Increase In Output Power Research Articles

Enhancing Axial Flow Fan Performance in Air-Cooled Condensers: Tip Vortex Manipulators and Comparative Analysis of Numerical Simulation and Experimental Testing

Abstract Direct dry-cooled power plants typically operate numerous large-diameter axial flow fans in air-cooled condensers (ACCs) to facilitate the condensation of steam in the plant's thermodynamic cycle. Enhanced fan efficiency may, at scale, lead to significant parasitic power reductions and subsequent increases in plant power output. The performance of these fans may be increased by adding blade-tip modifications, which act to control blade-tip leakage flow. Previous studies have shown that manipulating the tip leakage vortex (TLV) increases the blade-to-air momentum transfer and stabilizes the air flow structures as it traverses the fan blade. This paper takes a step toward the development of improved tip vortex manipulators for an ACC fan. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and experimental testing of the modified and unmodified fan within an ISO test facility are performed. The results are then utilized to assess the accuracy of the simulation model, visualize the manipulated flow structures at the blade tip, and ultimately quantify the effect of the endplate designs on fan performance. Excellent correlation between numerical and test results for the unmodified fan is observed, and the benefit of blade-tip modification on fan performance is again confirmed experimentally. The simulation model, however, fails to predict improvements in fan performance under modification, and simulated tip leakage flows are investigated for clarification. It is hypothesized that deflection of tip endplates under operation account for differences between simulation and experiment, and that fluid–structure interaction analyses could potentially resolve discrepancies.

Thermal analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle power plant and its application in southern Iraq

Recently, simple cycle play a significant role in electric power production in Iraq. However, those units suffer from low thermal efficiency and low power output. In the present work, theoretical study is carried out aiming to improve the performance of (AL-Amara station 125MW). The present work includes three parts: the first part focus on the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of simple cycle including mass flow rate, power output, thermal efficiency and other parameters. In the second parts, a modification to simple cycle is implanted to be a combined cycle. The third part is studied the benefit of using solar unit for producing more steam to be supplied to the heat recovery steam generator wishing to produce more power and low emissing. Regarding, to simple gas turbine unit, the obtained results show that the mass flow rate is decreased nearly (10.8%) when the ambient temperature increased from (15-50) ºC. However, this reduction in mass flow rate of air is led to significant reduction in power output and thermal efficiency nearly (22.6%,13.2%) respectively. In the second parts, applying combine mode show a significant increase in power output and thermal efficiency nearly (32.5% and 32.3%) respectively. while the specific fuel consumption is decrease nearly (32.19%). Finally, the third parts when solar units are used, the gathered results show an acceptable increase for the amount of steam produced via solar units (21.02kg/s). The overall performance of the integrated cycle shows that the power output and the thermal efficiency increased nearly (11.28%and10%).

A bibliometric and performance evaluation of nano-PCM-integrated photovoltaic panels: Energy, exergy, environmental and sustainability perspectives

One of the major problems regarding PV panels is the decline in power output and efficiency whilst exposed to temperatures surpassing their operating temperature. In order to preclude such undesirable situation, it is imperative to cool PV panels and provide a uniform distribution of surface temperatures during the implementation of the cooling method. Thermal management can be achieved at the surface temperatures of PV panels by utilizing phase change materials (PCMs). In this study, along with PCM, the potential of enhancing output parameters by decreasing the surface temperature of PV panels with the addition of nanoparticles (Al2O3) at different concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15% w/v) to PCM (RT35) is examined. The study compared five systems: a reference PV panel (PV), PV panel cooled with PCM without nanoparticles (PVPCM-0), and PV panels with PCM containing different concentrations of nanoparticles (PVPCM-0.05, PVPCM-0.1, and PVPCM-0.15). Among the five different systems, the PV panel containing 0.15% w/v nanoparticles (referred to as PVPCM-0.15) demonstrated the most effective cooling capability. Moreover, the PVPCM-0.15 system provided the highest performance with a 19.49% increase in panel power output. PV systems have average energy and exergy efficiency values of 9.06% and 3.79% for PV panel, 9.60% and 5.15% for PVPCM-0, 9.70% and 5.12% for PVPCM-0.05, 10.28% and 6.01% for PVPCM-0.1, and 10.44% and 7.29% for PVPCM-0.15. Upon analyzing the sustainability metrics, it was determined that the PVPCM-0.15 system was more energy and environmentally sustainable than the others.

