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Pengaruh Penerapan Sistem Agribisnis Terhadap Pendapatan Usahantani Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) Di Kecamatan Rantau Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang

Horticultural commodities consisting of fruit, vegetables, ornamental plants and medicinal plants are very prospective commodities to be developed through agribusiness, given the potential uptake of domestic and international markets continues to increase. Vegetables are one component of a healthy diet, so it's not surprising that the needs of vegetables today are increasing in line with people's awareness about health. Among the various types of vegetables that can be cultivated, cucumber plants are one of the fruit vegetable commodities that have commercial value and high prospects. Agribusiness is a commercially oriented farming or agricultural business venture with a profit orientation. One effort that can be taken in order to increase farm income is by applying the concept of integrated agribusiness system development, ie if the agribusiness system consisting of production facilities subsystems, cultivation subsystems, processing and marketing subsystems is developed in an integrated and harmonious manner. Agribusiness application needs to be done to advance farming in order to get maximum results in every agricultural production.

Constraints to commercialisation of smallholder agriculture in Tanintharyi division, Myanmar

Myanmar is a country in rapid economic and political transition, with opportunities emerging for its smallholders to benefit from current economic growth. However many smallholders are trapped in semi-subsistence agriculture, disconnected from markets. Commercialisation can increase farm incomes, and - through the multiplier effect - lead to wider pro-poor growth in the rural economy. However, there are many constraints to commercialisation that prevent this process from occurring. While literature on constraints confronting smallholders abounds internationally, there is a paucity of literature on the challenges confronting smallholders in Myanmar. This study investigates constraints to commercial farming in the townships (districts) of Myeik and Palaw in Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Division. A representative two-stage sample of 259 rural households was drawn from these townships, and data relating to livelihoods and agricultural enterprises were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The most important determinants of commercialisation identified using Heckman regression were the household’s land endowment, liquidity, land quality, and productive assets. Access to affordable financial services could boost household liquidity and investment in farm inputs, assets and improvements to land, so alleviating the most important constraints to commercial farming.

Strategic Policies in Expanding Frontiers of Food Security among Cassava-based Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria

The research was carried out to identify the possible constraints and development of strategic policies in expanding and improving cassava production and processing amongst cassava value chain actors in Cross River State, Nigeria. Data generated from the research the 150 cassava producers and processors (cassava value chain actors) through the use of well- define structured interview schedule was collated. The Multistage sampling procedure was adopted in selection of farmer respondents. The multivariate analytical technique was used in analyzing generated data employing the statistical application software of Genstat version 12. The eigen value, percentage variations and loading values contributing to low cassava output were used in achieving the objectives. The results showed that the major constraints to cassava production and processing were agronomic, technical/institutional and financial constraints. The major policy strategies should include a global, national, regional and community strategies all geared towards the evolution of industry analysis for improving cassava productivity in the study area through the development of the traditional farming systems, making good planting material accessible to farmers and on time and at lowest possible prices; the provision of credit facilities to the resource poor cassava –based farmers in the area with no collateral; the establishment of cassava product based cottage industries in the area for cassava value chain development; provision of adequate cassava processing equipment and the formation of cassava farmers’ multipurpose cooperative societies to enhance farmers’ access to benefit from world bank assisted programmes; have free access to basic information and production facilities. The study, therefore, recommended that cassava product based cottage industries be established in the study area in order to encourage both producers and processors in the value addition chain. This will also provide employment and likewise encourage the restive youths in the region to venture into agriculture as a business for economic returns, growth and development of the area. The identified constraints with the higher loading values for each of the principal multivariate should be strengthened using appropriate development strategies/policies to ensure food security and increased farm income for cassava – based farmers in the region.

