Increase In Carbon Emissions Research Articles

Enhancing crop production and carbon sequestration of wheat in arid areas by green manure with reduced nitrogen fertilizer

Green manure with appropriate amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer can increase crop yield, but also aggravate soil carbon emissions. However, it is unclear whether incorporation of green manure into the cropping pattern with reduced nitrogen amount can alleviate this situation and enhance carbon sequestration potential. So, a field experiment with split-plot design was set up in 2018 of northwest China, and studied the effects of nitrogen reduction on crop productivity, carbon emissions, and carbon sequestration potential in 2021–2023. The main plots were two cropping patterns, including multiple cropped green manure after wheat harvest (W-G) and fallow after wheat harvest (W). Three nitrogen application levels formed the split-plots, including local conventional nitrogen amount (N3, 180 kg ha−1), nitrogen amount reduced by 15% (N2, 153 kg ha−1) and 30% (N3, 126 kg ha−1). The results showed that W-G increased grain yield of wheat and energy yield of wheat multiple cropped green manure pattern. The multiple cropped green manure after wheat harvest with local conventional nitrogen amount reduced by 15% (W-GN2) had the significant increasing-effect, and increased grain yield of wheat by 9.6% and increased total energy yields by 39.3% compared to fallow after wheat harvest with local conventional nitrogen amount (W–N3). Relative to W–N3, W-GN2 did not significantly increase carbon emissions of wheat season, and increased total carbon emissions of cropping pattern by 11.1%. Compared to multiple cropped green manure after wheat harvest with local conventional nitrogen amount (W-GN3), W-GN2 decreased carbon emissions by 5.8% in wheat season and decreased by 3.9% in the whole cropping pattern. Therefore, W-GN2 gained high carbon emission efficiency based on grain yield, and were 9.9% and 11.2% higher than W–N3 and W-GN3, respectively. In addition, W-GN2 enhanced soil total nitrogen, carbon, and organic carbon contents, compared with W–N3, thus increasing soil carbon sequestration potential index (net primary productivity/carbon emissions). We conclude that multiple cropped leguminous green manure after wheat harvest with local conventional nitrogen amount reduced by 15% can enhance crop productivity and carbon sequestration potential of farmland in arid areas.

An integrated system dynamics model of electricity production, consumption, and export policy in Iran considering carbon emissions

The electricity industry is a cornerstone of modern economies, requiring accurate forecasting to facilitate informed decision-making aligned with sustainable development goals. This study employs a novel, comprehensive system dynamics model comprising four subsystems: consumption, production, carbon emissions, and electricity trading. Our analysis reveals significant trends in Iran's electricity industry. The household sector is projected to become the largest energy consumer, with anticipated reductions in consumer sector subsidies over time. By 2040, total electricity production is forecasted to reach 862,835 million kWh, with renewable sources contributing only 3.3 percent. This trajectory is accompanied by a substantial increase in carbon emissions, reaching 448,383 tons, an alarming 2.6-fold surge compared to 2020. The private sector is anticipated to account for 70 percent of these emissions. Given the findings, prioritizing renewable electricity sources becomes imperative to align with sustainable development goals. Utilizing this integrated model, stakeholders can formulate informed strategies and interventions to navigate the evolving landscape of Iran's electricity sector.

The Significance of Agricultural Modernization Development for Agricultural Carbon Emission Efficiency in China

Agricultural production contributes to the increase in global carbon emissions. It is crucial to improve output and reduce carbon emissions in the context of agricultural modernization, for which improved carbon emission efficiency is key. However, the role of agricultural modernization in promoting agricultural carbon emission efficiency is not clear. Hence, the aim of this article is to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of agricultural modernization and agricultural carbon emission efficiency in China from 2000 to 2019 and to reveal the relationship between agricultural modernization and agricultural carbon emission efficiency. The results showed that (1) in China, the overall level of agricultural modernization has been steadily increasing, and the regional differences are widening, showing a spatial pattern characterized by a gradual decline from the eastern and central regions to the western region. (2) China’s agricultural carbon emission efficiency continues to grow but has not achieved a data envelopment analysis (DEA) effect, with the eastern and western regions having higher agricultural carbon efficiency than the central region. The regional differences first narrow and then expand. (3) Agricultural modernization significantly promotes agricultural carbon emission efficiency in both the province and the neighboring provinces, and the interprovincial spillover effect exceeds the direct effect within the province. A nonlinear correlation exists between agricultural modernization and agricultural carbon emission efficiency.

