Increase In GDP Research Articles

Estimating E-workability Components Across Central European Countries

At present, shifting the workforce to a home-based work environment was and is a necessary response to Covid-19 crisis. In the post-pandemic work environment, e-working may continue being popular even in agribusiness. The study objective was to examine the motives for adopting face-to-display working environments within selected V4 countries and Austria in 2019, with the study being done in terms of the various components related to the spread of e-working. The study adopted Spearman’s Rho correlation using 16 numerical variables to measure the strength of association between two variables (e-working and 16 numerical variables). This study investigated the impact of 16 selected factors in determining e-workability in V4 countries and Austria. The study found that when e-working and the percentage of GDP services are considered, a very strong positive correlation is indicated: As the GDP increases, the probability of e-working increases. High levels of education and of technology reveal a strong positive correlation. When the number of highly educated employees decreases, the number of e-workers decreases. In respect of technology, greater utilisation of digital public services, internet access and computer access from the home increase the likelihood of e-working. A medium education level and the use of the internet show a strong negative correlation: When the medium educational attainment level rises, e-working decreases. As the utilisation of the internet increases, the proportion of e-working falls. These components affected higher e-workability. Through the examination of the motives for adopting face-to-display working environments, this study advances the knowledge in the e-working field of the selected countries.

The Impact of Digitalization to Accelerate Economic Performance During COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected various lines of life, especially the economy, not only in Indonesia in general but also in East Java Province in particular. The pandemic conditions limit human physical activity and make the use of digital technology increasingly massive. Using digital competitiveness data (EV-DCI), as well as other digitization indicators obtained from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), this study attempts to investigate the impact of digitization at the district/city level in East Java Province and at the provincial level in Indonesia on regional economic performance indicated with an increase in GDP per capita. From the OLS method used, it was found that increasing the use of internet access at the city/district level in East Java Province can significantly increase GRDP per capita. Furthermore, the researcher also uses the 2SLS method in analyzing the impact of digital competitiveness on improving economic performance at the provincial level. Similar results were found where increasing digital competitiveness can significantly improve economic performance. Through qualitative analysis, this study suggests relevant policymakers, especially in the East Java Province, encourage digitization, one of which is through the adoption of e-commerce by MSMEs.

How Effective Is Water Technology as a Water Scarcity Remedy for the Economy in China?

China’s water shortage is severe and has become one of the factors hindering economic growth. It is widely accepted that changes in water technology play a profound role in sustainable development. However, because water technology is embedded in water resources, it is difficult to clarify the effects of water technologies as a means of alleviating water scarcity to achieve sustainable development. The level of water technology can be measured by total-factor water efficiency. This study analyzes panel data from 2002–2018 using the stochastic frontier model and addresses water inputs and water technology by introducing the concept of water productivity into economic growth framework. We found that, with the introduction of water technology, the importance of water resources for economic growth increases; water inputs increase by 1%, and GDP increases by 0.349%. The progress of 1% water technology can drive 0.142% of GDP growth and have great potential as a water scarcity remedy for the economy. Due to lower prices, the substitution rate of water technology to water is six times that of water-to-water technology, which is very detrimental to water technology progress. In the short term, water technology can be policy-driven in water-scarce developing economies, and price-induced in the long term.

Environmentally-extended input-output analysis of circular economy scenarios in the Philippines

Conventional economic systems are based on the unsustainable use of natural resources. Circular Economy is a framework for socio-technical regime change that prioritizes material loops to improve resource efficiency. The framework promotes business activities that capitalize on material recirculation pathways and extended product life cycles. Many countries have begun adopting Circular Economy principles through policies, targets, and action plans, but research in this area has focused largely on developed countries and major emerging economies. The lack of scientific analysis of Circular Economy implementation in developing countries is a critical research gap with significant implications on global material flows. Fast-growing countries such as the Philippines will benefit from the regime change towards Circular Economy to resolve sustainability issues from economic and demographic trends. Policy interventions need to be calibrated to enable a smooth transition to circularity. To address this gap, this study uses a 16-sector Environmentally-Extended Input-Output model to simulate four scenarios on a) increasing product demand, b) implementing circular business models, c) implementing government regulations, and d) promoting service sectors. GDP growth, material intensity, and regulatory constraints of each scenario are analyzed. Results show a potential of up to 10.05% increase in GDP and 62.51% decrease in material footprint relative to business-as-usual. Policy implications on the Philippines' transition to a Circular Economy are discussed.