Livelihoods and Food Security Among Rural Households in the North-Western Mount Kenya Region

Food insecurity remains a major concern for numerous rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa who rely on agriculture as their main source of livelihood. The assessment of the links between food security and livelihoods is central for overcoming widespread food insecurity. However, assessments remain challenging due to food security’s multi-dimensionality and the challenge of finding indicators that are comparable and applicable to various contexts. This study addresses this challenge by adapting a food security index (FSI) and uses it to assess the livelihood drivers of food security. The index captures the multi-dimensionality of food security using conventional food security indicators. The assessed indicators include measures of “food consumption score”, “household dietary diversity score”, “coping strategies index”, the “household food insecurity access scale” and “months of adequate household food provisioning”. The study covered 600 randomly selected households representative of three agro-ecological zones located close to large-scale agricultural investment in Mount Kenya region in Kenya. We used linear regression to identify livelihood factors significantly influencing food security. Spearman’s rank-order correlation and student’s T-test demonstrated a strong and significant correlation between the composite FSI index and each classical indicators of food security. Overall, 32% of the households were food secure and 68% were food insecure. Households’ ownership of productive hand tools, followed by off-farm income, consumption of own produced food, type of agro-ecological zone, farm income and number of main crops infested by pests had a significant effect on household food security. All these factors, except the number of main crops infested by pests, positively influenced household food security. Households in humid agro-ecological zone were less food secure than households in semi-humid and semi-arid zones. Household size, the size of accessible land and households’ members’ participation to large agricultural investments (as wage workers or sub-contract farmer) were not significantly influencing food security. Households of the Mount Kenya region need alternative off-farm income sources combined with further support to improve sustainable agriculture management with appropriate hand tools for increased production, and improve value chains to increase farm income.

Farmer Participation in Maiwa Breeding Center Program In Barru Regency, South Sulawesi

Abstrak The Maiwa Breeding Center program was a communiversity program from Hasanuddin University in the form of a Bali cattle nursery. The aim of this program was to preserve Bali cattle germplasm and improve the genetic quality of Bali cattle while increasing farmer income. The participation of farmers in implementing the MBC program was the key to the success of the program. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of farmer participation in the MBC program in Barru District. The number of respondents was 72 people who were randomly selected from 234 MBC partner farmers. Data was collected by enumerators who have been trained using questionnaires. The measured variable was the level of farmer participation during program planning, program implementation, program monitoring and evaluation and utilization of the results of the nursery program. Variables were measured using scores 1 - 4, namely from not participating, low participation, high participation and very high participation. Data analysis uses frequency distribution and continuum value table. The results showed that the participation of farmers in planning and monitoring and evaluation was in the low category. The participation of farmers in the implementation and utilization of results was in the high category. Overall, farmer participation in Bali cattle breeding activities was in the high category.

Development of organic rice potentials as drivers of rural economy towards sustainable national agricultural development

The agriculture development is one of the determine factor of Indonesia economic development as an agrarian country. This study aims to increase farmers income and welfare, to support the development of a healthy lifestyle by consuming organic agriculture, and friendly agricultural development environment towards sustainable national agricultural development. Using descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The data will be collected using several methods, which include field observations, interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), Analysis data using interactive analysis, supply-demand analysis, and laboratory analysis. This research has resulted a model of empowerment of organic rice farmers in Klaten District called the “Downstream Upstream Balance Model” underlining the importance of realizing a production sector that is always based on the principles of organic farming and the market sector which is always built through the formation of a consumer mindset about life patterns healthy. The empowerment model of organic rice farmer is focused on mindset change in order to create higher product prices so as to provide more adequate benefits. Besides that, the empowerment model of organic rice farmers in Klaten Regency is also directed to maintain the continuity of supply and quality of products. As the conclusion is an empowerment model of organic rice farmers in Klaten District to maintain the continuity of supply and product quality was conducted, which is strategies for improving the quality of organic rice in Klaten District, and rice marketing strategies effective organic to increase sales of organic rice products in Klaten Regency.

Farmers’ Willingness to Accept a Compensation to Protect Agricultural Land Sustainability in Peri-Urban Areas of Pekalongan City

Agricultural land is a land that has a relatively low rental value, so agricultural land is very vulnerable to be converted. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim 1) to know farmers’ willingness to accept a compensation to protect agricultural land sustainability, 2) to know the factors that influence farmers' willingness to accept / reject WTA, and 3) to know the factors that influence the WTA value of farmers’ in the peri-urban areas. The study was conducted in the peri-urban areas of Pekalongan City. The research respondents were 90 farmer owners and cultivators. The research data was analyzed by using Heckman's two-stage model. The results showed that farmers’ WTA in the peri-urban areas of Pekalongan City amounted to IDR 7,217,827.27 per year. Factors that influence farmers’ willingness to accept or reject compensation are the distance of the agricultural land to the main road and farmers' perceptions toward the sustainability of agricultural land in the peri-urban areas. Factors that influence the number of farmers’ WTA to be willing to protect the agricultural land in the peri-urban areas of Pekalongan City are farmers’ farm income and farming experience of the farmers. Sustainability of agricultural land in the suburbs of Pekalongan City can be maintained by taking into account the facilities and infrastructure needed by farmers who own agricultural land both far and close to the main road, increasing farmers' perceptions of the sustainability of agricultural land, increasing farm income and reducing the risk of farming production.

