Increase In GDP Research Articles

Ecological footprint, electricity consumption, and economic growth in China: geopolitical risk and natural resources governance

This paper examines the relationship among ecological footprint (EF), electricity consumption, and GDP in China using annual data ranging from 1960 to 2019. However, factors like trade openness, urbanization, and life expectancy might increase EF as ecological distortions are mainly human-induced. This study explores the effect of these variables on the environment, which is captured by EF. Quantile Regression estimates indicate that electricity consumption and real GDP increase environmental degradation, while trade and urbanization reduce EF, allowing for a higher environmental quality. On the other hand, the spectral Granger-causality tests reveal that only urbanization and life expectancy affect environmental degradation over the whole frequency domain. In the current geopolitical scenario, relevant policy implications may be derived.

Can Urbanization Influence Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Evidence from BRICS–T Countries

Climate change is one of several issues confronting the planet today. Addressing this problem will create a safer environment for humans and other species. Thus, this study explores how the urban population (UBNP) influences carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) levels in BRICS–T from 1990–2021 (192 observations) using Pooled OLS and Fixed Effects techniques. In addition, energy intensity (ENIT) and economic growth (GDP) are utilized as control variables. The Pooled OLS result demonstrates that UBNP growth reduces CO2e by 0.19%; a rise in ENIT levels spurs CO2e by 1.10%, and an increase in GDP enhances CO2e by 0.61%. The Fixed Effects outcome shows that an upsurge in UBNP reduces CO2e by 1.19%, while ENIT and GDP rise boosts CO2e by 1.19% and 1.04%, respectively. This study recommends continuous urban planning, rural area development, renewable energy integration, and the use ofenergy–efficient buildings.

Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach to Estimate Ecological Footprint in Pakistan

The aim of the study is to explore the various variables that lead to Pakistan's environmental deterioration. The impact of macroeconomic factors of environmental deterioration is investigated to fulfill the objective of the study. The impact of determinants on environmental degradation from 1990 to 2020 was explored in this study. The dependent variable is Ecological Footprint, which is used as a proxy for environmental deterioration, whereas the independent variables are Trade openness, Urbanization, foreign direct investment, and per capita income growth. However, square of per capita also included in a model to verify the phenomena of Kuznets curve. The variable's stationarity was checked and used the unit root test (ADF and PP), which indicated that it exists at the first difference. According to the result of stationary ARDL cointegration model is applied. The result of the test showed the long run relation among the variable. The coefficient of GDP is positive and squared GDP is negative, this means that if there is a consistent rise in GDP, then the negative effect of squared GDP will overcome the positive effect of level GDP. Beyond this point increase in GDP will reduce the ecological footprint. This phenomenon was discussed earlier as the environmental Kuznets curve.

Fruit Grading System for Feature Extraction and Quality Evaluation by Image Processing Technique

Abstract: Since no deep learning fruit grading system based on digital photos has been devised, there hasn't been much progress made in determining whether or not fruit is fresh. The goal of this study is to develop methods for decreasing wasted fruit. The agriculture industry in India is crucial to the nation's economy. High quality fruit is in high demand, making fruit grading an important aspect of the agricultural industry. However, grading fruit by hand requires a lot of time and effort and is prone to mistakes. The time you spend with automatic grading is well spent. On both domestic and foreign markets, you may find a plethora of fruit. Due to their delicate nature, fruits need extra care throughout the grading process. Automation is much sought after in agricultural research with the aim of evaluating crop quality. If a country's fruits, vegetables, and harvests are of higher quality, it may see an increase in output and GDP

The Impact of Certain Price of Natural Gas Policy on Indonesia’s Economy

The Indonesian national industry has experienced a slowdown in growth and decrease in competitiveness, allegedly caused by the high price of natural gas. Therefore, the government intervened by implementing Certain Price of Natural Gas Policy (Harga Gas Bumi Tertentu), a policy that facilitates industries to obtain gas at lower prices through the issuance of Presidential Decree Number 121 of 2020 concerning Natural Gas Pricing. This study aims to analyze the impact of the policy on the national economy by considering the decline in state revenues as a consequence of the reduced price of natural gas for industry. Using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, analyses were carried out on various economic indicators. This study finds a decline in GDP for 0.076% in the short-run and an increase in GDP for 0.004% in the long-run. Furthermore, household income, in both rural and urban areas, decreases from 0.1 to 0.2% in both short and long-run. For industries that use gas intensively, the price reduction increases sectoral output and labor, and reduces commodity prices.