Dynamics of legal structure and geopolitical influence on carbon tax in response to green transportation

This study examines the dynamic influence of legal structure, geopolitical risk on carbon taxes in response to monetary and labor policies in Nordic countries and Canadian provinces. The study examines eight carbon taxes collected from Nordic nations and Canadian provinces from 1990 to 2023. The Local Projections Difference in Difference model augments the panel Ordinary Least Squares approach. The Nordic countries obtain approximately 0.13 % carbon reductions in passenger emissions while freight carbon emissions increase; in contrast, Canada achieves 0.04 % carbon reductions in passenger emissions while freight carbon emissions achieve 1.25 % of carbon reduction.This study also provides evidence that labor policy autonomy undermines the effectiveness of the carbon price. Overall, carbon tax revenue recycling under labor (monetary) policy impact resulted in a carbon decrease of around 0.34 and 0.24 percentage points. This finding reveals that nations experience significant reductions in carbon emissions when reinvesting carbon tax revenues, highlighting the importance of policy integration tailored to unique country contexts towards achieving climate action.

How can the lead industry improve sustainability based on the resource-economy-carbon nexus system?

The sustainability of the lead industry is threatened by pressures from resource depletion, slowing economic growth, and increasing carbon emissions. Exploring the linkages between resource, economy and carbon to promote synergies between them is essential to achieving sustainability. This study constructed a complex system driven by resource, economy, and carbon by utilizing system dynamics, agent-based model, and life cycle assessment, and further developed resource-economy‑carbon nexus model to evaluate the coordinated sustainability of the lead industry. The results show that due to the impact of carbon neutrality, China's lead demand will rapidly decline after reaching a peak of 7.0 million tonnes in 2028. The widening lead supply-demand gap will result in falling lead prices, thus lowering the economy index. Meanwhile, the decline in lead demand and the increase in the proportion of secondary lead will increase the resource index and carbon index. Such uneven developments between resource, economy, and carbon will constrain rapid growth in coordinated sustainability, which is expected to grow weakly after 2030. To improve the coordinated sustainability of the lead industry, we suggest advancing the substitution of lead-acid batteries as soon as possible before 2030, fully utilizing the advantages of low-intensity substitution after 2030, and introducing a carbon tax while avoiding high taxation rates after 2040.

Assessment of future multiple ecosystem services in Central Asia based on the earth system model

The assessment of future multiple ecosystem services (ESs) is of great significance to regional development. However, future data simulation and climate change impacts still need further research. This paper constructs an assessment framework for future ESs based on the earth system model, which can comprehensively analyze and trade-off carbon storage (CS), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), habitat suitability (HS), potential production of cereals (PPC), potential production of roundwood (PPR), and potential production of livestock (PPL). Furthermore, we carry out a case study in Central Asia. Based on IPSL-CM6A-LR model, we evaluated the levels of multiple ESs and their comprehensive tradeoffs in 2050 under five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, SSP460, and SSP585). The results show that (1) with the increase in carbon emissions (from SSP126 to SSP585), the terrestrial CS and WY in Central Asia will first increase and then decrease in 2050. Notably, SC and HS experience a significant decline under SSP585 (7.76% and 2.20%, respectively), indicating environmental risks associated with high-emission scenarios. (2) Among the five pathways, the middle path (SSP245) strikes a better balance between development and environment. It demonstrates the highest levels of SC, HS, PPR, and PPL. Additionally, CS and PPC witnessed an increase of more than 4%. (3) SSP370 achieves the highest comprehensive trade-off score (1.087), slightly surpassing that of SSP245 (1.086). It exhibits the highest CS and WY among the five pathways. However, its SC, HS, PPR, and PPL are comparatively lower than those of SSP245, being at the intermediate level. We propose directions for the development of Central Asia: A middle pathway should be taken, as well as necessary climate and sustainable policies should be formulated.