Handling priority issues in the potato value chain to increase farmers income

The potato commodity value chain actors need additional activities to create added value and open employment opportunities. The study aims to (1) Identify a map of the potato value chain and (2) to analyze problems that cause harm to the main potato value chain actors and how to deal the problem. The study was conducted in South Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2018. Data collection is done by qualitative method. Qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews with informants who are considered to know about what will be studied in the field. Value chain mapping model used to describe the potato value chain and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model used to identify the various problems faced by the main actors of the potato value chain and how to solve the problem. The results showed that, (1) Potato value chain in South Sulawesi Province involves key actors and supporting actors. The main actors consist of potato farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, and home industries. While supporting actors consist of agricultural extension agents, farmer groups, farm shops, farm laborers, seed growers, Labiota Foundation, inter-provincial traders, and consumers, and (2) The priority of potato value chain problems in the main actors is plant pests and diseases, lack of supply of potatoes, and damage to processed equipment and machinery. Priority in handling problems is the use of plant medicines appropriately, developing land for potato production, improving cultivation technology for farmers, and improving the quality of processed machinery.

A study on agricultural credit in adoption of technology in banana cultivating farms in Tamil Nadu

Agriculture as a primary sector continues to play a dominant role in increasing the growth and development of Indian economy and it is important to revitalize the agricultural sector, for which agricultural investment flow is necessitated in the agriculture sector. In order to increase the investment flow to agriculture sector, institutional credit has contributed greatly right from the ‘Green Revolution Period’. Agricultural credit helps farmers to go for short-term credit for purchase of high cost inputs and other services and for making investment on capital assets with the support of long term credit facility. Further, for adoption of new technological inputs and enhancing farm productivity farm finance becomes inevitable. Probit model was used to find out the impact of credit on technology adoption. The probit analysis was done between short term borrowers, growing tissue culture (technology adopter) and conventional varieties of growing banana (technology non adopter). Independent variables included in the model were: age, education, experience, amount of credit borrowed, family size, number of extension contacts, farm size ,total farm income and distance to formal and informal financial institution probit model was used for evaluating the factors determining adoption of tissue culture banana- a new technology in banana cultivation among sample respondents. The co-efficient of credit amount borrowed was 0.05 which implied that increase in credit amount by one unit would increase 5 per cent in the probability of adoption of tissue culture technology. The marginal effect of credit amount borrowed was 0.36 which showed that an unit increase in the amount borrowed would result in 36 per cent increase in technology adoption. And also the study found out that Increase in farm income and extension agency contact have positive effect on technology adoption.

Short food supply chains: the link between participation and farmers' competencies

AbstractResearch on short food supply chains (SFSCs) has experienced a remarkable growth during recent years, offering ample evidence that the creation of such alternative food distribution networks can bring multiple benefits to both farmers and consumers. Nevertheless, farmers' engagement in SFSCs is still limited in many countries. Two studies designed to illustrate the role of competencies in the development of SFSCs are reported in this paper. The first one assessed the influence of farmers' self-perceived competencies on their willingness to participate in SFSCs. The second examined whether the engagement in SFSCs affects the levels of participants' competency needs. Study 1 revealed that willingness to participate in SFSCs is affected by the levels of farmers' competencies on issues pertaining to management, entrepreneurship, marketing, networking and cooperation. Although other factors such as farmers' citizenship behavior, their environmental concern and the perception that engagement in SFSCs can increase farm income are also associated with this willingness, self-perceived competencies represent the most important set of predictors. Study 2 uncovered that participation in SFSCs increases farmers' needs in all the above-mentioned categories of competencies. Taken together, these results indicate that farmers' competencies significantly affect their involvement in SFSCs, and that engagement in SFSCs augments competency needs, thus highlighting the importance of creating spaces that help farmers develop and exploit new capabilities.