The Influence of Political and Economic Factors on Emigration From Russia to Europe

This research examines the influence and interaction of economic and political factors on the process of emigration from the Russian Federation to European countries (e.g., Finland, Switzerland, and Spain) from 1996 to 2019. According to the theoretical part, we determined that the scale of emigration decreases with an increase in GDP per capita. However, with a sharp increase in GDP at the turn of the 2000s, the emigration from Russia to the selected countries has only increased in what can be considered a phenomenon. Following the theoretical framework, we have determined that this process can be facilitated by some extra variable, which in our case is political freedom. To visualize the process, we observe the indicator of freedom of expression, which moderately declined from 1999 to 2016. As a result of the comparative analysis of migration, economic and political data from OECD, Eurostat, and V-Dem Institute, we determined that due to the deterioration of political freedoms within the country, negative political factors have shifted positive economic growth and affected the increase of emigration scale to the selected European countries.

The role of green energy deployment and economic growth in carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from the Chinese economy.

After reform and opening-up, rapid industrialization and urbanization led to environmental degradation in China, including excessive energy consumption, soil contamination, and water pollution. Toward sustainable development, the Chinese government has promoted the introduction of clean energy sources such as geothermal and hydroelectric power generation, which have reduced the environmental burden. However, the impact of this energy shift on environmental improvement and economic growth is unclear. This study empirically analyzes the impact of green energy deployment and economic growth on CO2 emissions in China. The analysis of time series data from 1980 to 2020 shows that in the long run, a 1% increase in renewable energy significantly reduces CO2 emissions by 0.87%, and a 1% increase in GDP significantly increases CO2 emissions by 0.26%. In contrast, in the short run, the negative effect of renewable energy on CO2 emissions and the positive effect of GDP on it are not significant. This result was confirmed after the robustness checks. Based on the results obtained, several policy recommendations are made.

The macroeconomic effects of climate policy: A Keynesian point of view

The paper analyzes the effects of introducing a corporate carbon tax on GDP and the effectiveness of this macroeconomic policy. The study is based on constructing a simple Keynesian model with flexible prices. It shows that the carbon tax can have a double beneficial effect on the economy in addition to its favorable effect on the environment: i.e., an increase in GDP and employment. The initial values (y = 100; C = 60; I = 18; G = 16; g(A) = 6) was used to simulate a positive shock of the carbon tax T, increasing from 1.75 to 1.9. The paper considers three different cases depending on the low (Case 1), medium (Case 2), or high (Case 3) sensitivity of the marginal propensity to consume in response to an increase in the prices of goods. In addition, case 4 is considered: stimulus policy associated with climate policy; and case 5 is: policy to increase nominal wages. The results show that the carbon tax can lead to an increase in prices. Although the tax does not excessively negatively affect consumption, it has a positive effect on GDP via the increase in green investments and the induced increase in public spending. Households are, therefore, not necessarily penalized because they benefit from the multiplier effects of the increase in public spending due to the introduction of the ecological tax. Furthermore, stimulus policy is even more effective when combined with an emissions tax.

Global, regional, and national progress in financial risk protection towards universal health coverage, 2000–2030

IntroductionComplete (100%) protection against catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment is the main target of universal health coverage (UHC). Evidence-based estimates must be at the heart of policy development for UHC, further research using updated data is essential to monitor, track, and compare country progress up to 2030. We estimate global, regional, and country-level CHE and impoverishment during 2000–2030. MethodsWe aggregated 636 data points from 140 countries that were conducted between 2000 and 2021. We used Bayesian hierarchical model for trend and projection analysis. Furthermore, we constructed scenario-based projections of CHE and impoverishment based on 5% GDP spending on health and per capita health expenditure (PCHE) of $86. ResultsMost countries fail to achieve financial protection targets by 2030, with the global incidence of CHE predicted to persist around 7% at 10% threshold. CHE is predicted to increase in most of Asia (Southern: 8.1% in 2000 to 13.4% in 2030; Central: 3.6%–23.2%; Eastern: 8.3%–14.4%; and Western: 7.3%–20.2%), Northern Africa (12.4%–27.2%), Eastern (7.1%–14.9%) and Northern Europe (6.6%–13.2%). In contrast, a decrease is predicted in Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Northern America. By 2030, incidence of impoverishment is predicted to be 0% worldwide at $3.10 poverty line, however in several African and Soth Asian countries is predicted to be high impoverishment. The scenario-based analysis indicated that CHE and impoverishment is expected to decrease in 41 and 42 countries for GDP increase and 43 and 62 for PCHE increase respectively compared to current spending on health. ConclusionTo accelerate progress towards reducing financial protection, governments should carefully assess the country context to determine how health can be prioritised through government spending to reduce out-of-pocket payments.

