Increase Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

Does green finance development goals affects renewable energy in China

Methodsfor reducing GHG emissions and the challenges of climate change, such as “green finance”, have emerged as an approach that combines financial services and products that confront a wider range of sustainability issues, such as commercial pollution reduction, environmental management, improved sanitation, and environmental conservation. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate how green financing and renewable energy sources in China contribute to sustainable development. This study employs a unique methodology called panel cointegration and causality modelling to analyse the factors that led to the growth of renewable energy in China between 2005 and 2020. The results demonstrate the value of green finance development and private sector participation in localised and worldwide growth. Trademark registrations will increase by 0.487% and financial development filings by 0.144% for every 1% increase in renewable energy sources. When private sector participation is enhanced by 0.032%, trademarks and patents increase by 0.057%. Investment, trade, and human development calm these relationships. Several robustness tests support our findings. The study's empirical evidence, policymakers and environmentalists now have helpful knowledge for creating and implementing environmental projects with long-term financial advantages.

Optimal Planning of Battery Energy Storage Systems by Considering Battery Degradation due to Ambient Temperature: A Review, Challenges, and New Perspective

In recent years, the goal of lowering emissions to minimize the harmful impacts of climate change has emerged as a consensus objective among members of the international community through the increase in renewable energy sources (RES), as a step toward net-zero emissions. The drawbacks of these energy sources are unpredictability and dependence on nature, leading to unstable load power supply risk. One way to overcome instability in the power supply is by using a battery energy storage system (BESS). Therefore, this study provides a detailed and critical review of sizing and siting optimization of BESS, their application challenges, and a new perspective on the consequence of degradation from the ambient temperature. It also reviews advanced battery optimization planning that considers battery degradation, technologies, degradation, objective function, and design constraints. Furthermore, it examines the challenges encountered in developing the BESS optimization model and evaluates the scope of the proposed future direction to improve the optimized BESS, especially its battery.

Development of a platform for the assessment of demand-side flexibility in a microgrid laboratory

Demand-side flexibility has gained attention as a powerful tool to increase the flexibility of the electricity system and counteract the uncertainties caused by the increase of Renewable Energy Sources. Up to date, few markets allow the participation of Demand Aggregators, which are key to make use of the flexibility of small consumers. Therefore, research surrounding demand aggregation is in many cases limited to simulations or resource consuming pilot programs. This project integrates a microgrid laboratory with a commercial aggregation platform in order to set up and configure the necessary tools to operate the laboratory as a platform to test flexibility. The flexibility platform defined in this work offers a customizable and controllable environment for Demand Response and aggregation testing, while providing a realistic assessment due to the consideration of a commercial aggregator and the use of real and emulated devices. As a first application of the platform, two customer types have been defined and tested: a residential one with a Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Unit and a prosumer owning a second-life Electric Vehicle battery in a solar Photovoltaic self- consumption system. The scenarios have shown how, for defined users, the interaction with the aggregator can be beneficial for all sides, as long as proper activations and incentives are defined for the customers. Through future applications of the platform, new use cases can be covered and used to gather valuable information for the aggregator or any interested stakeholder.

Interpolating functions for CO2 emission factors in dynamic simulations: The special case of a heat pump

The decarbonization strategy implies a strong reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. The use of heat pumps as generation systems for space heating is increasing together with the increase of renewable energy sources and is also increasing the attention paid to dynamic simulations of heat pumps as well as greenhouse gas emissions. In the present study, a simplified model to determine the hourly emissions of carbon dioxide of a device connected to the Italian power grid is investigated, and an interpolating function for each year, as well as concerning average conditions, is introduced, as a valid tool for deciding the utilization strategies of a heat pump to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, or, more in general, to evaluate the CO2 emissions when a common electric device is connected to the grid. The obtained results are applied to the special case of a residential heat pump displaying a particularly good agreement, with a maximum error of 1.8% for the heating season and 1.4% for the cooling one.