Performance of some Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars under Annual Weed Control Condition

Two field experiments were conducted in El-Serw Agricultural Research Station, ARC, during 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons to study the possible integration between three sugar beet cultivars varied in its growth habitat: Glorius, Lilly and Cleopatra and six weed control treatments which are being: Goltix plus at 1.5 L/fad., Goltix at 2 L/fad., Cross at 2.5 kg/fad. as post emergence herbicides and Harness at 0.75 L/fad. as pre emergence herbicide in addition to hand hoeing twice and unweeded check on weeds associated with sugar beet productivity and its economic feasibility. The main findings showed that both Glorius cultivar suppressed weed growth at 120 DAS by 62.2 and 39.9%, accompanied with increasing sugar beet root yield by 28.4 and 32.6% and with Lilly cultivar by 19.1 and 14.0% reduction on weed growth and increased root yield by 34.5 and 17.0% in both seasons, respectively, compared than Cleopatra cultivar. On other hand, Cross herbicide as ready-made exceeded other herbicides and hand hoeing twice on controlling total weeds until 120 DAS by 85.5 and 71.6% and increasing sugar beet yield by 151.6 and 217.0 % than unweeded check in both seasons. The best integration between Glorius and Lilly cultivars both with application Cross herbicide from view point of weed control by 90.5 and 87.2%, respectively, in 2015/16 season and 88.7 and 71.4%, respectively, in 2016/17 season, respectively and increasing sugar beet root yield by 215.6 and 264.6%, respectively, in 2015/16 season and by 323.9% and 308.6, respectively, in 2016/17 season accompanied with increasing farmer incomes

DETERMINANTS OF FARM INCOME IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN NEW AND OLD MEMBER STATES. A REGIONAL STUDY

The aim of the article was to identify the determinants of income of representative farms at the level of European Union regions. For this purpose, FADN data was used for the years 2004-2017. Due to varied conditions of agricultural development, EU regions were divided into groups according to seniority of members. Income was examined using basic panel regression and quantile panel regression models using the extended Cobb-Douglas formula. Apart from the basic input of production factors (labour, capital and land), the impact of subsidies as well as production and financial management strategies in the farms were also investigated. It was found that farm income in so-called new member states were more sensitive to growing specialization, direct payments and capital expenditure, while, in the so-called old EU, there was a relatively high elasticity of income in relation to the labour factor. On the other hand, income was negatively affected by an increase in the level of financial leverage. The results of the quantile regression model show that, with increasing farm income, the role of labour and land factors decreases, while the significance of the capital factor remains relatively constant.

Economic Distance to Gather Agricultural Residues from the Field to the Integrated Biomass Logistic Centre: A Spanish Case-Study

A big amount of agricultural residues are generated from crop production and partially remain in the field after harvest. Removing the excess of residues after crop harvesting can increase farmer income, providing feedstock that could be used for industrial and energy purposes. The costs for collection and transport of straw and stalks are site- and region-specific and depend on the availability of agricultural residue and on how much of the residue is removed from any specific field or location. If the biomass is baled then it is required to upload the bales on a trailer, transport and unload all the baled biomass to the storage center. On the other hand, if a self-loading wagon is used the loose biomass collected, it must be unloaded every time the wagon is completely full. The distance and the harvesting system used influence the costs and should be analytically studied to avoid turning a possible profit into a disadvantageous business. The research represents a real case study to evaluate, which is the maximum distance to the biomass logistic center from which it is more economically convenient to gather the wheat and corn residues in bales instead of using a self-loading wagon. The results show a lower harvesting unitary cost for the self-loading forage wagon respect to the baling system. Although the study showed delivery distances over 11.4 km for wheat straw and 16.0 km for maize stalks, the use of the self-loading forage wagon is no longer convenient, and baling is the preferred harvesting system.