Hydrodynamic response analysis of a hybrid TLP and heaving-buoy wave energy converter with PTO damping

In the present study, the numerical investigation is performed to analyse the hydrodynamic performance of circular and concentric arrangements of cone-cylinder-type heaving point absorber wave energy converter (WEC) around a Frustum Tension-Leg Platform (FTLP) based on potential flow theory. The responses of the single FTLP and the FTLP-WEC hybrid system are analysed for the rated wind speed of a 5 MW wind turbine to observe the influence of the WECs on wind power absorption of wind turbines supported on FTLP. The presence of the FTLP floating wind turbine platform and other WECs affects the hydrodynamic coefficients of the WEC. The influence of the hybrid system on the hydrodynamic coefficients is analysed on determining the ratio of the hydrodynamic coefficients for a single WEC system to those for a hybrid system. Further, the study analyses the instantaneous wave power absorption for the WECs arranged around the FTLP in a circular and concentric pattern. The hydraulic power take-off for the hybrid system with two different control strategies is then discussed to improve the wave power absorption of the WECs. The study observed higher wave power absorption of the WECs with the influence of the PTO system. The mean interaction factor and the capture width ratio of the hybrid system are further studied to understand the influence of array arrangement for the WECs. The hybrid system is noted to have favourable dynamic responses for different environmental factors and contributes positively in increasing power output.

Performance optimization of nanofluid-cooled photovoltaic-thermoelectric systems: A study on geometry configuration, steady-state and annual transient effects

In this study, we explored Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric (PV-TE) systems in-depth, addressing complexities in both steady-state and annual transient performance under realistic conditions. The analysis involved twelve distinct PV-TE configurations featuring diverse thermoelectric designs incorporating various semiconductors, multi-staging, non-uniform cross-sections, and material segmentation. Model 6, the PV-TE system with a multi-stage segmented rectangular design, emerged as the top performer, exhibiting a remarkable 12% increase in electric power output during peak sunlight compared to the base model, despite a marginal decrease in efficiency. Furthermore, this research delved into the potential of advanced nanofluid cooling, investigating options such as distilled water, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, and graphene. The results underscores graphene nanofluid's superiority, demonstrating a significant enhancement in thermal management at an optimal flow velocity of 2 m/s. This improvement in thermal management refers to the effective heat dissipation and temperature control within the PV-TE system. This study underlines the critical role of strategic system design and component selection in optimizing the performance of PV-TE systems. By providing a comprehensive foundation for future developments in effective and sustainable energy solutions, this research contributes to advancing the understanding and implementation of PV-TE technology.

High force compression mode to Shear mode piezoelectric energy harvesting

This study is to develop structures with the ability to convert a compression force into radial extension or shear force, to increase power output through piezo shear mode. In this work, a piezoceramic-spring system was developed with two types of force-spreading spring configurations, the Belleville disc springs and the crinkle washer. A force loading profile is applied to a piezoceramic element and structure causing the force to be distributed in different directions when compared to a conventional helical spring damping system or compression. The performances of these novel structures were studied using Multiphysics simulation and experiments. This work shows that both the Belleville disc and crinkle washer produce improved energy output between 15 and 22% compared to compression alone, whilst the Belleville disc spring outperformed a crinkle washer in both simulations and experiments. The results show that converting compression to shear force in energy harvesting could be a potential approach to increase the energy efficiency and energy density.