Do Increased Tax Base and Reductions in the Underground Economy Compensate for Lost Tax Revenue Following a Tax Reduction Policy? Evidence from Italy 1982 to 2006

We here examine the frequent claim that an increase in the tax base and a decrease in tax evasion will compensate for a loss in tax revenues caused by a lower tax level. Using a unique data set for the estimated underground economy in Italy from 1982 to 2006, we found that a loss in tax revenues equivalent to 1% of the GDP would be partly compensated by an increase in GDP of 0.55%. The compensation would come from 0.31% of the GDP increase and from 0.24% of the reductions in the underground economy. These results apply to an economy with a high tax level (>32%) and a high underground economy (≥25%). Applying a high-resolution lead–lag method to the data, we ensured that tax changes were leading the GDP and, thus, a potential cause for changes in the GDP.

The Impact of Innovative Financial and Banking Development on the Economic Growth of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract Achieving sustainable economic growth is one of the main goals of economic policy in modern countries. As previous research has shown, the development of financial system has a significant influence on economic growth. The importance of the innovative banking sector in developing countries becomes particularly important due to the insufficient evolvent of other parts of the financial system. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the impact of the banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina on economic growth in the period from 2000 to 2021. The aim of the study is to quantify this relationship. In this study we apllied ARDL model to determine long-term and short-term relationship between observed variables. The results show that the increase in total loans granted by the banking sector to companies from the non-financial sector has a positive impact on the development of GDP. Namely, a 1% increase in total bank credit to non-financial private sector firms leads to an increase in GDP of about 0.08% in long run and about 0.20% in short run.

Factors That Influence Domestic Tourism Demand: Evidence from Armenia.

ABSTRACT. Armenia has great opportunities and resources for tourism development. In 2021, the number of domestic tourists in Armenia was 1595826, an increase of 52.6% compared to 2020. In 2022, the number of domestic tourists was higher than in previous years - 1929940. The article evaluates the factors which influence domestic tourism demand with the use of ordinary and weighted least squares regression models. The main variables discussed in the models are: real GDP growth rate, consumer price index, average cost of tour packages from Armenia to other countries that can be considered as an alternative to domestic tourism, and dummy variables. The time series are based on quarterly data from 2005-2021. According to the analysis results, 1% increase in GDP will lead to a 0.22% increase in the number of domestic tourists, 1% increase in prices will lead to a decrease in the number of domestic tourists by about 0.12%, and 1% increase in foreign tour package prices will increase the number of domestic tourists by about 0.14%. The article also presents some suggestions for domestic tourism development in Armenia. The results may be useful for similar studies, as well as for state and private sectors conducting forecasts, planning, etc.