Evaluation of Agroforestry Carbon Storage Status and Potential in Irrigated Plains of Pakistan

The Kyoto Protocol includes agroforestry practices as a suggested approach for mitigating global atmospheric CO2. Agroforestry systems are a desirable option for mitigating atmospheric CO2, as they provide numerous secondary benefits, including food, fodder, fuel, increased farm income, biodiversity maintenance, and soil conservation. This research was planned to assess the current carbon storage status and future potential of agroforestry systems in Pakistan through a nondestructive approach (allometric equations) in 14 subdivisions (tehsils) of three selected districts located in the irrigated plains of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 1750 plots of 0.405 ha each were selected in a randomized, unbiased sampling to estimate the total number of trees, tree species diversity, diameters at breast height (DBHs), and tree heights. Soil carbon was also measured at 0–30 cm using the Walkley–Black method in a subset of plots. It was found that the current number of trees in farms in the study area varied from 18 to 51 trees/ha, which can be increased to 42–83 trees/ha if all the farmers plant the maximum permissible number of trees along with their crops. The estimated total tree carbon stock ranged from 0.0003 to 8.79 Mgha−1, with the smallest mean value of 0.39 Mgha−1 for tehsil Faisalabad, and the largest mean value of 1.41 Mgha−1 for tehsil Chiniot. The whole study area had an estimated woody vegetation carbon stock of 950,470 Mg and a soil carbon stock of 22,743,008 Mg. If farmers in the study area all increased tree stocking to their average maximum desired stocking, the total tree carbon stock would more than double to 2,497,261 Mg. These results highlight both the current and potential carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry in Pakistan and can be further used in devising strategies for implementing tree planting programs on agricultural lands and designing future carbon sequestration projects in Pakistan.

Alfalfa-corn rotation and row placement affects yield, water use, and economic returns in Northeast China

Planting systems in the corn belt of Northeast China (CBNC) have been adjusted to solve the problem of black soil productivity decline caused by long-term intensive cultivation. To this end, field experiments with the alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation and row placement were conducted to evaluate soil water, crop yield, and economic returns in the CBNC from 2014 to 2018. The three treatments included continuous corn (CC), continuous alfalfa (CA), and three years of alfalfa followed by two years of corn (3A2C). Corn was planted in the row (R) or interrow (IR) space of the previously planted alfalfa in the 3A2C treatment in 2017 and 2018. Planting alfalfa increased farmer income, and the 5-yr total revenue of the CA treatment was 41% greater than that of the CC treatment. There was no difference in total evapotranspiration (ET) between the CC and CA treatments, and the 5-yr biomass water use efficiency (WUEB) of the CA treatment decreased by 48%, compared with that of the CC treatment. The 3A2C treatment increased corn leaf area index, biomass, and yield. Corn yield of the 3A2C treatment was 8% greater than that of the CC treatment in 2017. The 5-yr net revenue of the 3A2C treatment increased by 24% compared with that of the CC treatment. Corn planting in the first year after alfalfa removal reduced ET. The ET of the 3A2C treatment decreased by 12% in 2017 compared with that of the CC treatment, The WUEB of the 3A2C treatment was 18% and 14% greater than that of the CC treatment in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Corn planted into the previously planted alfalfa row produced 4% and 6% greater yield and 12% and 18% greater WUEB than corn planted in the interrow space in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Therefore, an alfalfa-corn rotation system suitable for use in the CBNC and found to economically benefit farmers consisted of three years of alfalfa followed by two years of corn planted in the previous alfalfa crop row (3A2C-R).

Studies on the Effect of Foliar Fertilizer Application in Combination with Conventional Fertilizers on Rice Production

Improving Productivity and increasing farmer income through reducing the production inputs is the main challenge for rice grower. A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt in order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of NPK at different growth stages on productivity and nutrients uptake by rice variety Sakha108 under transplanting condition during the summer season of the years 2017 and 2018. Urea (46.5% N), super phosphate (15% P2O5), potassium sulphate (50% K2O) and complex water soluble fertilizer NPK (28:28:28) were used as the nutrient sources for the experimental treatments. The treatments were as follow: T1 = Recommended urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate (control), T2 = 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28), 2.5 kg ha-1 at mid tillering MT., T3 = 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at panicle initiation PI., T4 = 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPk (28 :28 :28 ) 2.5 kg ha-1 at flowering FL., T5 = 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at MT+ PI., T6= 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at MT + FL., T7= 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at PI + FL. and T8= 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at MT + PI + FL. The data was recorded for the following characteristics: chlorophyll content (SPAD value), flowering date (day), plant height (cm), number of panicles m-2, panicle length (cm), panicle weight (g), 1000-grain weight (g), number of filled grains panicle-1, number of unfilled grains panicle-1, grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield (t ha-1), harvest index (HI), and N.P,K uptake (kg ha-1). The NPK treatments had a significant effect on all studied characteristics in both seasons. T5 and T8 recorded the highest values of most studied characteristics in both seasons. Gross return and net returns were highest with T8= 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at MT + PI + FL, followed by T5 = 2/3 NPK urea, super phosphate, potassium sulphate as basal + Foliar spray of NPK (28:28:28) 2.5 kg ha-1 at MT+ PI. compared to other treatments .

