the increase of retort temperature. At the same F0-value of 10 minutes, energy efficiency for up to 72.9% and 58.1% per batch of retorting was achieved by increasing the temperature from 115 to 130°C and 115 to 121°C, respectively. Since steam consumption is a major element of production costs in the canning industry, the selection of higher temperatures and shorter time of retorting will have a positive commercial impact due to the reduction of production costs.

DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF HOLE PROCESSING WITH A MULTI-TOOL

The industry serially produces hydraulic power heads, tables designed for drilling, countersinking and boring holes. The disadvantage of these power heads is that they are not universal in terms of the impossibility of rapid changeover from the drilling operation to the reamer. At the same time, two methods of processing holes with multi-blade tools are implemented. The first one is drilling holes in solid metal with a drill, in which the cutting tool experiences heavy loads, leading to premature wear and breakage. The second one is boring of the obtained holes after technological operations of drilling and countersinking, which leads to increased energy costs and labor of operators. The existing fleet of drilling machines, as a rule, is not equipped with automatic control systems of technological processes, allowing to ensure the quality of hole processing at high productivity. The article presents the original universal two-circuit scheme of automatic control of technological processes of drilling and reaming holes. The system controls the technological processes of drilling holes by switching the appropriate taps in the application of hydraulic power heads and improves the quality of processing and tool life. With the help of General transfer functions and according to the Raus - Hurwitz criterion, its stable operation is achieved both during drilling and deployment. The derived mathematical models make it possible to perform calculations to determine the mass-geometric and regime parameters necessary for the design and creation of automatic systems for controlling the modes of operation of hydraulic power heads.

Gait asymmetry pattern following stroke determines acute response to locomotor task

BackgroundGiven the prevalence of gait dysfunction following stroke, walking recovery is a primary goal of rehabilitation. However, current gait rehabilitation approaches fail to demonstrate consistent benefits. Gait asymmetry, prevalent among stroke survivors who regain the ability to walk, is associated with an increased energy cost of walking and is a significant predictor of falls post-stroke. Furthermore, differential patterns of gait asymmetry may respond differently to gait training parameters. Research questionThe purpose of this study was to determine whether differential responses to locomotor task condition occur on the basis of step length asymmetry pattern (Symmetrical, NPshort, Pshort) observed during overground walking. MethodsParticipants first walked overground at their self-selected walking speed. Overground data were compared against three task conditions all tested during treadmill walking: self-selected speed with 0% body weight support (TM); self-selected speed with 30 % body weight support (BWS); and fastest comfortable speed with 30 % body weight support and nonparetic leg guidance (GuidanceNP). Our primary metrics were: symmetry indices of step length, stride length, and single limb support duration. ResultsWe identified differences in the response to locomotor task conditions for each step length asymmetry subgroup. GuidanceNP induced an acute spatial symmetry only in the NPshort group and temporal symmetry in the Symmetrical and Pshort groups. Importantly, we found the TM and BWS conditions were insufficient to impact either spatial or temporal gait symmetry. SignificanceTask conditions consistent with locomotor training do not produce uniform effects across subpatterns of gait asymmetry. We identified differential responses to locomotor task conditions between groups with distinct asymmetry patterns, suggesting these subgroups may require unique intervention strategies. Despite group differences in asymmetry characteristics, improvements in symmetry noted in each group were driven by changes in both the paretic and nonparetic limbs.