Виробничий травматизм в Україні: епідеміологічній аналіз і виклики часу

Introduction. Accidents are one of the causes of work-related mortality and disability. According to the ILO estimates, about 2.3 million men and women in the world die each year as a result of workplace accidents or work-related diseases. In recent years, a gradual decrease in the level of industrial injuries (II) has been noted in Ukraine. Statistical indicators indicate the complexity of the situation regarding the formation of the number of injuries at work, depending on socio-economic conditions, the state of labor protection, medical and demographic characteristics of workers, changes in legislation regarding compliance with international requirements. II is closely related to the level of GDP, financial crises, as well as such challenges of the time as the COVID-19 pandemic, the conduct of military operations after the invasion of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, the occurrence of danger when performing work in the conditions of hostilities. The purpose of the study is to reveal the regularities of the formation of indicators of industrial injuries in Ukraine during the years of independence, in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, during the period of martial law. Research materials and methods of studying the prevalence of industrial injuries was carried out according to the principle of continuous statistical sampling of primary documents compiled for all cases of occupational accidents first detected and registered in Ukraine, for the years 1991-2022. The analysis of II was carried out by types of economic activity. The materials were processed in accordance with the tasks set by classical methods of medical statistics, the relationship between statistical indicators was determined using the Spearman correlation coefficient to assess the relationship of individual indicators. Research results and their discussion. During the years of independence, the formation of II indicators was determined by the factors of socio-economic, regulatory and legal transformations, the number and employment of the population in the labor process. The coefficient of frequency of accidents (CFA) is on average 0.31, while in the coal industry - 7.89, transport - 1.6, agriculture - 1.14, mining and non-metal industry - 0.99%, metallurgical industry – 0.96, mechanical engineering - 0.48. The weight coefficient - CW has a somewhat different ranking, with an average Kт of 26.42, the first place belongs to transport - 65.02, the second - to the mining and non-mineral industry - 48.13, the third - to the coal industry - 36.96, the fourth - to the metallurgical industry - 32 ,8, the fifth - construction - 32.72, the sixth - gas industry - 31.08, the next - machine building - 26.32. The number of cases of COVID-19 among medical workers has significantly decreased from 2020 to 2022. A significant number of accidents were registered among those working during the performance of labor duties in the conditions of hostilities at critical life support enterprises, such as oil and gas production, state administration and defense, electricity supply, transport, engineering, health care. Conclusions: 1. Over the years of independence, there has been a significant decrease in the total number of workplace injuries. In 2022, the total number of injuries decreased by more than 40.0 times compared to 1992, the number of deaths at work - by more than 5.0 times. 2. The level of injury depends on the challenges of time in certain defined periods of the formation of the state, which causes fluctuations or a surge in occupational accidents. 3. The assessment of the relationship between GDP and structural changes in II (the Is index) reflects the percentage of fatal cases in the structure of injuries, and is one of the indicative characteristics of the state of labor protection in Ukraine. The increase in GDP in the period 1992-2014 correlates with Is rs=0.97 (Spearman correlation coefficient p<0.05), and the correlation coefficient with the number of working persons for these years reaches values of rs=-0.90 (p<0, 05). The decrease in GDP in the period 2016-2022 has the same trend with changes Is rs=0.71 (p<0.1). From the above, it can be determined that the economic factor was of great importance until 2016, and later its importance remained, but greatly decreased due to the epidemic of COVID-19 and a significant increase in hostilities. 4. Among the causes of accidents with a fatal outcome, organizational - 46.2%, technogenic, natural, ecological and social -40.0%, technical - 7.6%, psychophysiological - 6.2% prevail.

Analyzing the Causes, Consequences and Solutions of Investment in Post Reform Surabaya

Increased investment can help drive a country's economic development. In macroeconomics, investment also functions as a component of national income, gross domestic product, or gross domestic product. Investment is positively correlated with GDP or national income, when investment increases, GDP increases, and when investment decreases, GDP decreases. In the same context, Harrod-Domar developed a very legendary theory that economic growth requires capital formation in addition to capital stock. Capital formation can be seen as spending that increases the economy's ability to produce goods, or as spending that increases the effective demand for society as a whole. This requires investment to increase the ability to produce goods and services needed in the economy. Therefore, high and sustainable levels of economic growth are generally supported by increased exports and investment. In addition, Harrod-Domar emphasized that every economy must allocate a certain percentage of national income to replace damaged capital goods as an effort to grow the economy, thus requiring new investment as a capital stock.