Economic and environmental impacts from the China-Korea power grid interconnection

China and Korea have planned a substantial power grid interconnection project, driven by a shared commitment to achieve their respective policy goals. This paper analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of this cross-border power grid interconnection and presents a comprehensive financial analysis of the project. We formulate a power system model that includes a planned submarine HVDC transmission line between two countries and study various scenarios by using hourly data. Our results demonstrate that the interconnection line operates with a remarkably high utilization rate, ranging from 98.90 % to 99.95 % across all analyzed scenarios. This high utilization rate suggests that the project holds significant economic potential, with estimated net present values ranging from $1,786 million to $3,019 million at a discount rate of 7 %. Furthermore, from the sensitivity analysis on carbon price, discount rate, and transmission capacity, we show how the financial outcome of the project is affected by the change in these parameters. Finally, we discuss the consequence of imposing an additional constraint on the carbon emission to our model and then, minimizing the overall carbon emissions subject to keeping the overall cost without the interconnection. In both variations, we show that the two countries can achieve their policy goals without increasing carbon emission.

Predicting the distribution pattern changes of dye plant habitats caused by climate change

Climate change has accelerated the habitat loss and fragmentation of wildlife. Dye plants of “Fengxiang dyeing” are important indigenous natural resources for traditional printing and dyeing craft in southwest China, is of practical and cultural importance for dozens of ethnic minorities. However, lack of the spatial distribution information of these plants has hampered holistic and efficient conservation management measures. We analyzed the potentially suitable areas of four dye plants (Liquidambar formosana, Strobilanthes cusia, Persicaria tinctoria and Indigofera tinctoria) necessary for “Fengxiang dyeing” based on their geographical distribution sites under different climatic situations using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The results showed that temperature, precipitation and elevation were the most important factors affecting the suitable geographical areas of the four dye plants. Under the current climate conditions, the overlapping suitable habitat areas of the four plants were mainly in the four southern provinces of China, including Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan. L. formosana was used as the base plant for combination with the other three plants under the two future climate scenarios (SSP126 and SSP585), and the overlapping suitable habitat areas of the obtained seven combination patterns were considered suitable for potential craft development. Five patterns showed an increase, while two patterns showed a decreasing trend with the increasing carbon emission. The prediction results showed that the overlapping suitable habitat center of the four plants will gradually move to the northeast, indicating that the overlapping suitable habitat area and craft distribution area will be changed. These results provide the basis for understanding the spatial distribution pattern changes of dye plants caused by climate change and establishing measures for protecting and developing printing and dyeing craft.

Optimal planning and operation for a grid-connected solar–wind–hydro energy system in wastewater treatment plants

This study proposes a multi-objective optimization model for a grid-connected wind–solar–hydro system in wastewater treatment plants, addressing trade-offs among electricity utilization cost, self-sufficiency, complementary effect, and carbon emission. Two modes are explored: one allowing energy export and another leading to curtailment. A case study from a plant with design scale of 50,000 m3/day in China found that a higher complementary rate can slightly increase costs, lower self-sufficiency, and increase carbon emissions. Compared to the initial scheme without the solar–wind–hydro system, the design modes of export and curtail reduce electricity costs by 2.15 and 0.87 million CNY, carbon emissions by 2760 and 1439 tons annually, and increase self-sufficiency to 52% and 42%, respectively. The levelized cost of energy is 25% higher and total installed capacity decreases by 54% when surplus cannot be exported. A 6.7% curtailment minimizes the electricity utilization cost. Complementarity rates show seasonal fluctuations, peaking in August, with the highest yearly rate of 0.1528 at a solar-to-wind capacity ratio of 1.747. Output ratios remain stable across different treatment scales under curtailment mode: imports about 60%, wind and solar about 20% each, and hydropower 2%. Price changes and potential for zero-carbon operation are further discussed.

Competing CO and HCOOH Pathways in CO2 Electroreduction

AbstractHuman activities have significantly contributed to the increase in global carbon emissions, leading to adverse environmental effects such as global warming. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) presents a promising approach to mitigate carbon emissions. This process not only stores the low energy density renewable energies into high energy density chemical bonds, but also produces a variety of valuable products, including one‐carbon products like HCOOH and CO, as well as multi‐carbon products like CH3CH2OH and C2H4. Among them, HCOOH and CO can be produced with over 90 % selectivity on various catalysts, indicating their potential for large‐scale applications. However, the precise reaction pathways toward CO and HCOOH remain unclear, and the competition between these pathways often leads to low product selectivity. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the latest research on the selective reduction of CO2 to CO and/or HCOOH, focusing on the development of the reaction mechanisms based on theoretical simulations and experimental investigations, and the application of catalysts designed to fine‐tune CO/HCOOH selectivity. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and prospects for the further development and understanding of selective catalysts for CO and HCOOH production, aiming to provide valuable insights for future studies in this intriguing and significant research field.