The role of digital transformation in the socio-economic recovery post COVID-19

ABSTRACT Several measures have been taken to reduce the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. One of these measures is the broad digital transformation that has rapidly and unexpectedly forced the deployment of digital technologies into corporations’ business models and organizational structures. This digital transformation has affected all the socio-economic aspects. In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, this paper explores the impact of the implementation of digital transformation on the socio-economic recovery by employing cross-sectional regression analysis on 99 countries in year 2020. The paper analyzes the impact of digital transformation on each of economic growth, health care, and income inequality. The results reveal that the digital transformation has a positive and significant impact on the GDP per capita in which a 1% increase in digital transformation results in 1.52% increase in GDP per capita, a positive and significant impact on income equality in which a 1% increase in digital transformation leads to 0.05% increase in income equality, and a negative and significant impact on infant mortality rate, in which a 1% increase in digital transformation results in 0.85% decrease in infant mortality rate which reflects its positive impact on the health care. Hence, the digital transformation has a positive and significant effects on different socio-economic aspects.

Chattogram Port: A dedicated service institution to evolve the country boldly

Chattogram Port, the premier seaport of Bangladesh, has reached a remarkable position, not only in South Asia, but also in the world for its record performance in handling cargo and containers. This has happened due to continuous increase of GDP, infrastructural development, increased purchasing power, foreign exchange by manpower business, port development, and the efforts of many people. The history of Chattogram port began in the 4th century BC, when Chattogram was known as “Shetgang”, or “Delta of the Ganges”; later, in the 16th century, it was known as “Porte Grande”. The present location of the port was established in the year 1887 that developed by 1910. In 1960, all assets of the port were declared under the property of “Port Trust”. However, port management, operations, and others are directed by Chittagong Port Authority Ordinance, 1976. As per port throughput of 2019, the port was declared as the 58th busiest container port in the world by Lloyds List in their 100 ports ranking in 2020. Furthermore, in 2021, Chattogram Port handled a record 3.2 million TEUs. This research applied a mixed-method approach, where the quantitative approach tried to explore Chattogram Port’s performance data, and the qualitative approach used historical data and information to articulate port features in the internal and external environment. The originalities of this research are geopolitical debate to select Chattogram Port as a prime maritime load center of South Asia to connect the landlocked parts of India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar, active regional and international forums like BCIM, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN), SAARC, BIMSTEC, OBOR, and QUAD based on Chattogram Port, and development of Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) internationally to improve freight transport connectivity, and use expansion of hinterland to provide maritime logistics services for regional connectivity. A recent step by the port authority to invest in constructing a deep seaport in the Bay of Bengal, attractive to the world port community and remarked by all in port expansion, investment, and efficiency, was investigated rigorously. Overall, this paper aims to explore Chattogram Port’s current activity and future planning, and recall the port’s history as inspiration and motivation to shape the port in a notable position in the port world. Highlights Dedication of Chattogram port in developing Bangladesh Managing maximum Import and Export trade to increase the GDP of Bangladesh Golden gateway of the Bay of Bengal Regional connectivity in South Asia

Finansallaşma ve Gelir Eşitsizliği: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Üzerine Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi

Finansallaşma; finansal aktörlerin ve piyasaların öncülüğünde hanehalkı ve firmalar, ekonomiler ve devletlerin yapısal dönüşümüyle sonuçlanan bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Finansallaşmanın gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkileri, finansal ve finansal olmayan kurumlar ve hanehalkı sektörü bağlamında farklı vekil değişkenler kullanılarak analiz edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de gelir eşitsizliği ve finansallaşma arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, finansal kurumlar, finans dışı kurumlar ve hanehalkı sektörünün finansallaşma eğiliminin gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. 2000-2020 dönemine ilişkin olarak Arellano ve Bover/ Blundell ve Bond Sistem Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Tahmincisi (SYS-GMM) doğrultusunda dinamik panel veri analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, finansal sektörü temsil eden vekil değişken olan bankalar tarafından özel sektöre verilen yurt içi kredilerin GSYH içindeki payının artması ve hanehalkı sektörünü temsil eden vekil değişken olan hanehalkına ve hanehalkını destekleyen kar amacı taşımayan kuruluşlara tüm sektörler (finans ve finans dışı) tarafından verilen kredilerin GSYH içindeki payının artması gelir eşitsizliğini arttırırken, finans dışı sektöre ve hanehalkı sektörüne verilen kredilerin GSYH içindeki payının artması ise gelir eşitsizliğini gecikmeli olarak azaltmaktadır.