A novel cluster-specific analysis framework for demand-side management and net metering using smart meter data

Demand-side management (DSM) and net metering (NM) plays a critical role in managing the energy imbalance by supervising the customer behavioural patterns. The availability of fine-grained energy consumption information from the smart meter empowers the energy policy-makers to design realistic DSM and NM plans with a detailed analysis of usage patterns, dynamics, and characteristics. This paper presents a novel cluster-specific analysis framework to examine trends in residential electricity consumption to understand their potential for participating in energy efficiency, demand response, and net metering programs. In this process, the proposed framework utilises the Hierarchical clustering on energy usage patterns of residential consumers of Kolkata, India to obtain the representative profiles. Further, six different load shape characteristics are proposed to semantically analyse the clustered profiles for understanding the underlying diversity in consumption behaviour. Moreover, a novel statistical approach is incorporated into the proposed framework to evaluate the electricity consumption of every customer based on the number of peaks in a day, solar size required, and consumption during solar generation hours. The findings emphasise the critical nature of examining consumption habits in order to execute rational and productive decisions for the residential sector The scalability experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The cluster-specific analysis thus recommends power utilities in categorising the groups to participate in the demand-side management, net metering, and hybrid programs based on their respective potential. This would also help utilities in better planning for future electricity needs with an increase in renewable energy sources. • A framework for determining the potential of customers for DSM & NM is proposed. • Practical analysis of load profiles using distinct characteristics is presented. • The number of peaks per day & usage during PV generation hours are key parameters. • The implications for DSM & NM are presented for customer recruitment process.

Electrification of Rural Remote Areas Using Renewable Energy Sources: Literature Review

The current stage of development of autonomous energy systems is characterized by a rapid increase in renewable energy sources’ installed capacity. Such growth is observed both in centralized and isolated energy systems. Renewable energy sources show high efficiency in the electrification of rural remote settlements around the world. The power of such power complexes varies from several kilowatts to tens of megawatts. When solving the problems of rural remote settlements electrification, the main issues of optimizing the composition of equipment and the structure of the energy systems play an extremely important role. Moreover, depending on the specifications of the problem being solved, criteria for evaluating efficiency are used, which are different. For example, the following are used as objective functions: minimization of the levelized cost of energy and fossil fuel consumption; maximizing the standard of people living and reliability indicators; the payback period of the project and other indicators. Various combinations of objective functions and the solution to the multi-criteria optimization problem are possible. Moreover, an important stage in the development of renewable energy in remote rural areas is the availability of new mechanisms to support an environmentally friendly generation. These mechanisms can be used in solving problems of optimizing the structure and composition of energy equipment in remote power systems. The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate the world practices of optimal design of isolated energy systems. The review includes both the main questions that arise when solving such problems, and specific problems that require a more detailed analysis of the object of study.

Green Energy Development in Russian Regions

The analysis of the development of “green energy” in the regions of Russia is one of the pressing modern scientific issues. This article describes the general situation with carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere in the world and in Russia. It is shown that the Russian Federation is one of the world leaders in the volume of carbon dioxide emissions. Global and Russian trends in the development of renewable energy sources are considered. The spatial unevenness in the development of renewable energy sources in the regions of the Russian Federation is characterized. An econometric model is proposed, which investigates the influence of the production process (through such factors as gross regional product and electricity consumption) as well as the development of renewable energy sources on carbon dioxide emissions in Russian regions. The results show that gross regional product and regional electricity consumption have positive impact on increasing carbon dioxide emission while the increase of renewable energy sources has a negative impact on increasing carbon dioxide emission. At the present stage, Russian regions can face a number of problems and constraints of social and economic nature that may hinder the development of a “green economy”.

Key issues of energy consumption in Russian industrial regions

In any country of the world, the issues of the development of the energy industry today are very resonant in view of the dependence on it of all subjects of industry and ordinary households. The increasing volumes of consumption of electric and other types of energy on a global scale for production purposes justify the importance of maintaining energy sources in working condition. At the same time, the limited quantity and low rates of restoration of the corresponding natural resources as non-renewable energy sources confirm the need for qualitative modernization of the ways of their use. In addition, the issues of optimizing energy consumption and achieving a more efficient ratio of energy production and its use are of particular importance. Thus, an increase in renewable energy sources in the structure of energy consumption of industrial facilities in the regions, as well as the decentralization of the energy market will have favorable economic consequences and will have an impact on the growth of the country's economy as a whole. In the current conditions, the problems of energy consumption in the industrial sector are ambiguous and require special approaches to solving optimization problems, taking into account current trends in energy consumption, as well as the specifics of the geographical location of the region.