Numerical simulation of single-well enhanced geothermal power generation system based on discrete fracture model

This study proposes a single-well enhanced geothermal system (SEGS) to mitigate the high-risk of traditional Enhanced Geothermal Systems (ESGs) with two or more wells and enhance the general applicability. A detailed thermodynamic model that couples the wellbore, reservoir, and organic Rankine cycle is built. For the reservoir, a three-dimensional flow and heat transfer model featuring a discrete fracture network is employed. The effects of injection flow rate, injection temperature, branch well length, and branch well spacing on net output work, pump power consumption, thermal efficiency, and exergy efficiency have been investigated. The results indicate that an increase in the injection flow rate improves the shaft power of the expander and the power consumption of the injection pump. An optimal flow rate of 30 kg/s is identified, which maximizes the annual net power output to 1221.2 kW. Additionally, an increase in the injection temperature is found to enhance the buoyancy effect, thereby improving both thermal and exergy efficiency, and reducing the power consumption of the injection pump. The maximum net output power is achieved at an injection temperature of 60 °C. The study also notes that the branch well length has a negligible effect on thermal and exergy efficiency and expander shaft work. However, a longer branch well length contributes to a decrease in the power consumption of the injection pump and an increase in the net power output. Finally, it is observed that increasing the lateral well spacing slows the rate decay of the production temperature. A spacing of 360 m is found to yield a maximum annual net output power of 1259.4 kW. In conclusion, this study offers significant insights and practical guidance for the development and utilization of SEGS, demonstrating its potential as an effective alternative to conventional EGS methodologies.

Research on the Performance Characteristics of a Waste Heat Recovery Compound System for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a waste heat recovery compound system for series hybrid electric vehicles is established. The existing components of vehicle air conditioning are used in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to realize miniaturization. The waste heat recovery compound system is constructed using GT-SUITE, and the objective of the analysis is to increase the power output and engine thermal efficiency increase ratio (ETEIR). The effects of the expander speed, pump speed, working fluid mass flow rate, and working fluid type on the waste heat recovery compound system are analyzed. The simulation results show that the optimal schemes for the ORC system and compound system corresponding to the expander speed and pump speed are 1000 pm, 2500 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 2500 rpm, respectively. Compared with the ORC system, the maximum power output of the compound system with the same working fluid in three states (1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, and 3500 rpm) of the engine is increased by 21.67%, 24.05%, and 28.23%, respectively. Working fluid supplies of 0.4 kg/s, 0.4 kg/s, and 0.6 kg/s in the three engine states are also considered the best solutions. The working fluid R1234yf and R1234ze are the preferred choices for a waste heat recovery compound system, which have a high system power output and ETEIR and are environmentally friendly.

Modeling, experimental investigation and real-time control of active water cooling system for photovoltaic module

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic (PV) cells are integral in harnessing solar energy, yet their performance is hindered by excessive heat generation, impacting efficiency and sustainability. Addressing the challenge of efficiency loss in photovoltaic (PV) cells due to overheating, this study focuses on optimizing active water cooling control for PV modules. The aim is to develop a dynamic, sustainable model and integrate a PID controller tuned by Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), targeting optimal operating temperatures. This study introduces a dynamic model and a closed-loop control system to manage PV cell temperature, investigating the correlation between water flow and temperature regulation. Experimental data is gathered using a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) as an excitation signal, forming the foundation of an Auto Regressive eXogenous (ARX) model. The closed-loop system incorporates a PID controller and tuned using the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) to optimize performance. The resulting model is rigorously validated through experimental investigation, demonstrating its precision in capturing the system’s dynamics. Moreover, the implementation of a controller-based cooling system substantiates the model’s practical efficacy. The research demonstrates significant improvements when implementing a controller-based water-cooling system for photovoltaic (PV) modules. Compared to the baseline scenario without cooling, the system achieves a 34.5% reduction in average PV temperature (from 59.2°C to 38.9°C) and a 9.46% increase in average power output (from 196.7W to 215.3W). Moreover, this system utilizes only 248.8 liters of water, marking a substantial 64% decrease in water consumption compared to traditional free-flow cooling methods, which use 790.9 liters. The research demonstrates that the controller-based cooling approach is a sustainable option, delivering power output comparable to the free-flow method, yet significantly lowering water consumption. This research signifies a turning point for sustainability, offering an efficient and water-conscious approach for enhancing PV system performance, a crucial step toward a greener and more environmentally responsible energy future.

