Increased Blood Sugar Research Articles

Schizophyllum spp. in Covid-19- A Series of Ten Cases from a Tertiary Care Hospital of Central India.

Background: Schizophyllum species can cause diverse clinical infections like sinusitis, pulmonary disease, ulcerative lesions of the palate, atypical meningitis, cerebral abscess which can occur in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Although it is one of the emerging fungi, data on clinical features and outcomes of fungal diseases caused by Schizophyllum spp. in India are currently not sufficient. A failure to exhibit morphological characteristics leads to difficulties in identification, incorrect therapy and decreased frequency of reporting. It is one of the underreported fungal species and the disease load is much higher than reported. Here, we report a series of ten cases where Schizophyllum is isolated as the causative fungal agent. Materials and methods: Nasal scrappings were taken from suspected mucormycosis patients and processed for KOH mount and fungal culture by standard methods. Results: Schizophyllum spp. were isolated from ten suspected patients and majority of them had history of Covid-19, increased blood sugar level and steroid therapy. One of them was a case of T-lymphoid leukaemia under chemotherapy. All the patients were discharged from the hospital after successful treatment. Conclusion: During the second wave of Covid-19 pandemic there was sudden rise of mucormycosis cases in India. This study shows that Schizophyllum spp. can also be a causative fungal agent in post covid patients showing similar signs and symptoms like mucormycosis and can easily be misdiagnosed

Model Predictive Analytics Terhadap Pasien Diabetes Menggunakan Exploratory Data Analysis dan Algoritma Random Forest

Diabetes is one of the diseases that fall into the category of chronic (long-term) diseases. This disease is characterized by increased blood sugar (glucose) levels that exceed the normal threshold. As a result, the function of the insulin hormone in the body is disrupted.1In 2021, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) noted that there were 537 million adults aged 20 - 79 years (Reza Pahlevi, 2021). Diabetes also causes 6.7 million deaths. Several factors that cause diabetes include being overweight, high cholesterol levels, lifestyle and not exercising and age. Until now, no medicine has been found that can treat this disease completely, so what needs to be done is to detect diabetes early to control the dangers of diabetes.1This research will create a predictive analytics model to predict whether someone will develop diabetes. The data analysis technique used Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and the machine learning model used Random Forest. This research used data from the website Kaggle with a total of 769 people. The data consists of 9 columns with 7 data and 2 data.After analyzing the sampling data, the accuracy of the training data was 0.998207 with a Mean Squared Error of 0.00179. Testing data obtained was 0.74603 with Mean Squared Error of 0.25396. The prediction results from 20 sample data tested, obtained 18 times the model made correct predictions and 2 times the model made incorrect predictions.

Ageing-Related Alterations in Renal Epithelial Glucose Transport.

The kidney plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis by regulating glucose transport. We aimed to investigate the impact of alterations in glucose transport on glucose metabolism during ageing. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month control groups, and 6- and 12-month groups receiving the hydrogen sulfide donor molecule GYY4137. The study found that, as age increased, daily urinary uric acid and protein levels increased in the 12-month group. Blood sugar level and HOMA-IR index increased in the 12-month group, and were partially improved by GYY4137. The kidney tissue showed mild glomerulosclerosis in the 12-month group, which was diminished by GYY4137. Gene expression analysis showed decreased sirtuin and increased p21 expression in the aging groups. Increased SGLT1 and SGLT2 expression was observed in the 12-month group, which was reversed by GYY4137. Both GLUT1 and GLUT2 expression was increased in the 6- and 12-month groups, and reversed by GYY4137 in the 12-month group. The study concluded that aging was associated with increased blood sugar levels and the HOMA-IR index, and the abundance of renal glucose transporters increased as aging progressed. GYY4137 effectively reversed aging-related alterations in glucose homeostasis and renal epithelial transporters.