Tracking China’s CO2 emissions using Kaya-LMDI for the period 1991–2022

The main aim of this study is to investigate how the different drivers regulating incremental CO2 emissions have evolved in China over seven five-year plans (1991–2022). The study also examines how these different drivers’ (including population, economic development, energy intensity, share of renewable energy and its productivity, and carbon intensity) regulating of CO2 emissions have changed. The results are obtained by employing Kaya identity and logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) methodology. Additionally, the Tapio method is utilized to study the decoupling elasticity history of carbon emissions from China’s economy. The decoupling of carbon emissions from the economy due to different drivers is further investigated, and the results may inform and assist policymakers in determining environmentally sustainable policies. The results reveal that the value added of CO2 emissions reached its highest point in the 10th five-year plan (FYP) and has decreased every year thereafter. Economic factor and renewable energy share factor are the main reasons for the increase in carbon emissions. Those emissions peaked in the 11th and 12th FYPs, respectively, and have been gradually declining in subsequent years. Meanwhile, the energy intensity factor, the renewable energy utilization factor, and the carbon emission intensity factor, as the key contributors to carbon emission reduction, have made monumental contributions to carbon emission reduction. These factors reached their highest levels in the 12th and 13th FYPs, respectively. China was still in a stage of weak decoupling at this stage, but the decoupling elasticity is gradually converging to zero. On an individual basis, energy intensity, carbon intensity, renewable energy productivity, and population factor have a much greater ability to decouple than economic factor and renewable energy share factor. Some implications are offered, including the improvement of population quality, the promotion of a green and low-carbon economy, and the innovation of energy efficiency.

Exploring the Spatial and Temporal Trajectories of Land Use Carbon Emissions and Influencing Factors in the Aksu River Basin from 1990 to 2020

Land use changes lead to changes in the functions of different types of carbon sources and sinks, which are key sources of carbon emissions. The study of carbon emissions and its influencing factors in the Aksu River Basin from the perspective of land use change is of great importance for the promotion of integrated protection and restoration of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasslands, sand, and ice in the basin and to help achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Based on four periods of land use data and socio-economic data from 1990 to 2020, the total carbon emissions from land use were measured, and the spatial and temporal trajectories of carbon emissions and their influencing factors were explored. The results showed that:① from 1990 to 2020, arable land, forest land, construction land, and unused land showed a general increasing trend, whereas grasslands and water areas showed a decreasing trend. The spatial change in land use types was mainly characterized by the conversion of grasslands and unused land into arable land, and 83.58 % of the arable land conversion areas were concentrated in the southwest of Wensu, Aksu, and the northern part of Awat. ② The total net carbon emissions in the basin showed a continuous growth trend from 1990 to 2020, with a cumulative increase of 14.78×104 t. The increase in arable land was a key factor causing an increase in net carbon emissions in the basin. ③ The spatial distribution pattern of land use carbon emissions in the basin was high in the middle and low in the fourth, with significant changes in net carbon emissions mainly in the southern part of Wensu, Aksu, Awat, and Alaer. ④ Human activities had the strongest driving effect on land use carbon emissions, with their effects gradually increasing from east to west. The contribution of average annual temperature to land use carbon emissions was mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Aksu and the northern part of Awat, whereas average annual rainfall had a strong inhibitory effect on the northern part of Wensu and the western part of Aheqi.

Study on the Evolution of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Carbon Emissions and Influencing Factors in China

Abstract: Industrialization has increased global carbon emissions, necessitating effective climate change mitigation measures. China, the most populous developing nation, faces the challenge of strategizing emissions to meet national carbon neutrality objectives. However, research on specific regions’ carbon emissions drivers and causal factors is limited, particularly across prefectural-level cities. This study estimates the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions across China’s prefectural cities and utilizes both OLS regression and stepwise regression models to analyze the impact of various factors influencing carbon emissions in these cities. Results reveal the following: (1) The country’s overall 20-year carbon emissions continue to grow from 3020.29 Mt in 2001 to 9169.74 Mt in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 5.71%; the eastern region has seen a gradual deceleration in emissions, whereas the western region continues to experience an increase. Carbon emissions in cities within each subregion consistently rise. (2) Carbon emissions in Chinese prefectural-level cities exhibit strong spatial autocorrelation and clustering (Z > 1.96, p < 0.05), with hot spots primarily in the eastern coastal areas and cold spots in the northwest to southwest regions. (3) Economic and demographic factors significantly increase carbon emissions, while climate and urbanization effects are more complex and variable. Economic growth and population increase are the most significant influencing factors, but regional variances exist in carbon emissions determinants in subregional prefectural cities. These insights provide valuable insights into national emission dynamics at the prefectural level, providing a theoretical basis for enhancing carbon emission strategies across various jurisdictions.