Stability enhancement control strategy for grid-connected wind power system based on composite feedforward damping

The stability of grid-connected wind power system (GCWPS) is prone to deteriorate due to the impedance interaction between wind turbines and the weak grid. For purpose of finding out the cause of power oscillation and effectively improving the stability of GCWPS under weak grid, firstly of all, a frequency coupling impedance model (FCIM) for GCWPS is established. Through analyzing the impedance characteristic of GCWPS, a significant coupling effect between GCWPS impedance and grid impedance in the middle-low frequency region under weak grid is observed, which is easy to cause power oscillation. For purpose of restraining the power oscillation of GCWPS under weak grid, this paper proposes an oscillation suppression strategy based on composite feedforward damping. Virtual damping is incorporated into the feedforward loop to rectify the impedance characteristic curve of GCWPS. Then, a FCIM of GCWPS that adopts the proposed oscillation suppression strategy is established, and the stability analysis demonstrates that the proposed strategy effectively enhances the GCWPS stability under weak grid. Additionally, compared with conventional control strategy, GCWPS exhibits enhanced adaptability to the increased output power and phase-locked loop (PLL) bandwidth under weak grid. Finally, experiments are undertaken to evidence the feasibility of the proposed oscillation suppression strategy.

High-performance bifacial perovskite solar cells enabled by single-walled carbon nanotubes

Bifacial perovskite solar cells have shown great promise for increasing power output by capturing light from both sides. However, the suboptimal optical transmittance of back metal electrodes together with the complex fabrication process associated with front transparent conducting oxides have hindered the development of efficient bifacial PSCs. Here, we present a novel approach for bifacial perovskite devices using single-walled carbon nanotubes as both front and back electrodes. single-walled carbon nanotubes offer high transparency, conductivity, and stability, enabling bifacial PSCs with a bifaciality factor of over 98% and a power generation density of over 36%. We also fabricate flexible, all-carbon-electrode-based devices with a high power-per-weight value of 73.75 W g−1 and excellent mechanical durability. Furthermore, we show that our bifacial devices have a much lower material cost than conventional monofacial PSCs. Our work demonstrates the potential of SWCNT electrodes for efficient, stable, and low-cost bifacial perovskite photovoltaics.

Graphene-Infused Hybrid Biobattery–Supercapacitor Powered by Wastewater for Sustainable Energy Innovation

Human society annually produces nearly 100 billion gallons of wastewater, containing approximately 3600 GWh of energy. This study introduces a proof of concept utilizing graphene materials to extract and instantly store this energy. A hybrid device, mimicking a microbial fuel cell, acts as both a battery and supercapacitor. Wastewater serves as the electrolyte, with indigenous microorganisms on the graphene electrode acting as biocatalysts. The device features a capacitive electrode using a 3D nickel foam modified with a plasma-exfoliated graphene mixture. Compared to controls, the Gr/Ni configuration shows a 150-fold increase in power output (2.58 W/m2) and a 48-fold increase in current density (12 A/m2). The Gr/Ni/biofilm interface demonstrates outstanding charge storage capability (19,400 F/m2) as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Microscopy, spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests were employed to elucidate the superior performance of Gr/Ni electrodes. Ultimately, the capacitive energy extracted from wastewater can power small electrical equipment in water infrastructure, addressing energy needs in remote regions without access to a typical power grid.

Parametric study and design optimization of a thermoelectric generator system for waste heat recovery

This article proposes a transient simulation based on Comsol software to investigate the behavior of a segmented thermoelectric device (S-TEG) exposed to a pulsed heat flux. It is found that thermoelectric generators (TEG) incorporating segmented materials have offered greater thermal and electrical performance. An increase in the electrical output power and efficiency of 60% and 40% were reached respectively. Furthermore, the effect of segmentation is most noticeable for short TE leg lengths and large cross-sectional areas. For the S-TEG with a leg length of 2 mm, there is a 104% increase in output power compared to the TEG with a leg length of 3 mm. The effect of asymmetric TE legs on the improvement of the performance of the segmented TEG was carried out. It was found that when a pulsed heat source is applied, the performance of S-TEGs are maximum when the N-leg area is lower than the P-leg area (AN/AP <1). Therefore, to attain the highest TEG performance, an asymmetric shape of AN < AP is required.

Voluntary activation of human knee extensors during isotonic shortening contractions.