The Effect of Diabetic Gymnastics on Reducing Blood Sugar Levels, Stress, and Anxiety in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased significantly in developing countries, including Indonesia. Type II DM is caused by increasing blood sugar levels. There are various complications both physically and psychologically. Psychological disorders include stress and anxiety. One intervention to reduce blood sugar levels, stress and anxiety is diabetic gymnastics. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of diabetic gymnastics on reducing blood sugar levels, stress, and anxiety. This type of research uses quasi experiment with pre-test and post-test control group design. The population was type II DM patients with a sample of 36 people divided into control and intervention groups of 18 respondents each using purposive sampling technique. The results of the validity and reliability test of the stress variable referring to the Diabetes Distress Scale-17 were declared valid with r 0.79-0.83 with Cronbach alpha's of 0.921, and the anxiety variable referring to the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-42 instrument was declared valid with r 0.532 and Cronbach alpha's of 0.943. Data analysis using Paired Sample T-Test and Independent Sample T Test. The results showed that there was an effect of diabetes gymnastics on reducing blood sugar levels, stress and anxiety in the control group (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.005), (p-value 0.020) and the intervention group (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.000) and there were differences in the value of reducing blood sugar levels, stress and anxiety in the control and intervention groups (p-value 0.000), (p-value 0.041), (p-value 0.038). Conclusion There is an effect of diabetic gymnastics on reducing blood sugar levels, stress, and anxiety in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. It is expected that diabetes exercises can be used as one of the interventions in dealing with complications of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, blood sugar level, anxiety, diabetes gymnastics, stress.

Assessing miR-146a-5P with IL-6 and TLR-4 serum levels in diabetic mellitus patients with or without urinary tract infection

Introduction and Aim: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affects glucose levels. This condition increases blood sugar and weakens immunity, damaging neutrophil function and urine antibacterial activity. IL-6 and TLR-4 are involved in inflammation and immune system control, while miR-146-5p may be a biomarker for diabetes. This study examines IL-6, TLR-4, and miR-146-5p in diabetics with and without UT infection. Materials and Methods: In this study, blood samples were collected from 100 diabetic mellitus patients suffering from UTI in addition to 100 individuals apparently healthy as control. The serum levels of IL-6 and TLR-4 were detected using commercial BTlab brand ELISA kits. The plasma RNA expression level of the miR-146a-5p was determined by real time-PCR using a specific primer for miR-146a-5p with the U6 gene utilized as a reference gene. Results: The results showed that diabetic patient’s group had a significantly higher response of IL-6 than controls (75.6 vs. 27.6). TLR-4 levels showed high levels in diabetic patients’ group (1.3) in comparison with the control group (0.441). Both IL-6 and TLR-4 levels showed a significant difference between the diabetic patients with UTI compared to control. The results revealed no-significant differences in the levels among both diabetic patients with UTI and patients without UTI. TLR-4 and IL-6 showed a significant inverse relationship while the relation between TLR-4 level and miR-146a-5p expression level showed a negative relationship. Conclusion: The levels of IL-6, TLR-4, and miR-146-5p expression were found to be considerably greater in individuals with diabetes having UTIs compared to patients with diabetes alone. An inverse relationship existed between IL-6 and TLR-4 levels as well as between TLR-4 and miR-146a-5p. The expression levels of IL-6 and miR-146-5p were nearly equal.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Diagnosis and Management

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by increased blood sugar levels over time. This disease is caused by the presence of impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. The method used in writing this article is literature study. The literature study was carried out by searching published articles regarding the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. Diagnosis is determined based on typical symptoms including polydipsia, polyuria, and decline body weight accompanied by blood sugar measurements. Components of managing T1DM (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) including (1) education; (2) insulin administration; (3) diet management; (4) physical activity; (5) self-monitoring; and (6) psychosocial therapy. Management of diabetes is necessary to achieve metabolic control optimally, preventing acute complications, microvascular or macrovascular complications, as well to improve the psychological aspects of patients and families.