ДВУХУРОВНЕВЫЙ МЕТОД ДИАГНОСТИКИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ШТАНГОВЫХ НАСОСНЫХ УСТАНОВОК

Актуальность. Значительное число крупнейших нефтяных месторождений в России находится на завершающей стадии разработки, характеризующейся снижением объемов добычи, увеличением доли осложненного фонда скважин. Одним из наиболее распространенных способов эксплуатации скважин малодебитного фонда являются штанговые насосные установки. Эксплуатация штанговых установок в осложненных условиях эксплуатации в ряде случаев сопровождается снижением межремонтного периода работы, повышением удельных энергетических и экономических затрат при добыче. В этих условиях одной из наиболее актуальных является задача обеспечения рентабельной разработки скважин за счет своевременной диагностики технического состояния и условий работы насосного оборудования. Объекты: штанговая насосная установка, работающая в нефтяных добывающих скважинах, в том числе при наличии осложняющих факторов, и устьевая динамограмма работы штанговой установки, отражающая техническое состояние и условия работы внутрискважинного оборудования. Цель: разработка нового подхода к диагностике состояния штанговых насосных установок по динамограмме, базирующаяся на решении обратных задач динамики штанговой установки. Методы: методы численного решения уравнений в частных производных для прямых задач, включающих моделирование теоретической динамограммы работы штанговой установки; методы решения обратных задач, направленных на определение параметров модели, характеризующих работу штанговой установки. Результаты. Разработан двухуровневый метод диагностирования состояния штанговых насосных установок по динамограмме. Предлагаемый метод диагностики включает: на первом уровне обработку практических динамограмм системой распознавания образов и на втором уровне – количественное определение последствий неисправностей решением задачи динамики штанговой установки, исходя из физических законов формирования конфигурации динамограмм. Путем анализа конфигурации динамограмм при эксплуатации насосного оборудования (нормальная работа, высокое содержание газа на приеме насоса, утечки в нагнетательном клапане насоса, низкая посадка плунжера в цилиндре) показаны примеры решения задач количественной диагностики и выдачи рекомендаций по корректировке технологического режима на основе разработанного алгоритма.

Enhanced parallelization of the incremental 4D‐Var data assimilation algorithm using the Randomized Incremental Optimal Technique

AbstractIncremental 4D‐Var is a data assimilation algorithm used routinely at operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) centres worldwide. The algorithm solves a series of quadratic minimization problems (inner‐loops) obtained from linear approximations of the forward model around nonlinear trajectories (outer‐loops). Since most of the computational burden is associated with the inner‐loops, many studies have focused on developing computationally efficient algorithms to solve the least‐square quadratic minimization problem, in particular through time parallelization. This paper presents the first implementation and testing of a recently proposed method for parallelizing incremental 4D‐Var, the Randomized Incremental Optimal Technique (RIOT), which replaces the traditional sequential conjugate gradient (CG) iterations in the inner‐loop of the minimization with fully parallel randomized singular value decomposition (RSVD) of the preconditioned Hessian of the cost function. RIOT is tested using the standard Lorenz‐96 model (L‐96) as well as two realistic high‐dimensional atmospheric source inversion problems based on aircraft observations of black carbon concentrations. A new outer‐loop preconditioning technique tailored to RSVD was introduced to improve convergence stability and performance. Results obtained with the L‐96 system show that the performance improvement from RIOT compared to standard CG algorithms increases significantly with nonlinearities. Overall, in the realistic black carbon source inversion experiments, RIOT reduces the wall‐clock time of the 4D‐Var minimization by a factor of 2 to 3, at the cost of a factor of 4 to 10 increase in energy cost due to the large number of parallel cores used. Furthermore, RIOT enables reduction of the wall‐clock time computation of the analysis‐error covariance matrix by a factor of 40 compared to a standard iterative Lanczos approach. Finally, as evidenced in this study, implementation of RIOT in an operational NWP system will require a better understanding of its convergence properties as a function of the Hessian characteristics and, in particular, the degree of freedom for signal of the inverse problem.

Reserves and Ways to Reduce Energy Consumption in Monolithic Housing Building in the Construction of the Facility Complex

The main types of energy consumers on the construction site are: construction machines, processes and infrastructure of the construction site. According to research and practical experience, more than 50 varieties of construction machines and mechanisms are used at various stages of construction of the property. Construction machines and mechanisms are integral elements of construction production. For each of them use different types of fuels: liquid fuel, gas, electricity, etc. Also various types of energy processes and maintenance of the construction site. The integral estimation and correct comparison of all energy consumption allows to carry out only their representation in the form of conditional indicators to which all others are given. In comparison with the point construction, the construction of a complex of buildings is characterized by a high integral level of energy consumption. The choice of the method of work production is decisive. This method determines the simultaneous operation of a large number of construction equipment, which leads to a significant increase in energy costs. Analysis of the parameters of organizational and technological models and their corresponding schedules of energy consumption allows you to choose rational organizational and technological solutions for the construction of complex buildings that reduce energy consumption during the construction of buildings.