Atrial fibrillation - environmental and socio-economic determinants at regional level. Case of Poland

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. The study aimed to assess the influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation (AF). The rate of AF hospitalizations in Poland is one of the highest in Europe. The risk of hospitalization in patients with AF is related not only to lifestyle, but also to environmental, economic, social factors and the organization of the health care system. Using National Institute of Public Health, Central Statistical Office and Voivodeship Inspectorates for Environmental Protection in Poland data and panel data techniques (including spatial ones) the impact of environmental and socioeconomic factors on AF in Poland has been estimated. The age- and sex-standardized data on the prevalence of hospitalization due to AF in Poland in 2012-2019 on poviats level were explained using set of air quality indicators (namely PM2.5), environmental factors, organization of the health care system and regional determinants of the socioeconomic situation. An increase in the number of physicians by 1/1000 of the population and healthcare expenditure by PLN 100 per capita resulted in a decrease of 2% (-0.002 [-0.003;-0.001]; P=0.002) and 5%(-0.005 [-0.008;-0.002]; P<0.001) in the number of hospitalisations due to AF in the group under 64 years. A 1 pp increase in the proportion of green areas resulted in a 4% decrease in hospitalisations. In contrast, an increase in GDP per capita by 1 th PLN and a decrease in the proportion of people working in agriculture by 1 pp were associated with a 1%( -0.010; [-0.013;-0.007]; P<0.001) and 0.2% decrease in hospitalisations, respectively. There is geographical variation in the prevalence of AF and socioeconomic factors are an important determinant of this condition. In the working-age group, improvements in the economic situation are likely to have positive health effects, in contrast to those in the post-working age group, where increases in health sector expenditure have the greatest effect.

Innovation for renewable energy and energy related greenhouse gases: Evaluating the role of green finance

Environmental degradation is one of the many unintended consequences of industrialization, which has resulted in misery for humans, and biodiversity around the world. These environmental concerns require consideration in order to gain a better understanding of how to design policy around climate change. In this regard, a number of deals have been reached with the objective of reducing pollutants in the environment so as to keep an average temperature that below 2 degrees Celsius. In order to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, nations all over the world have been putting more of their attention on investments in R&D for renewable energy, often known as green financing. This study explores the influence of green finance in the presence of GDP, human capital, and economic risk on GHG emissions in G7 countries for the period of 1990–2020. We find that green finance and economic risk abates GHG emission intensity. It is interesting that the impact of green finance is stronger for countries with high emissions level and lower for low emitter countries. Human capital and GDP increase GHG emissions. The results of the present study have important consequence for G7 nations because majority of these countries have been facing high oil demand. Policies to enhance green financing during the period of high energy demand are vital. It is imperative that policies be put in place to maintain the development in green financing.

What are firms borrowing for? The role of financial assets

Recent studies show that nonfinancial corporate debt is weakly correlated with aggregate demand, raising the question: Why is the nonfinancial corporate sector borrowing? We use flow of funds data for fifteen advanced economies since 1990 to econometrically show that nonfinancial corporate borrowing primarily finances financial asset accumulation. We show that an increase in borrowing of one percent of GDP is associated with an increase in capital expenditures of only 0.013 percent of GDP, but a 0.82 percent of GDP increase in the acquisition of financial assets net of non-debt liabilities. This rise in net financial asset acquisition is dominated by gross financial asset accumulation. Furthermore, corporate borrowing is primarily associated with non-cash financial assets, and is not associated with foreign direct investment. These results suggest that the nonfinancial corporate sector’s growing orientation toward accumulating financial assets underlies the weak relationship between their borrowing and aggregate demand.

How human capital and energy prices play their role to enhance renewable energy: defining the role of innovations and trade openness in G-11 countries.