Prediction of FKRTL Services Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using the Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Time Series Method

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia or increased blood sugar levels and metabolic disorders. DM is a disease with a high prevalence rate in Indonesia. DM is included in the 10 most frequent Advanced Referral Health Facility (FKRTL) visits diagnoses. This research aims to find out provincial groupings based on data from FKRTL visits of participants diagnosed with T2DM using the Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering method (single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage) and to find out predictions of participants diagnosed with T2DM at FKRTL visits using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method. The method used is Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Time Series. This research shows that the best algorithm is average linkage with a number of clusters of two. Forecasting provides a pattern that tends to decline.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIET WITH BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS DURING TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE MAKRAYU PALEMBANG HEALTH CENTER IN 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes is the second most common comorbidity due to the decline in the immune function of diabetics is one of the factors triggering the ease of COVID-19 during this pandemic. Lifestyle changes can trigger an increase in diabetes mellitus; some of these lifestyles are physical activity and diet. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the relationship between physical activity and diet with blood sugar levels during Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Makrayu Health Center Palembang Working Area in 2021.Using a cross-sectional approach. Methods: Sampling in this study is a purposive sampling technique with as many as 53 respondents. Data collection using Baecke's questionnaire and diet questionnaire. The results of the analysis using the Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study indicate that 68.8% are female, the average age of the respondents is 59.77 years, and the average length of the suffering of the respondents is 5.28 years. 22.6% of respondents with a history of DM. 52.8% of mild physical activity, 49.1% of respondents with poor diet, average blood sugar when respondents were 250.19 mg/dl. Results: The results of the analysis of physical activity with temporary blood sugar levels (P-Value 0.001) and analysis of eating patterns with temporary blood sugar levels (P-Value 0.0005). Someone with light physical activity and a poor diet can increase blood sugar levels. Conclusion: The results of this study can be input for health workers to provide education about the importance of doing regular physical activity and maintaining a diet to increase physical activity and a good diet for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Physical Activity; Diet; Blood Sugar;

Penyuluhan Tentang Covid -19 Dan Diabetes Mellitus Di Dusun Taeno Desa Rumah Tiga

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin function. Patients with diabetes mellitus often experience other health problems such as obesity, heart disease and kidney disease which further exacerbate their health problems, especially if they are exposed to Covid 19 which can eventually lead to death. The need for information that strengthens and refreshes the knowledge possessed is urgently needed so that while living life during this pandemic, you can stay healthy. The method used in community service activities is carried out by counseling and discussion methods. This activity was carried out face-to-face, the total number of activity participants was 45 people, although initially it was targeted to be 100 people. The results of this activity, the people of Taeno Hamlet said that 80% felt very satisfied and 20% were satisfied with this counseling activity. These results were obtained through a questionnaire after this activity took place. This can be seen by the enthusiasm of the participants to ask about a healthy lifestyle. Patients with diabetes mellitus must have a healthy behavior and exercise diligently in order to maintain body stamina and follow the treatment that has been carried out so far. Counseling activities for patients with co-morbidities not only diabetes mellitus are urgently needed to provide information, strengthen understanding and provide updated information regarding how Covid 19 can affect patients, especially those with comorbidities.

The Influence of Diabetic Foot Exercise On Foot Sensitivity Of Diabetes Mellitus Patient Type 2

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic condition marked by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), is brought on by an imbalance between the supply and demand for insulin. Decreased or missing insulin causes glucose to be retained in the circulation, increasing blood sugar levels while depleting the glucose that is required for cell survival and function. In type 2 DM patients, complaints of neuropathy are common.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of diabetic foot exercise on patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center. Methods: Pre-experimental research is the type of study being conducted. During December 2022 to January 2023, the study was conducted at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center. A total of 34 people were included in the sampling method with purposive sampling. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank test was used for analysis.Result: This study included 34 samples, and convenience or accidental sampling was used to choose the samples. The Wilcoxon test's asymp sign (2 tailed), which is 0.02 or 0.05, reveals the significance value. The results of the research show that before intervention the most sensitivity is moderate with 18 (61,2%) after treatment, data show that the most sensitivity is good with 16 (47%); p value 0,02<0,05. The sensitivity of the feet of Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center is influenced by diabetic foot exercise. Conclusion: Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus at the Selemadeg Timur II Health Center have sensitive feet, which is influenced by diabetic foot activity). It is important for families and communities to give motivation to the diabetes mellitus patients to do diabetic foot as one of alternative therapies to prevent foot complications such and increase foot sensitivity.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Foot Sensitivity, and Diabetic Foot Exercise