Virtual Synchronous Machine Control of RES Plants in Isolated Power Systems

Because of the increase in renewable energy sources (RESs) share, new control strategies of isolated power systems have been developed to improve the frequency and voltage stability of inverter-interfaced RESs. A voltage source converter (VSC) with a virtual synchronous machine (VSM) is among the most promising control schemes. This paper demonstrates how VSM control of inverter-interfaced RES can be efficiently used to improve the dynamic stability in small isolated power systems. In the proposed analysis, the RESs of a Mediterranean island are assumed interfaced to the grid by VSCs with a swing controller and a vector-current controller (VCC) with two different options for the reference current (RC) to regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) and the real power output. The system is modelled in a PSCAD environment, and the behavior of the control is tested in the case of a phase-to-phase fault. The results of the simulations for different scenarios and values for the control parameters show the effectiveness of the control in small isolated grids. Finally, the level of grid power quality is verified via harmonic analysis of the PCC voltage.

Numerical Simulation Design of Improved Meta Heuristic Charging Scheduling for Electrical Vehicle Applications

The driving range of an electric car is restricted. There aren't many charging stations in India, so those that exist must be efficient. This study's purpose is to develop a set of criteria for selecting successful algorithms for scheduling EV charging in photovoltaic micro grids Due to the similarities between EV charging scheduling and timetabling scheduling, research works on other fields' scheduling were thoroughly analyzed. This involves scheduling issues. The paper also reviews scheduling constraints, particularly for solar-powered electric vehicles. Charging electric vehicles on smart micro grids using PV is encouraged. Electric automobiles (EVs) are gaining worldwide favour over conventional cars. However, the higher purchase price of an EV may still be the main market obstacle. Customers choose EVs for various reasons, including lower carbon emissions and higher performance. Consumers with environmental awareness and a renewable energy perspective are needed. A recent study found that a 1% increase in renewable energy sources increases EV demand by 2-6%. It is acknowledged that EVs provide new potential for control and consumption flexibility by adjusting the charging power at a given moment. Particle swarm optimization for grid charging electric vehicles Electric vehicles must be recharged after a distance. Because electric vehicles are a viable alternative to internal combustion engines, the technology has grown rapidly. Electric vehicles have fewer emissions, better energy efficiency, less noise pollution, and cheaper operating and maintenance expenses. We plan to use this research to identify efficient algorithms for charging electric vehicles (EVs) in photovoltaic microgrids. The similarities between scheduling timetabling and EV charging prompted a review of literature on scheduling in many domains, particularly timetabling.

Dynamic Economic Dispatch Considering Transmission–Distribution Coordination and Automatic Regulation Effect

With the rapid increase of renewable energy sources, the variability and uncertainty in power systems are significantly increased, and the power system operation is facing more and more challenges. In the traditional dynamic economic dispatch (DED) of transmission systems, the frequency and voltage regulation effects are not actively utilized. In addition, the transmission systems and distribution systems are optimized separately; the transmission–distribution coordination effect is not considered. In this article, a new DED is proposed. The optimal scheduling results are obtained by making a balance between operating cost and reliability cost. Both the automatic regulation effect and transmission–distribution coordination effect are explored and exploited in terms of the equivalent reserve, which can reduce the reserve provided by generating units, and can further enhance the security and economics of power system operation. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed model are illustrated by case studies.

Integrated prosumers–DSO approach applied in peer-to-peer energy and reserve tradings considering network constraints

In recent years, there has been an increase of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in energy markets that has to lead their agents to become more proactive. In this scenario, a market structure based on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) transactions is very promising but presents challenges for the network operation. A critical challenge is to ensure that network constraints are not violated due to energy trades between peers and neither due to the use of reserve capacity. In this paper, it is proposed a new iterative sequential approach for energy and reserve P2P market that ensures the feasibility of both energy and reserve transactions under network constraints. The methodology considers the interaction between the prosumers and the Distribution System Operator (DSO) in making the final market/operation decision and can be integrated into the existing distribution system. The proposed approach includes the estimation of reserve requirements based on the RES uncertain behavior from historical generation data, which allows identifying RES patterns. The proposed model is assessed through a case study that uses a 14-bus system, under the technical and economic criteria. The results show that the approach can ensure a feasible network operation encompassing energy and reserve markets.