Coordinating building electrification with regional grid decarbonization: Comparison of carbon emissions of different scheduling strategies

Electrification is important for carbon reduction in urban residential buildings. It requires clean regional grids to achieve positive emissions efficiency. In countries where the condition of regional grid decarbonization varies, such as China, an aggressive electrification strategy may increase carbon emissions. However, existing research lacks attention to coordinating building electrification with regional grid decarbonization. This study projects the regional timetable when replacing fuel appliances with electric appliances can reduce carbon emissions from 2022 to 2050. Four strategies with different schedules are designed, of which the carbon emissions are compared under three grid decarbonization scenarios. Results find the following: First, in most regions, replacing gas appliances with high-efficiency electric ones can already reduce carbon emissions, while the transition to direct electric-to-heat appliances takes a long time. Secondly, the current national simultaneous strategy will increase carbon emissions by at least 52MtCO2 when using direct electric-to-heat appliances. The increments come from the Northeast, North, and East. Thirdly, high-efficiency electric appliances can reduce the sensitivity of the emission reduction potential of electrification strategies to the onset time. The study contributes to decision-making processes related to electrification strategies for urban residential buildings, providing a reference for assessing their potential to reduce emissions.

Embracing the digital revolution: Examining the relationship between ICT adoption and carbon emissions in the Persian Gulf.

In this digital age, promoting economic development through technology innovation and adoption has become a pressing matter, contributing to increased productivity and, in turn, carbon emissions. Consequently, this study employs a novel technique (Newey-West Standard Error Method, Technology Adaptation Model) to quantify information and communication technology (ICT) adoption rates as a proxy indicator for evaluating the Persian Gulf economy's technology development. Moreover, this study investigates the evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve, with trade openness, technological adoption, and innovation as sustainable development controls. The findings reveal that two of three technological innovation instruments, fixed telephone, and internet subscriptions, increase carbon emissions. In contrast, mobile cellular subscriptions simultaneously reduce carbon emissions in the Persian Gulf. Furthermore, measures of technology adoption, high-technology exports, and electricity use contribute to the increase in carbon emissions. Trade openness also raises carbon emissions in the Persian Gulf. These findings suggest that policymakers must develop technological innovation and adoption strategies that effectively promote a greener environment.

An Emissions Offset Strategy to Accomplish 2 °C Long-Term Mitigation Goals in the European Union

Regional carbon budgeting in policymaking is underutilized despite its importance for achieving global climate goals, particularly the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting global warming to 2 °C by 2050. In this work, we present the model PLEDGES, a novel system dynamic-based simulation tool that focuses on the European Union region to equitably distribute carbon budgets among the Member States and activate emissions offset strategies to manage unexpected deviations from the EU27 carbon budget. The emissions trading dynamic is based on the “Gains from Trade” approach. The tool also calculates the cost of the offset strategies based on the use of the abatement cost curves for the Member States. Using a case study of the recent increase in carbon emissions in Germany in response to reduced Russian gas supplies, different emissions scenarios for Germany’s quota redistribution among the Member States are explored. The study reveals varied cost implications of between 30–60 Eur/ton CO2eq to offset the emissions increase across other Member States. Final recommendations include promoting cross-border collaboration at the EU27 level.

Unraveling the Nexus Between Financial Openness and Environmental Quality: Green Finance as the Catalyst in CEE Countries

The use of fossil fuels, which is still seen as the cheapest energy source today, has increased carbon emissions and contributed to the formation of greenhouse gases, and this gas has reached levels that threaten world health. While studies on this problem often question the relationship between production volume, energy use, and carbon emissions, few studies question the effects of the financial assets, which are the providers of investments made for production purposes, on environmental degradation. This study used the fixed effect model and system GMM technique to analyse the moderating effect of green finance in connection to financial openness and environmental quality from 2015 to 2020 in the CEE countries. Findings show, among other things that (1) CO2 in CEE countries is still growing; (2) financial openness is a positive and significant indicator of CO2 emission; and (3) that green finance usage reduces the positive impact of financial openness on CO2 emissions. The study suggests that financial openness, renewable energy (RE) investment, and green technology innovation (GTI)– consistently drive CO2 emissions in CEE countries. The study suggests that policies promoting green finance, particularly RE investment and GTI, can help mitigate environmental degradation and reduce CO2 emissions.