Knowledge and Attitude of Medical Students about Insulin Resistance Symptoms, Effect, and Treatment

The inability of the target organs to react appropriately to the action of insulin is known as insulin resistance. Insulin resistance impairs insulin-mediated glucose absorption in the peripheral (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue), which results in increased blood sugar levels and increase insulin demand.
 Aim: This study aims to assess medical students' knowledge and attitudes on the signs, consequences, and treatments of insulin resistance.
 Patients and methods: There were 160 medical students at Tikrit University in all, male and female. The average age of students in the primary stages was 20 years, while that of students in the clinical stages was 23 years old. The current study, which was conducted in 2023 at Tikrit University College of Medicine (TUCOM), is cross-sectional in nature. All data presented statically as percentage.
 Results: There are three forms of diabetes mellitus, according to 43.75 percent of medical students. One of the complications of DM, according to (90.63 %) of them, is vision problems. Diet modification and exercise were preferable than oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin therapy.
 Conclusions: The study found that (75%) of medical students recognized the link between type 2 DM and insulin resistance, with clinical students showed a higher level of awareness in comparison with preclinical students.

Microvascular Complications Associated with Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes

Diabetes is a frequent metabolic complaint associated with increasing blood sugar levels, it also has a connection to long- term vascular problems that can damage blood vessels, urinary tract, sight, and neurons. By adding amino acid breakdown and ultimately accumulating complex end products of glycation in the organs, hyperglycemia is a crucial factor in the progression of complications related to diabetes. The breakdown process, which entails free of enzymes couplings of polysaccharides to lipids, proteins, or inheritable material, produces miscellaneous motes known to be sophisticated glycation end products. The root cause of diabetes-related difficulties such as atherosclerosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, and nephropathy are greatly impacted by the development of complex end products of glycation and the glycation of proteins. Glycation of proteins hinders molecules from behaving as anticipated by altering the functioning of enzymes, altering the structure of molecules, and impeding sensory interaction. In order to aid in the development of diabetes problems. Recent research suggests that AGEs interact with RAGEs on the plasma membrane to change gene expression, intracellular signaling, and the release of free radicals and pro-inflammatory chemicals. The formation of several AGE types from the glycation of plasma proteins is covered in the current review. The pathogenesis of diabetes sequelae such as retinal degeneration, glaucoma nerve damage, kidney failure, and myocardium are also discussed in relation to AGEs. This study includes an update on the disease's vascular consequences, underlying causes, and available therapeutic options. A summary of illness management techniques is also provided in this article.

Pulmonary Aspergilloma Co-Existing with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) Patient

Introduction: Pulmonary aspergilloma is a disease frequently found in immunocompromised patients. In Indonesia, around 18% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients suffer from chronic pulmonary aspergilloma. However, data on type 1 DM (T1DM) are still limited. Case: We presented the case of a 22-year-old male admitted to the emergency room due to hemoptysis of approximately 200 ml within six hours before admission, nonspecific chest pain during cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss of 3 kg over the last months. The patient had a history of T1DM and no prior history of respiratory diseases. Physical examination showed tachycardia, tachypnoea, subfebrile, normal body mass index, and rhonchi on the left thorax. Routine laboratory tests revealed increased blood sugar level (503 mg/dL) and HbA1c 16.4%. Chest X-ray and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed a cavity with an opaque lesion, crescent sign, consolidation, and reticulonodular infiltrate on the left lung. Rapid molecular tests, tuberculosis (TB), and serum galactomannan (GM) were negative. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary aspergilloma, T1DM, and clinical TB. He was treated with fluconazole, insulin, and a fixed-dose combination of anti-TB. The patient refused the surgery procedure. Immediately, the hemoptysis stopped, blood glucose level was normal, and concomitant with weight gain. Conclusion: Due to innate and acquired immunity impairment, T1DM is a risk factor for pulmonary infections, including TB and pulmonary aspergilloma. Chest HRCT may help diagnose fungal balls. Though the patient refused to undergo surgery, administering antifungal, anti-TB drugs, and glucose control as initial treatment presented a good prognosis in the patient.