The Role of Swadesa Marketing Institutions in Increasing Farmers Income

One of The main problem faced by rice farmers is the marketing of agricultural products. To overcome these problems, Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) form a marketing agency, namely 'Swadesa' with on-line (e-commerce) and off-line (shop) systems. This study aims to analyze the role of Swadesa marketing institutions in improving the income of rice farmers. This research used qualitative and quantitative approaches (mix method). The research was conducted in Panggungharjo Village, Sewon District, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta in March to October 2017. The results showed that this marketing agency could not run properly, so the purpose to increase farmer's income has not been achieved. Various obstacles that hinder the development of these marketing institutions, among others: lack of capital, lack of human resources (HR), low interest of farmers to sell crops, and digital iliteracy in rice farmers. Operational policies are needed in terms of increasing marketing agency access to capital sources; e-commerce utilization training; and more intensive socialization about the advantages of an on-line based marketing system.

Leading Commodities of Food Crops and Plantation Subsector in Pinrang District

<p>This study aims to determine the food crop and plantation subsectors which are the leading subsectors in Pinrang District. The determination analyzed using the Location Quotient method which produces commodities classified as a base or non-base commodities which can contribute to increasing farmer income and regional income. The data sources used are primary data from interviews with farmers while secondary data on food crop and plantation production in Pinrang District for five years (2013-2017) were obtained from the Agriculture Service and BPS of Pinrang District. The results show thatthe food crop subsector is a base commodity and is very potential, namely wetland paddy and maize which have a base area in five sub-districts in Pinrang District. Whereas in the plantation sub-sector which is the basis, namely coconut, coffee, and cocoa, although the highest LQ value is in coffee commodities in Lembang subdistrict. Thus, commodities in the food crops and plantation sub-sectors are basic commodities that are worth developing. Pinrang District is one of the rice barns in South Sulawesi, which holds the position of Pinrang District as a potential producer of food crops. In addition to wetland paddy, other food crops produced are maize and beans. The most dominant plantation crops in Pinrang District are coconut, coffee, and cocoa, which are excellent crops.</p>

A supply‐side analysis of agritourism: Evidence from farm‐level agriculture census data in Taiwan

Due to consumers’ increased demand for leisure and farmers’ need for income diversification, researchers and policymakers have significant interest in topics related to agritourism. This study provides a supply‐side analysis on agritourism using Taiwan as a case study. Utilising a sample of 720,148 family farms from the 2010 agriculture census survey in Taiwan, we quantify the effects of engaging in the agritourism business on farm income, on farm succession, and on family members’ labour supply decisions between on‐farm and off‐farm work. An analytical framework that combines the doubly robustness regression model and semiparametric estimation is proposed to address the endogeneity bias. Results indicate that participation in agritourism increases farm income and family farm succession. Farms engaging in agritourism also have more family members working on the farm, and fewer family members working off‐farm, compared to farms not engaging in agritourism. Although agritourism enterprises are developed to meet consumers’ demand for leisure, our results show that they also improve the economic welfare of farm households.

The Future of US Farm Policy

SummaryThe farm bill is the primary legislative vehicle for federal food and agricultural policies in the United States that is renewed roughly once every five years. Most current farm bill subsidy and other domestic support programmes for agriculture have their origins in legislation introduced in the 1930s to alleviate poverty among farm households during the Great Depression. Although US farm households have enjoyed higher incomes and wealth than the average US family for many years, legislation to support agricultural commodity prices and to increase farm incomes has persisted. A new farm bill offers the US Congress an opportunity to reform agricultural subsidy policies. But if recent history is a guide, what will emerge is likely to resemble much of what was in the 2014 bill. As was the case with that bill, maintaining the status quo will represent a missed opportunity to cut farm subsidies and make agricultural programmes more market oriented, and be unlikely to improve trade relations for the United States in the context of its commitments under current World Trade Organization agreements. In many ways, agricultural policy in the United States seems to be firmly marching back to the past rather than looking to the future.