Decomposition analysis of regional differences in China's carbon emissions based on socio-economic factors

Developing policies and setting carbon reduction targets for various regions in China are important actions to narrow the gap of regional carbon emissions. This study reports on the differences in carbon emissions in the eastern, central, and western regions of China from 2005 to 2021 using the Theil index, and decomposes carbon emissions into emission intensity, industrial structure, economic scale, and population size effects using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. In order to analyze the impact of socio-economic factors on carbon emissions, the industrial structure and emission intensity effects are divided into six socio-economic sectors. The major outcomes reported that: (1) the regional differences account for 70 % of the total carbon emissions difference, and the eastern region reported the most significant carbon emission difference; (2) the emission intensity and the economy scale are the top two effects on carbon emissions. The economic scale effect always drives an increase in carbon emissions, while emission intensity promotes a decrease in carbon emissions. The industrial structure effect shows a gradually decreasing trend in all regions, especially in the eastern region, the effect has turned negative since 2013. This is due to the proposed industrial transformation and upgrading in China since 2013, which has promoted the reconstruction of competitive advantages for high polluting heavy industry enterprises and accelerating the green transformation of industrial technology; (3) the industry sector contributes to the highest carbon emissions, followed by the transportation sector. Both sectors are the top two emitters and should be targeted for carbon reduction. The carbon emissions were generated based on the terminal energy consumption. The contribution effects of multiple industries and the differences in carbon emissions as affected by the driving factors and economic mechanisms among different regions in China were analyzed.

Carbon performance analysis of upgraded wastewater treatment plants in key control areas of the Ziya River Basin in China

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and they are also one of the largest energy consumption industries in urban systems. With the progression of upgrading and standard-rising, WWTPs both directly and indirectly increase carbon emissions from the increased investments in facilities and usages in electricity as well as chemical agents. Here, we collected operational data from 15 WWTPs in the key control areas of the Ziya River Basin in North China and accounted for the changes in carbon performance at different technical upgrade methods. Results showed that the average carbon emission performance increased by 0.487 kg CO2/m3 after the upgrade. Carbon emissions from electricity consumption, chemical usage, biochemical process and sludge treatment accounted for 42%, 17%, 24%, and 17% of the total improvement in carbon emission performance, respectively. Reducing energy consumption, regulating chemical use and sludge comprehensive utilization are the key to carbon emission reduction. It further proposes that the development of wastewater treatment discharge standards should fully consider the comprehensive utilization of water quality classification. Regions with favorable natural conditions should make full use of their advantages by adopting economically feasible, low-energy-consuming technologies such as constructed wetlands, which offer carbon sequestration and landscaping benefits. This study provides guidance on the selection of technological pathways for pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the wastewater treatment industry and on achieving sustainable water resource utilization.

The Nexus between Financial Development and Carbon Emission in OIC Countries

Economic activities are important factors for the development of countries. However, many countries give too much importance to the economy without paying attention to the country's environment as a result of ongoing economic activities, such as industrial, electricity production, transportation, and commercial and residential which can cause environmental degradation with the spread of CO2 carbon dioxide emissions. The growth of a financial sector that supports those economic activities is considered the driver of carbon emissions at the macro level. However, Islam teaches Muslims to avoid corruption on earth including those leading to the rise in carbon emissions. This makes Muslim-majority countries have better concern in dealing with carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze the influences of financial institution index (FII) and financial market index (FII) on carbon dioxide emissions in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation member nations. Using the GMM estimator for a panel dataset of 36 countries between 2000 and 2021, this study unravels that the FII significantly increased carbon emissions in OIC countries. In reverse, FMI contributed to the reduction of carbon emissions in OIC countries. This paper recommends the government set regulations for banking sectors to improve eco-friendly credits for the private sector. It is also recommended that the government enrich the issuance of green securities and strengthen the financial market because it is effective in minimizing carbon emissions.