Quantifying the impact of housing interventions on indoor air quality and energy consumption using coupled simulation models.

While residential energy and ventilation standards aim to improve the energy performance and indoor air quality (IAQ) of homes, their combined impact across diverse residential activities and housing environments has not been well-established. This study demonstrates the insights that a recently-developed, freely-available coupled IAQ-energy modeling platform can provide regarding the energy and IAQ trade-offs of weatherization (i.e., sealing and insulation) and ventilation retrofits in multifamily housing across varied indoor occupant activity and mechanical ventilation scenarios in Boston, MA. Overall, it was found that combined weatherization and improved ventilation recommended by design standards could lead to both energy savings and IAQ-related benefits; however, ventilation standards may not be sufficient to protect against IAQ disbenefits for residents exposed to strong indoor sources (e.g., heavy cooking or smoking) and could lead to net increases in energy costs (e.g. due to addition of continuous outdoor air ventilation). The modeling platform employed in this study is flexible and can be applied to a wide range of building typologies, retrofits, climates, and indoor occupant activities; therefore, it stands as a valuable tool for identifying cost-effective interventions that meet both energy efficiency and ventilation standards and improve IAQ across diverse housing populations.

Comfortable walking speed and energy cost of locomotion in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Comfortable walking speed and energy cost of walking are physiological markers of metabolic activity during gait. People with multiple sclerosis are characterized by altered gait biomechanics and energetics, related to the degree of disability and spasticity, which lead to an increased energy cost of walking. Several studies concerning the energy cost of walking in multiple sclerosis have been published. Nevertheless, differences in protocols and characteristics of the sample have led to different outcomes. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to summarize results from studies with specific inclusion characteristics, and to present data about the comfortable walking speed and the energy cost of walking at that speed. Moreover, a detailed discussion of the potential mechanisms involved in the altered metabolic activity during exercise was included. A total of 19 studies were considered, 12 of which were also part of the quantitative analysis. Despite the strict selection process, high between-group heterogeneity was found for both outcomes. Nevertheless, the overall results suggest a pooled mean comfortable walking speed of 1.12m/s (95% CI 1.05-1.18) and energy cost of 0.19 mLO2/kg/m (95% CI 0.17-0.21). These findings support the results of previous studies suggesting that energy cost of walking may be increased by 2-3 times compared to healthy controls (HC), and encourage the use of this marker in association with other parameters of the disease.

Thermal Performance Enhancement in a Plain Tube fitted with perforated twisted tape insert using water based Al2O3 Nanofluid

Abstract An improvisation in the heat exchange equipment has become more vital nowadays, due to the increase in cost of energy and material existence. The rate of heat transfer will enhance by causing a change in the flow of fluid by breaking the thermal and viscous boundary layers, also by introducing the nanofluid. The main idea of this paper is to evaluate the friction factor (f), change in pressure drop (ΔP), outlet temperature (Tout), and thermal performance (ƞ) of base fluid alone (DI Water) and base fluid with nanofluid (Al2O3) flowing in a tube with the insert (twisted tape) with holes of different pitch ratio(Y=6, Y=4), at fixed heat flux value in laminar and turbulent flow condition. The introduction of different pitch ratio(Y=6, Y=4) in modified tube with nanofluids to additionally improve the heat transfer and outlet temperature of the working fluid is a new technique. For Laminar flow condition with DI water as fluid & twisted tape insert of Y=6 & Y=4, the increase in average outlet temperature & Pressure drop is 4.06 %, 0.7 % and 0.07 N/m2, 0.11 N/m2, however for Al2O3 nanofluid & with twisted tape insert of Y=6 & Y=4 the increase in average outlet temperature & Pressure drop is 9.01 %, 8.4 % and 0.10 N/m2, 0.11 N/m2. Similarly for turbulent flow conditions with DI water as fluid & twisted tape insert of Y=6 & Y=4, the increase in average outlet temperature & Pressure drop is 2.3 %, 2.1 % and 3.9 N/m2, 4.6 N/m2, however for Al2O3 nanofluid & with twisted tape insert of Y=6 & Y=4 the increase in average outlet temperature & Pressure drop is 4.8 %, 8.6 % and 5.3 N/m2, 6.3 N/m2