The interpolated twitch technique (ITT) is often used to assess voluntary activation during isometric contractions; however, this may have limited relevance to dynamic contractions. Although the ITT has been applied to relatively slow isokinetic contractions (< 150°/s), it has received limited consideration during unconstrained velocity (i.e., isotonic) contractions, despite their relevance to natural movements. Here, we explored the ITT during isotonic knee extension contractions using a modified dynamometer. Young males (n = 6) and females (n = 4) performed isometric and isotonic knee extension contractions of sub-maximal and maximal intensities with doublet (150 Hz) muscle belly stimulations to assess voluntary activation. Following each voluntary isotonic contraction (velocity range ~ 35°/s to ~ 275°/s), resting potentiated doublets were evaluated during passive joint rotation at the same angular velocity achieved during voluntary efforts, to account for force-velocity characteristics. Correlations between voluntary activation and the proportion of maximal torque or power were evaluated for isometric and isotonic contractions, respectively. Isometric voluntary activation was strongly correlated with increasing torque output (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). Doublet torque during passive joint rotation displayed a hyperbolic relationship with increasing angular velocity (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). Isotonic voluntary activation was strongly correlated with increasing power output (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). During maximal effort contractions, no differences were observed in voluntary activation between isometric and isotonic conditions (89.4% vs. 89.2%, p = 0.904). The ITT is a valid approach to evaluate voluntary activation during an isotonic contraction using a modified dynamometer. Participants were able to achieve a similar high level of voluntary activation during isometric and isotonic contractions.

High-performance multi-junction cascade 1.3 µm quantum dot vertical cavity surface-emitting laser.

A high-performance 5-junction cascade quantum dot (QD) vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with 1.3 µm wavelength was designed. The characteristics of the QD as active regions and tunnel junctions are combined to effectively increase output power. The photoelectric characteristics of single-junction, 3-junction cascade, and 5-junction cascade QD VCSELs are compared at continuous-wave conditions. Results indicate that the threshold current gradually decreases, and the output power and slope efficiency exponential increase with the increase of the number of active regions. The peak power conversion efficiency of 58.4% is achieved for the 5-junction cascade individual QD VCSEL emitter with 10 µm oxide aperture. The maximum slope efficiency of the device is 6.27 W/A, which is approximately six times than that of the single-junction QD VCSEL. The output power of the 5-junction cascade QD VCSEL reaches 188.13 mW at injection current 30 mA. High-performance multi-junction cascade 1.3-µm QD VCSEL provides data and theoretical support for the preparation of epitaxial materials.

Numerical model of variable valve timing distribution for a supercharged diesel engine

Recently, there's been a strong drive to improve performance of diesel engines while reducing their greenhouse gases emissions. Techniques like exhaust gas recirculation, turbocharging, and variable valve timing have become widespread. The last technique fine-tunes valve operation based on engine speed, which optimize efficiency and power output while saving fuel. This study zeroes in on a specific 4-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine of 1.56-liter, GT-Power software is employed to examine a supercharged version and implementing diverse valve lift techniques. The findings are revealing a substantial 30% increase in power output. At 1000 rpm, power rises from 15.1 kW for the standard engine to 19.72 kW for the modified version. For higher engine speeds, the improvements become even more pronounced, reaching a 66% boost compared to the standard configuration. Furthermore, the newly configured engine showcases an impressive 13% decrease in fuel-specific consumption at elevated engine speeds, contributing to enhanced technical performance and fuel efficiency. The numerical model developed in this study holds the potential to aid in the design of novel diesel engines equipped with variable valve timing systems. To lend further support to these findings, experimental validation is recommended.