How Does the Circular Economy Applied in the European Union Support Sustainable Economic Development?

This research paper aims to find a causal relationship between the circular economy and sustainable economic development. The implementation of the circular economy in the European Union requires, on the one hand, smart regulation and on the other hand, the long-term involvement of all actors in society at all levels—member states, regions, cities, businesses, citizens—and their ability to develop cooperation networks and suitable collaboration and exchange patterns. Moreover, the circular economy is based on business models for reusing, recycling and recovering materials in the production and consumption of goods. This research establishes correlations between circular economy performance measurement indicators and sustainable economic development using panel analysis. Statistically significant correlations were noted between GDP per capita and three independent variables, mainly due to the high R-squared coefficient. This research’s innovation contribution is related to the selection and combination of circular economy indicators. Finally, the results confirmed that an increase in the recycling rate of municipal waste and a decrease in environmental tax revenues and environmental protection expenditures led to an increase in GDP per capita and sustainable economic development.

Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Ecological Industry and Ecological Investment on the Economy: A Case Study of Beijing, China

As China attaches increasing importance to its ecological environment, ecology-related industries have become essential to China’s national economy. However, in the current national economic accounting practice, the ecological industry (eco-industry) is not independent, and the ecological service value ecology creates is currently not within the scope of national economic accounting. To clarify the impact of the development of the eco-industry on the whole regional economy, this paper takes Beijing as the study area. For the first time, the input–output analysis method is adopted to differentiate the eco-industry as an independent sector. Moreover, the ecosystem services value is integrated into the eco-industry, and each coefficient is quantitatively analyzed from an industrial-chain perspective. The results show that the eco-industry exerts a good pulling effect on the regional economy. The inputs and outputs of the eco-industry clearly tend to focus on eco-environmental and public-service-related industries, followed by industries for which ecological development can create value. Judging from the entire regional economy, ecological investment significantly impacts both the education and financial industries. Ecological investment can promote socio-economic development, achieving a 1.318 increase in regional GDP per unit of eco-investment. The results imply that the development of the eco-industry in China should be boosted further and social capital investment should be attracted. Finally, this paper provides a scientific basis for policymakers to better understand the overall situation of both the eco-industry and industry linkages and guide them to develop relevant ecological investment strategies.

Effects of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, GHG, ICT on Sustainable Economic Growth: Evidence from Old and New EU Countries

Balancing of different dimensions of development—economic, environmental, social, is an imperative of policies and strategies of sustainable growth, which are practiced today in the EU and globally. The main aim of our paper is to investigate the relationship between renewable (REC) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and share of ICT in total exports, on one hand, and GDP p.c. on the other. We created a model for EU countries divided in two groups—old and new EU members, by using PMG and ARDL models. Considering the size and structure of the sample of countries, the selected variables in the model and the relevant period (2000–2020), to a certain extent, we filled the research gap in the existing literature. Our results indicate that a 1% increase in the share of REC and ICT in total exports leads to GDP p.c. growth in the long run by 0.151% and 0.168% in old EU countries, i.e., 0.067% and 0.039% in new EU countries, respectively. Contrary, an increase of NREC by 1% has a significant and negative impact on GDP p.c. in the long run, in both groups, leading to a decrease of economic growth by 0.512% in the old and 1.306% in the new EU group. We find a 1% increase of GHG emissions was accompanied by an increase of GDP p.c. in new EU countries by 0.939%, while that impact is insignificant in old EU countries in the long run. We conclude our paper with final remarks and policy implications.

Factors affecting the ecological footprint: A study on the OECD countries

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of economic growth, trade openness, urbanization, foreign direct investment, renewable energy consumption and natural resource rents on the ecological footprint in 31 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Moreover, we examine the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for the period from 1995 to 2017 by employing the second-generation panel data methodologies which allow to crosssectional dependence among countries. Our findings show that the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid in OECD countries. In line with the long-term model results, while URB and GDP increase EF, other variables decrease it. According to the causality test results, there is a bidirectional causality among ecological footprint, economic growth, natural resource rents and trade openness. In addition, it is concluded that there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization, renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment to ecological footprint.