Control Strategy for Line Overload and Short Circuit Current of Networked Distribution Systems

The expected increase in renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) connected to distribution systems will result in many technical constraints. A meshed network is a promising solution; however, some remarkable challenges must be overcome. Among these, this paper mainly focuses on the line overload and short circuit current of a networked distribution system (NDS) in Korea, an advanced form of meshed network. An NDS refers to a system in which there exists permanent linkages between four feeders and N × N communication-based protection. We propose a method, which employs the tap changing control algorithm of the series reactor to control line overload and short circuit current. MATLAB/Simulink was used to evaluate the proposed method. Three different types of distribution system were employed. First, the utilization rate and feeder imbalance were analyzed in steady-state condition. Subsequently, the short circuit current was analyzed in short circuit condition. The results revealed that the proposed method can effectively prevent line overload in up to 82.7% of cases, enhance the utilization rate by up to 79.9%, and relieve the short circuit current; that is, it can contribute to system stability and the economic operation of an NDS.

Impacts of coal-fired power plants for energy generation on environment and future implications of energy policy for Turkey.

Turkish government aimed to increase the installed capacities of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) according to several policies and strategic plans published in recent years. Energy production from CFPPs and subsidizing the coal sector were selected for reducing the import dependency as a cheaper option. CFPPs with gaseous emissions as well as fly ash and fine dust, along with ash storage, coal storage, and coal mining operations and water use for cooling of the plants, affect the environmental quality. Hence, the health of inhabitants of the environment is affected. CFPPs to be built, according to strategic plans, will emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and would severely undermine the targets for a 1.5 ℃ or 2 ℃ warmer world. Subsidies to the coal sector, along with exemptions from environmental regulations, combined with slower growth of energy production from renewable energy sources (RES), may lead to a path dependence on coal, while the rest of the world increases their energy production from RES. This study demonstrates the concrete examples of pollution caused by CFPPs in Turkey, along with health effects with the addition of policy context toward utilization of CFPPs, to point out the risks these plants constitute both for the environment and economy. Increasing the share of RES in the energy mixture is particularly important for Turkey due to being in a geographical region that is highly vulnerable to climate change effects. This study also briefly discusses how the increase of RES and de-carbonization in Turkey could be conducted in the short- and long-term, upon the literature provided.

Frequency Characteristics of the Synchronous Motor-Generator Pair to Elevate the Upper Limit Penetration Rate of Renewable Energy Sources

With the increase of renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems, the number of traditional synchronous generators (SGs) declines gradually, which leads to a decrease in total inertia and frequency instability in extreme situations. The synchronous motor-generator pair (MGP) system was proposed as a new grid-connection method to improve the inertial response and frequency stability of grids. To study the effects of the MGP on the frequency stability and penetration rate of RES in power grids, first the frequency response equations of a single MGP in a single-machine infinite bus system are derived; then, the system frequency response (SFR) model for a multi-machine system with the MGP integrated is built. By comparing key critical indices of the frequency response after step disturbance with this model, we discover that the MGP system can increase the upper limit penetration rate of RES by quite a percentage. And time domain simulations are used to compare the frequency characteristics for the penetration rates of RES at 25%, 50% and 75% with and without MGP. Finally, the MGP test bench is built for relevant experimental verification.

Hybrid energy storage systems of energy- and power-dense batteries: a survey on modelling techniques and control methods

The impact of global warming and climate change has forced countries to introduce strict policies and decarbonization goals toward sustainable development. To achieve the decarbonization of the economy, a substantial increase of renewable energy sources is required to meed energy demand and to transition away from fossil fuels. However, renewables are sensitive to environmental conditions, which may lead to imbalances between energy supply and demand. Battery energy storage systems are gaining more attention for balancing energy systems in existing grid networks at various levels such as bulk power management, transmission and distribution, and for end-users. Integrating battery energy storage systems with renewables can also solve reliability issues related to transient energy production and be used as a buffer source for electrical vehicle fast charging. Despite these advantages, batteries are still expensive and typically built for a single application – either for an energy- or power-dense application – which limits economic feasibility and flexibility. This paper presents a theoretical approach of a hybrid energy storage system that utilizes both energy- and power-dense batteries serving multiple grid applications. The proposed system will employ second use electrical vehicle batteries in order to maximise the potential of battery waste. The approach is based on a survey of battery modelling techniques and control methods. It was found that equivalent circuit models as well as unified control methods are best suited for modelling hybrid energy storages for grid applications. This approach for hybrid modelling is intended to help accelerate the renewable energy transition by providing reliable energy storage.