Comparative Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Albino Rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a multi-factorial metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the primary factor in preventing glucose from achieving its desired levels in patients with the condition. Hyperglycemia results from a lack of insulin secretion, inadequate insulin action or both. Materials and Methods: The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium (G. latifolium) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (B. pinnatum) on some biochemical parameters in diabetic induced albino rats were investigated. Two different concentrations of ethanolic leaves extracts of both plants were used to treat alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results: The study found that alloxan administration significantly increased blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, with the highest reduction in group 7 and the lowest in group 5. The ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum and G. latifolium leaves showed potential hepatoprotective and renal protective activities, but mild urea level alteration was observed. The study suggests that these extracts may be beneficial for diabetic rats. Conclusion: The study reveals that alloxan monohydrate can induce diabetes in animals, and ethanolic extracts from B. pinnatum leaves and G. latifolium leaves may reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide showed better hypoglycaemic effects. Alloxan may cause hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, but the extracts may also cause mild urea level alteration.

Nanotechnology and Nanocapsule-Based Approaches for the Diagnosis and Therapeutics of Diabetes Mellitus: A Concise Survey

A serious health concern of frightening proportions is diabetes mellitus, a common metabolic illness marked by increased blood sugar levels as a result of insufficient insulin production or response. Nanosensors and nanomaterials have recently shown tremendous promise for enhancing glucose detection for the treatment of diabetes. Significant improvements in glucose sensor sensitivity, specificity, and reversibility have been achieved through the incorporation of nanoscale carbon structures, nanocomposites, and other nanomaterials. The use of these tailored nanocarriers offers a viable technique to enhance patient compliance and diabetes management by addressing the difficulties associated with oral peptide medication delivery for the treatment of diabetes caused by adverse circumstances in the gastrointestinal system. Nanocapsules are a promising approach for effective medication transportation via biological barriers by protecting drug molecules from the biological environment. A workable solution to problems with oral peptide medicine distribution for treating diabetes, particularly when it comes to unfavorable gastrointestinal conditions, is the use of customized nanocarriers. These nanocarriers have a flexible design and special in vivo characteristics that make it possible to go beyond cellular and tissue absorption barriers while improving the stability and effectiveness of therapeutic peptides. The management of diabetes mellitus has a great deal of potential for targeted lipid-based nanoparticles, which operate as an efficient drug delivery technique for oral administration of therapeutic peptides. With these developments in nanotechnology and nanocapsule-based techniques, diabetes treatment might be improved, patient compliance could be increased, and drug administration frequency could be decreased, potentially changing the field. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in nanotechnology for diabetes mellitus diagnosis and the utilization of nanocapsules in diabetes treatment
 Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanocapsules, Diabetes Mellitus, Nanocarriers, Nanomaterial, Nanotube

The Relationship between Anxiety Levels and Blood Sugar Levels in the Elderly

The increasing age, the more problems faced both physically and mentally such as loneliness, anxiety and depression. The prevalence of anxiety in the elderly is increasing. The increased release of the hormones cortisol and epinephrine in someone who is experiencing anxiety can affect an increase in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis which results in an increase in blood sugar levels. This study was to analyze the relationship between anxiety levels and blood sugar levels in the elderly. The research design uses a cross sectional approach. The sample for this research was 87 respondents who were taken by purposive sampling from 111 elderly people. The results of the Pearson correlations test showed that there was a relationship between anxiety and blood sugar levels in the elderly with a p value = 0.000 (<0.05). Therefore, the elderly can control their anxiety to reduce the risk of increasing blood sugar levels which have an impact on the health of the elderly