Economic, Social and Developmental Indicators (ESDI) to Measure Earthquake Recoveries in China

China is a country prone to disasters and earthquake is one of the continuous threats. Most serious recent earthquake was the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 and the earlier one was the Tangshan earthquake happened in the year of 1976. China was acknowledged for its “responses” in speedily mobilizing all resources to rescue. However little has been reported on the aspects of “recovery”, “mitigation” and “preparation”, the other three components in disaster management cycle. This paper aims to review the attempts in disaster management in China particularly on the part of government, by examining post-disaster economic growth and social developments, in the cases of four counties namely Wenchuan, Beichuan, Yushuand Yingjiang. The former two were the hardest hit areas during the Sichuan earthquake and the latter two were epic-centers of earthquakes in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Results of local GDP increases, population mobility and formation of social associations, showed that all counties have developed tremendously in term of economic production, however social progress has achieved less impressive growth. Volunteerism has emerged as a new phenomenon in these places and supported by the policies and legislations of the Central Government.

Sustainable Mobility as a Service: Dynamic Models for Agenda 2030 Policies

Growth trends in passenger transport demand and gross domestic product have so far been similar. The increase in mobility in one area is connected with the increase in GDP in the same area. This increase is representative of the economic and social development of the area. At the same time, the increase in mobility produces one of the most negative environmental impacts, mainly determined by the growth of mobility of private cars. International attention is given to the possibilities of increasing mobility and, therefore, social and economic development without increasing environmental impacts. One of the most promising fields is that of MaaS: Mobility as a Service. MaaS arises from the interaction of new user behavioral models (demand) and new decision-making models on services (supply). Advanced interaction arises from the potentialities allowed by emerging ICT technologies. There is a delay in the advancement of transport system models that consider the updating of utility and choice for the user by means of updated information. The paper introduces sustainability as defined by Agenda 2030 with respect to urban passenger transport, then examines the role of ICT in the development of MaaS formalizing a dynamic model of demand–supply interaction explicating ICT. Finally, the advanced Sustainable MaaS, defined SMaaS, is analyzed, evidencing the contribution to achieving the goals of Agenda 2030.

The effect of dynamic lockdowns on public transport demand in times of COVID-19: Evidence from smartcard data

Governments around the globe have taken different measures to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, including the lockdown of people to decrease infections. The effect of such a strategy on transport demand is important not only for the current pandemic but also to understand changes in transport use and for future emergencies. We analyse a 2019–2020 database of smartcard data of trips from the city of Santiago, Chile, which followed a dynamic lockdown strategy in which its municipalities were temporarily restricted. We use this variation over time across municipalities to study the effect of lockdowns on public transportation using trips on buses and metro, accounting for the variation of municipalities that were under lockdown in a given day. We found a decrease of 72.3% at the beginning of the pandemic when schools suspended in-person classes, while the dynamic lockdowns reduced public transport demand by 12.1%. We also found that the effect of lockdowns decreased after the fifth week of their application, suggesting a short-term effectiveness of such policy to reduce mobility. Regarding sociodemographic effects, we found that lockdowns have a stronger impact on reducing public transport demand in municipalities with a larger proportion of the elderly population (2% additional reduction per 1% increase in the share of the elderly population) and high-income households (16% additional reduction for 1000 USD increase in GDP per capita).

Determinants of Non-Performing Loans(NPLs):

The study was conducted to explore the determining factors of non-performing loans of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. A panel dataset, along with a fixed effect model, was used. Consistent with empirical evidence, it has been found that an increase in GDP exerts a substantial adverse outcome on NPLs, indicating that it generally transforms into more revenue which in turn contributes to lesser NPLs. This research shows a significant negative relationship between the bank’s size and the state of NPLs. We have also found that large banks are not necessarily more efficient in scrutinizing loan customers compared to smaller banks. The empirical results show that higher-term loans stimulate higher NPLs. This article denotes a significant negative relationship between credit growth and NPLs, indicating the conservative lending procedure adopted by private commercial banks. Therefore, commercial banks with higher credit growth are likely to have lower non-performing loans. However, our evidence does not support the positive correlation between NPLs and the ratio of loans to an asset that apprehends the adversity of banks

Determinants of Non-Performing Loans(NPLs):

The study was conducted to explore the determining factors of non-performing loans of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. A panel dataset, along with a fixed effect model, was used. Consistent with empirical evidence, it has been found that an increase in GDP exerts a substantial adverse outcome on NPLs, indicating that it generally transforms into more revenue which in turn contributes to lesser NPLs. This research shows a significant negative relationship between the bank’s size and the state of NPLs. We have also found that large banks are not necessarily more efficient in scrutinizing loan customers compared to smaller banks. The empirical results show that higher-term loans stimulate higher NPLs. This article denotes a significant negative relationship between credit growth and NPLs, indicating the conservative lending procedure adopted by private commercial banks. Therefore, commercial banks with higher credit growth are likely to have lower non-performing loans. However, our evidence does not support the positive correlation between NPLs and the ratio of loans to an asset that apprehends the adversity of banks