It is crucial to switch from nonrenewable energy to renewable energy sources to improve environmental quality. For this reason, innovations play a crucial part, yet the use of renewable energy is insufficient. This work contributes to the literature by Using both aggregate and disaggregated data, this study investigates the relationship between energy consumption, trade openness, human capital (HCA), and innovations in G11 nations. This study analyzed yearly data from 1990 to 2020 using empirical methods of augmented mean group (AMG) and cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) techniques. The findings highlight the significance of human capital, energy pricing, and innovations in fostering the growth of renewable energy in G-11 nations. A 1% increase in GDP and trade openness will enhance total energy consumption by 0.47% and 0.07%. GDP and trade are also increasing non and renewable energy consumption. A 1% increase in human capital and eco-innovations are increasing renewable energy by reducing non-renewable energy consumption. In addition, the G-11's rising commerce and GDP have increased their reliance on energy sources that rely on fossil fuels. The authors of this study suggest raising HCA as a means of encouraging the G-11 to use cleaner forms of energy. The need to bolster renewable energy to achieve a cleaner environment in the G-11 countries.

Spatio-temporal variations and socio-economic drivers of air pollution: Evidence from 332 Chinese prefecture-level cities

Air pollution is the result of a complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions. Recently, what's the mutual correlation between air pollutants, and how the monthly socio-economic indicators influence air pollution at the prefecture-level cities are still lack of discussion. Based on monthly air pollutants concentrations and socio-economic indicators from January 2015 to September 2020, this study systematically explored the spatial-temporal characteristics of China's air pollutants and its socio-economic drivers. Results showed that annual mean concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 fell substantially from 2015 to 2020, decreasing by 37%, 27%, 63%, 39% and 40%, respectively, whereas O3 changed slightly. Summertime O3 and NO2 pollution in North China Plain, and wintertime air pollution in China remained the seriously polluted. PMs concentrations were significantly positively correlated with SO2, CO and NO2 concentrations. The increases in GDP per capita aggravated NO2 and PMs pollution in southeast coastal areas in spring and winter. The air pollution in North China Plain were severer in spring and winter induced by the monthly retail sales of social consumer goods. In the Fenwei Plain, the growing electricity consumption per GDP contributed to O3 and PM10 mitigation in summer and autumn. It is worth noting that the improvement of socio-economic level and energy consumption level showed a trend of exacerbating CO, NO2, and O3 pollution from 2015 to 2020. The comprehensive monthly analysis provides theoretical support for fine-scale monitoring and feasible control strategy formulating for achieving China's sustainable development.

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Algerian Country during the Period 1990-2017

Abstract The importance of the research is to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment in Algeria and to determine them accurately based on previous studies. We used a model of regression Multiple to identify significant determinants of FDI in the period 1990-2017. The results indicate having a positive and significant effect for both the GDP and economic openness on the outside world. Moreover, the effect negative significant for inflation and economic openness (LNINF1LNOPNESSG). The effect was positive but not significant for the increase in population and GDP per capita. Some of the variables that could affect the results and give better results neglected and this is considered a deficiency in this research and could be problematic for future research. Decision-makers in Algeria can benefit from the results of this research to attract the most foreign direct investment. The study period and the method of estimating the model for the case of Algeria considered as a gap that can add new to the subject of foreign direct investment in Algeria.

An empirical investigation of the relationship between government revenue, expenditure, and economic growth in selected EMEs

Purpose ─ This article explores the relationship between government revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth for nine emerging market economies using annual data from 1991-92 to 2019-20. Method ─ This paper distinguishes itself from the existing literature through the application of co-integration tests, vector error correction, DOLS and FMOLS for an empirical investigation of a unique panel data set of select emerging economies across Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America. A bi-directional causal long-run relationship between economic growth and government expenditure, as well as between government expenditure and government revenue, was found using standard panel co-integration tests. Findings ─ The long-run elasticities computed using VECM were confirmed from DOLS as well as FMOLS estimates. A one per cent increase in expenditure and revenue, in the long run, would result in an increase in GDP by 0.94 and 0.90 per cent, respectively. Similarly, an increase in GDP by one per cent would lead to an increase in government expenditure by 1.1 per cent. On the other hand, an increase in government revenue by one per cent would cause a corresponding increase in government expenditure by nearly one per cent. The findings of this research point to a positive association between government revenue, expenditure, and economic growth, which will be valuable to policymakers. Contribution ─ Our combination of country selection covering economies from different continents is a first of its kind to the best of our knowledge. Another contribution is the application of panel cointegration and panel error correction techniques to fully use the panel data set, while most previous studies utilised the typical time series modelling with individual time series data.