Improving By-product Gas Utilisation in Steel Milling Operations

The South African steel-making industry remains globally uncompetitive due to strenuous financial conditions and increasing energy costs. Declining production figures, decreasing exports and increasing imports have adversely affected the market profitability. Energy contributes 20% towards the total operational costs of an integrated steel enterprise. Maximum usage of alternative energy sources is required to alleviate costs. By-product gases are combustible energy carriers, containing almost 18% of the energy input of production processes. Coke oven gas (COG) was found to be competitive with natural gas and applicable for high-temperature requirements, such as in steel reheating furnaces. However, fluctuations in the calorific value (CV) and composition of COG cause combustion and temperature instabilities. As such, quick reactions from human operators are required to adjust the air-fuel ratio (AFR) to maintain furnace stability using a trial-and-error method. This causes energy inefficiencies and production losses. A methodology was developed to predict and adjust the AFR according to the CV of COG using adaptive control strategies. The control strategy uses historic behavioural patterns of the furnace to determine the required AFR. Pilot studies on a billet mill reheating furnace have shown a 95 – 98% improvement in AFR adjustment accuracy. Potential cost savings of R7.5 million/annum in natural gas purchases were identified for this case study. Investigations into applying the developed solution to similar challenges is encouraged.

Drivers of change in urban water and wastewater tariffs

AbstractWater and wastewater tariffs constitute a primary avenue for utilities to generate revenue towards covering the costs associated with water and wastewater service provisions. In the pursuit of achieving global access to safe and affordable water and sanitation, utilities and governments play an important role in regulating and setting combined tariffs, so that they are able to fund the necessary infrastructure while at the same time ensuring that tariffs do not impede on the ability of consumers to access these services. From a survey of 568 cities across 192 countries, this paper examines the main economic and financial drivers of change to regional urban water and wastewater tariffs from 2018 to 2019. Historically, the average global price for water and wastewater services increased from US$ 1.70/m3 in 2011 to US$ 2.16/m3 in 2019, equating to an annual rise in the mean global combined water tariff of ∼3.4%. The analysis indicates that for the studied regions, the financial and economic costs associated with recurring droughts, old infrastructure, subsidy cuts, increasing energy costs and a shift to alternative water resources such as desalination all contribute to changes in tariffs. Further research on the social and political drivers of change in tariffs is needed, in order to provide a holistic understanding of the balance required to be struck between the objectives of affordability and cost-recovery for achieving global access to water and sanitation.

MILP Modeling and Optimization of Energy- Efficient Distributed Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem

With the global warming problem and increasing energy cost, manufacturing firms are paying more and more attention to reducing energy consumption. This paper addresses the distributed flexible job shop scheduling problem (DFJSP) with minimizing energy consumption. To solve the problem, firstly, a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to solve small-scaled problems to optimality. Due to the NP-hardness of DFJSP, we then propose an efficient hybrid shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (HSFLA) for solving DFJSP, particularly for large-sized problems. HSFLA combines the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA) with powerful global search ability and variable neighborhood search (VNS) with good local search ability. Moreover, in HSFLA, the encoding method, the decoding method, the initialization method and the memetic evolution process are specifically designed. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed MILP model and HFSLA.

Целесообразность использования пшеницы сорта «Косовица» и растительных обогатительных добавок в технологии изготовления зерновых хлебцов

Feasibility of use of wheat variety “Kosovitsa” and vegetable concentrating additives in the technology of producing grain loads The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of using wheat of the “Kosovitsa” variety and plant food powders of hawthorn, ginseng and sea buckthorn in the technology of making cereal crisps. When assessing the physical and chemical properties of phyto-raw materials, the expediency of introducing up to 3% plant components of hawthorn, ginseng and sea buckthorn into the formulation of cereal loaves was established, an increased percentage of input of plant components is accompanied by increased energy costs for the production of this type of food product. Keywords: vegetable raw materials, grain breads, hawthorn powder, ginseng powder, sea buckthorn powder, wheat of the “Kosovitsa” variety.