Three sessions of repeated sprint training in normobaric hypoxia improves sprinting performance

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impacts of three-session repeated sprint training conducted in normobaric hypoxia with 48-h intervals on sprint performance, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores. A total of 27 moderately trained male university students voluntarily took part in this study. In this single-blind placebo-controlled study, subjects were assigned into normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.6%; HYP), normobaric normoxia (FiO2: 20.9%; PLA), and control group (CON). The HYP and PLA groups underwent three repeated sprint training sessions (a total of four sets of five times 5-s sprints with a 5-min rest between sets and a 30-s rest between each sprint) on a cycle ergometer in normobaric hypoxia or normoxia conditions. Pre- and post-tests were performed 72 h before and after the training period. Three participants were excluded from the study, and the data from twenty-four participants were analyzed. Contrary to what was observed in the pre and post tests, no time and condition interactions were observed in the relative peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), percentage of sprint decrement score (Sdec%), and RPE parameters. Time effect was found in all observed variables respectively; relative PPO (F = 5.784, p = 0.045, η2 = 0.74), relative MPO (F = 3.927, p = 0.042, η2 = 0.66) and large time effect found for Sdec% (F = 11.430, p = 0.046, 0.83), and RPE (F = 14.990, p = 0.008, η2 = 0.96). A notable increase in relative peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) was observed in the post-test in comparison to the pre-test values, indicating statistical significance. The increase in PPO was in HYP 13.44% (p = 0.006), in PLA 7.48% (p = 0.264) and in CON 2.66% (p = 0.088). The decrease in Sdec% was in HYP -13.34%% (p = 0.048), PLA -10.54 (p = 0.577) and CON -4.83 (p = 0.644) at post-test. The results show that although there were no statistical differences between the groups, notable differences in performance-related variables were observed in the HYP group after 3 sessions of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia.

Performance enhancement of quantum Brayton engine via Bose-Einstein condensation.

Bose-Einstein condensation is a quintessential characteristic of Bose systems. We investigate the finite-time performance of an endoreversible quantum Brayton heat engine operating with an ideal Bose gas with a finite number of particles confined in a d-dimensional harmonic trap. The working medium of these engines may work in the condensation, noncondensation, and near-critical point regimes, respectively. We demonstrate that the existence of the phase transition during the cycle leads to enhanced engine performance by increasing power output and efficiencies corresponding to maximum power and maximum efficient power. We also show that the quantum engine working across the Bose-Einstein condensation in N-particle Bose gas outperforms an ensemble of independent single-particle heat engines. The difference in the machine performance can be explained in terms of the behavior of specific heat at constant pressure near the critical point regime.

Maximizing energy via solar‐powered smart irrigation: An approach utilizing a single‐axis solar tracking mechanism

AbstractThis study presents and assesses the novelty of a cutting‐edge solar‐powered automated irrigation system that incorporates a single‐axis solar tracker. The research entails the meticulous development of a prototype, followed by comprehensive experimental scrutiny spanning 3 days, from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM. In a unique approach, we benchmark the findings against previous research endeavours, highlighting the transformative potential of our innovative design.Our innovative system harnesses a singular‐axis solar tracking mechanism alongside moisture sensors and a water pump relay module, resulting in the creation of an autonomous irrigation system perpetually powered by solar energy. The results are noteworthy, showcasing the capability of a solar panel equipped with single‐axis tracking to significantly boost photovoltaic output power. This configuration attains a remarkable 65% increase in total output power and a substantial improvement over the modest 52%–53% performance of fixed solar panels. This substantial divergence translates to a noteworthy 12%–13% difference in efficacy, underscoring the pioneering nature of our research.The zenith of power output, ranging between 3.16 and 3.68 W, transpires from noon to 2:00 PM, further illustrating the system's viability. The integrated water pump exhibits commendable efficiency, attaining levels as high as 75%. This revelation underscores the transformative potential of automated irrigation systems endowed with single‐axis solar tracking technology, auguring amplified system performance and heralding a new era of sustainable agricultural practices.

Optimal Photovoltaic Array Configuration under Non-Uniform Laser Beam Conditions for Laser Wireless Power Transmission

In a long-distance wireless power transmission system with a non-uniform distribution of laser irradiation, it will significantly reduce the output power of the photovoltaic array, resulting in a large amount of power loss in the system and a decrease in conversion efficiency. This paper proposes an efficient and reliable optimal circuit connection algorithm for the 5 × 5 scale photovoltaic array. Under the laser illumination of 300 W, a 20 m wireless power transmission experiment was performed on four 5 × 5 scale photovoltaic arrays. The results show a 56.49% increase in the maximum output power of the 5 × 5 scale photovoltaic array.