Does representation of women in parliament promote economic growth? Considering evidence from Europe and Central Asia

IntroductionThe relationship between gender equality and economic growth has attracted considerable attention in scholarly research. While existing literature has evaluated the significance of gender inequality in education and employment, the impact of gender disparity in public service on economic growth remains an under examined area of scholarly inquiry. The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of female empowerment in public service on economic growth in Europe and Central Asia (ECA). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the relationship between female political empowerment and economic growth at a regional level.MethodsWe rely on several econometric techniques to obtain robust empirical results and resolve various problems encountered when using panel data. We start with the random and fixed effects model to obtain the baseline results. The fixed effects model generates unbiased estimates by reducing the impact of time omitted variables. The core empirical technique used in this study is the twostep system GMM estimator.ResultsThe empirical results suggest that female participation in parliament has a positive and significant effect on economic progress. In particular, a 10%-point increase in women's representation in parliament leads to a 0.74%-point increase in GDP growth.DiscussionThus, it is essential to further promote female empowerment programmes in developing countries and continue to adopt new measures aimed at increasing the participation of women in public service. Future studies could explore the relationship between female empowerment and economic growth at subnational levels and test whether female empowerment moderates the relationship between financial development, innovation, trade and economic growth.

Digitalization оf Geo-Economic Space: Trends, Challenges аnd Prospects оf Growth

The purpose of the article is to study the features of modern trends in the digitization of the geo-economic space, as well as its challenges and prospects for the growth of the economy in the conditions of modern changes. The research methodology involved the use of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, specification, classification) and specific economic methods (systemic and structural studies, quantitative analysis). The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the establishment of the key trends of digitalization preserving the possibility of sustainable development in the conditions of modern geo-economic shifts cased by russian aggression. Conclusions. Digitization of the economy is a modern tool for the development of new competitive advantages in the country geo-economic positioning. The economic efficiency of digitalization lies in the balance between resource intensity and capital intensity of the industry on the one hand, as well as productivity (profitability) on the other hand and is characterized by an exponential decrease in cost with a combination of available cloud services. As a result of the study, the main trends in the development of digitization in the global dimension were systematized: IT sector deepening (established on the basis of an analysis of the dynamics of global expenditures on the IT sector and expenditures on powerful data centers, as a result of which an additional increase in world GDP by 13 trillion dollars is expected by 2030); the dominance of the service sector and the financial sector in terms of the sectoral spread of digitalization in the world (established on the basis of a comparative analysis by economic sector). Empirical analysis of the structure of the spread of digitalization by the branches of the economy of Ukraine revealed that it is characterized by a service direction in the form of remote access digital services (predominantly state services, electronic payments, retail trade, etc.). The promising areas of development of digitization in Ukraine are determined: industrial infrastructure (in the form of automation and robotics due to significant destruction due to Russia’s military attack), the financial sector (especially the capital market and the banking sector due to low involvement and isolation from the global financial market). Key words: digitalization of the economy, geoeconomic space, world economy, IT sector, e-commerce.

The great wall of debt: Real estate, political risk, and Chinese local government financing cost

Chengtou bond is the only asset with market prices that can capture the funding cost of Chinese local government debt. In contrast to the U.S. municipal bonds, Chengtou bonds are issued by private corporations but implicitly guaranteed by local and the central governments, which are reflected by novel risk characteristics—real estate GDP and political risk. One standard deviation increase in local real estate GDP (political risk) corresponds to 10 (9) basis points decrease (increase) in bond yields, respectively. However, conditional on political risk, real estate GDP actually increases bond yields, suggesting that only local governments with low political risk can enjoy the low funding costs driven by high real estate growth.