The Relationship between Diet Compliance and Physical Activity with Blood Sugar Levels in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the Work Area of the Pasundan Health Center

Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder of the metabolic system with increased blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin or lack of insulin sensitivity. Management of DM has four pillars, namely education, diet therapy, physical activity, and drug therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary adherence and physical activity with blood sugar levels in patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the working area of ​​the Pasundan Health Center. This type of research is analytic observational with cross sectional design. Sampling using consecutive sampling technique and a total sample of 40 people. The data analysis used is the Spearman Rank Test. The results of the study showed a relationship between dietary compliance and GDS levels (p = 0.000) and there was a relationship between physical activity and GDS levels (p = 0.026).

Intelligent Prediction and Detection of Diabetes Mellitus Using Machine Learning

One of the diseases with a fairly high number of sufferers today is Diabetes Mellitus. The increase in the number of people with diabetes is caused by delays in diagnosis and also difficulties in monitoring the blood sugar level. Therefore, a solution is needed to overcome this problem, namely a blood sugar level monitoring system to predict and detect. The blood sugar level monitoring system is an intelligent system that can monitor blood sugar levels in Diabetes Mellitus patients. This system aims to make it easier for patients to check blood sugar levels regularly, to minimize the occurrence of increased blood sugar levels that aggravate the disease. Moreover, machine learning algorithms are a viable method used in recent studies for analyzing, predicting, and classifying health data while improving the health conditions of telemonitoring and telediagnosis. The main purpose of this article is to employ machine learning algorithms for blood sugar level classification in real time. The results of this study indicate that the system can be used to monitor blood sugar levels. The results of the implementation of the system that can be used by users include monitoring the results of measuring blood sugar levels.
 Keywords: Monitoring Machine Learning, Prediction, Diabetes Mellitus, Data Mining

Practicality of non-invasive glucagon-loaded dissolving microneedle for life-saving treatment of severe hypoglycemia in a diabetic rat model

The development of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) has brought light to the transdermal delivery of biomolecules that are released into the skin through the rapid dissolution of the matrix material to enter the systemic circulation and exert therapeutic effects. Herein, we aimed to prepare, characterize, and analyze the effectiveness of a glucagon-loaded DMN system that rapidly increases blood sugar levels in rats with diabetic hypoglycemia. The stability and content of biological drugs following DMNs preparation was assessed using circular dichroism and bicinchoninic acid kit for protein determination kits(BCA kits). The maximum drug loading capacity of DMNs was approximately 140 μg in each patch, and the microneedles could be stored for up to 14 days under dry storage conditions. In vitro skin permeation studies were conducted using a Franz diffusion cell apparatus for glucagon-loaded DMNs. To investigate the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery, drug-laden DMNs were administered to rats with hypoglycemic diabetes. Compared to subcutaneous injections, microneedle drug release demonstrated comparable efficacy in raising blood glucose levels in vivo. Therefore, this study demonstrated that glucagon-loaded DMNs may be a promising approach for efficient transdermal drug delivery as an alternative to subcutaneous injection for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes.

Pengaruh Pola Hidup Masyarakat terhadap Penyakit Diabetes Melitus di Desa Tengah Kecamatan Pantai Labu

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease caused by a disturbance in the body, so that the body cannot produce or use blood glucose into the body's cells, resulting in glucose accumulating in the blood. Symptoms of diabetes are characterized by increased blood sugar which tends to be higher than normal. This study used quantitative research with cross sectional analysis method because this research was carried out at one time. The sample in this study was the elderly community in Tengah Village, Pantai Labu District, totaling 40 people. From the results of the research conducted, it shows that the residents or people in Tengah Village always adopt a healthy lifestyle, even the elderly. Because, we can see that researchers examined the community as many as 40 people. However, out of the 40 respondents, only 6 people had diabetes mellitus.