An Analysis of Power Supply and Demand Operation and the Tie Lines Augmentation by Using Cooperative Game Theory Considering the Increase of Renewable Energy Sources

An Analysis of Power Supply and Demand Operation and the Tie Lines Augmentation by Using Cooperative Game Theory Considering the Increase of Renewable Energy Sources

Smart deployment of energy storage and renewable energy sources for improving distribution system efficacy

<abstract><p>Climate change, global warming, the depletion of fossil fuels, and rising energy demand are the main forces behind the increase in renewable energy sources. However, the unpredictability of power output from these renewable energy sources presents distribution system integration issues such as limited feeder capacity, unstable voltage, and network power loss. This study analyses the African vulture optimisation algorithm to determine the best allocation of distribution generators, with an emphasis on reducing the ageing of distribution transformers and delaying investment in feeders. The optimization technique provides faster global convergence and outperforms existing bio-inspired algorithms verified with benchmark uni-modal functions as a result of a larger crossover between the exploration and exploitation phases. The key aim is to decrease active power loss while simultaneously enhancing security margin and voltage stability. The IEEE 69-bus RDS system is utilised to validate the case studies for appropriate allocation of photovoltaic, wind turbine generation, and battery energy storage systems units, as well as offering the ideal energy management approach. During simulation, uncertainty on the characteristics of renewable energy source is accounted for. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm with a substantial improvement in voltage profile, the benefit of lower CO2 emissions, an increase in security margin of up to 143%, and the advantage of extending the feeder investment deferral period by more than 50 years. In addition, the distribution transformer ageing acceleration factor improves significantly in the case of an increase in load demand.</p></abstract>

A two‐phase non‐inverting buck‐boost converter for an RL load

There is an increase in renewable energy sources, which are regarded as current sources, where DC-DC converters are widely used which require more suitable loads for driving current type loads. This paper uses a duality approach to show that the converter circuit can apply to the current type loads without too much voltage variation. It illustrates the derived steps for a conventional buck converter by using graph formation. To validate the duality approach, five original switching converters are detailed. A current source with an R-L load (CSRL) converter is used for current-based applications, such as electrical motors, electromagnetic relays, or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This study proposes a two-phase non-inverting buck-boost converter with an R-L load which is suitable for driving current-based applications. The design procedure and steady-state analysis are presented. SIMPLISTM software is used to simulate the topologies. This method for operation mode and formula derivation is like in voltage type circuit structures, and this study has sufficient mathematical analysis capabilities. For demonstration, a 650 W VSRL converter is implemented to verify the feasibility of the method. The corresponding circuit topology of the conventional circuit can be illustrated by using the duality approach rapidly.

Analysis of the RES Potential in Accordance with the Energy Policy of the European Union

There is a need to reduce carbon-based energy and replace it with clean energy in order to counteract the negative effects of climate change. The increase in renewable energy sources may result in savings and the increasing cost of maintaining carbon-based energy. Worldwide involvement is required. The fulfillment of conditions by individual states does not solve the problem. The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed economic growth. It turns out that economic growth is not always associated with increased investments in RES (existing or emerging new clean energy points). We have a new epidemiological threat—Delta—which could become large. This will not improve the situation. Germany is an exemplary country for benchmarking in the field of renewable energy. The worrying fact is that Poland, despite economic growth, does not achieve an even growth in RES. Each of us is required to be involved, to be open to innovation and to act in accordance with the energy policy of the European Union. Basic management functions (planning, organizing, motivating and controlling) are also essential. Failure to meet the demands of the energy policy should be thoroughly verified and consequences should be drawn in order to involve the whole world. The authors thoroughly analyzed many factors that have a significant impact on the success in stopping climate change and increasing RES. With the increase in energy demand, renewable energy is introduced to a greater extent. Additionally, coal energy will be more expensive to maintain. The more RES, the more expensive the energy obtained from mine sources. The investment is an opportunity to meet the demands of RES, but investors are currently only interested in investing in renewable energy in highly developed countries. The decision-making process regarding the implementation of renewable energy sources not only consists in a radical decision to introduce changes, but also in the fulfillment of a number of assumptions regarding the energy policy controlled by the authorities of a given state as part of this action. There is a risk (fear) in underdeveloped countries that they will not be able to finalize this project, either due to the lack of investor interest or the lack of real opportunities due to the failure to meet the guidelines of the energy policy of a given country. It is advisable that state governments facilitate the process as much as possible so that even less developed countries could take advantage of this postulate.