Increase In Criminality Research Articles

Pengaruh Faktor Lingkungan terhadap Perilaku Kriminalitas Anak

This study aims to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on children's criminal behavior. The underlying problem of this study is that the increase in criminality among children is often influenced by the environment in which they grow up. Environmental factors such as the family's economic situation, social environment, quality of education and level of parental supervision are the main focus of this study. Based on social and child development theories, the environment plays an important role in shaping individual behavior, including the tendency to commit criminal acts. This research uses the literature study method. Data were collected without directly involving the research subjects, but rather through data collection methods. The research adopted a comprehensive literature review approach with a focus on in-depth analysis and synthesis of findings from various relevant literatures. The results show that children raised in an environment with low economic conditions, lack of attention from parents, and exposure to negative social environments tend to be more prone to engage in criminal behavior. As a solution, this study recommends improving the quality of education, educating parents on the importance of supervision, and effective social rehabilitation programs for children involved in criminal acts. It is hoped that these findings can contribute to efforts to prevent criminality among children through a more comprehensive environmental approach.

Criminality of military servants of the army and other military forms of Ukraine in the conditions of russian aggression against Ukraine. Criminology aspect

The article examines the rise in criminality among military personnel within the military environment during the war in Ukraine. The increase in breaches of military discipline and law is linked to heightened mobilization demands and psychological stress on servicemen. The authors analyze statistics of military criminal offenses during a state of war and highlight the threats it poses to national security and trust in military service. The article emphasizes that a state of war is a key determinant of military crime, calling into question certain aspects of the criminological situation in Ukraine.
 The article also explores various reasons for criminal behavior among military personnel on a micro-level. These include psychological difficulties, strenuous physical demands, family upbringing, professional dissatisfaction, legal issues, and cultural factors. Individual factors also influence criminal behavior, encompassing financial hardships, psychological deviations, substance abuse, disregard for legal norms, and a lack of psychological support. The article provides statistics on criminal offenses among military personnel and underscores the increase in criminality during wartime.
 The article delves into the distinctions between military and civilian criminal offenses, emphasizing the heightened accountability of military personnel for similar actions compared to civilians. Servicemen who breach military discipline can face both disciplinary and criminal consequences, including punishments such as lifelong imprisonment and liberty restrictions. The article underscores that a state of war can lead to increased criminality among military personnel due to factors such as stress, psychological pressure, and restricted access to leisure and social services during wartime. The authors conclude that it is crucial to provide support and programs to mitigate these risks and facilitate the reintegration of military personnel after returning from conflict zones. The article underscores the need to enhance military service and elevate its prestige to ensure the professionalism of military personnel and meet the contemporary challenges of Ukraine’s foreign policy.

THE LEGAL ENTITY: ACTIVE SUBJECT OF THE CRIME

In recent times there was an increase in criminality among legal entities due, in particular, to economic and financial factors. In this paper I wish to find an answer to the question of whether this form of criminal liability of the legal entity is necessary and at the same time effective by strengthening the current and contemporary legislation both in our country and in other countries. Since fiscal or financial crime is in a continuous procedure of amplification, it is important to be informed about the repercussions that the criminal acts committed by legal entities attract. The Romanian legislator has seen the problem of holding the legal entity criminally liable ever since the amendment of the Old Criminal Code by Law no. 278/2006 updating our legislation with the European one. Therefore, the criminal liability of the legal entity is currently regulated in the national legislation by the Criminal Code in force. This work offers a broad vision on the nature, respectively the foundations of the legal liability of the legal entity as an active subject of the crime, on the beginnings and evolution of this institution. I consider that a clear delimitation of the form and content of the guilt is necessary when we talk about the legal entity, a clear regulation of the intention and recklessness of the legal entity in order to be able to identify a different guilt of the natural person as an organ, so that in the situation where the natural person cannot be identified or cannot be criminally liable, the criminal liability of the legal entity can be engaged. The work is structured in such a way as to offer us both a theoretical and a practical part in order to better understand the issue of criminal liability of the legal entity. The case in this paper is from the judicial practice of the Economic Crime Investigation Service within the Bihor County Police Inspectorate.

The Rule of Law and Criminality in the Republic of Kosovo

The principle of the state of law is undoubtedly one of the most important and essential principles for any state and democratic society. Its fullest realisation in everyday life is the best guarantee for the development of democracy as well as recognition and enforcement of citizensʼ fundamental rights and freedoms. To this end, the general principles of the rule of law today occupy a special place and are fixed explicitly in contemporary constitutions and democratic legislation. However, it should be borne in mind that the existence of the constitutional and legal framework is only a necessary premise for the rule of law. Equally important is the functioning of various control mechanisms for the implementation of constitutional and legal norms, and especially, the creation of a new mentality among both public officials and citizens expressed in the awareness to the needs for the implementation of these norms and in the reaction with legal and democratic means against their violation by anyone. The Balkan Peninsula represents great strategic importance, not only for the surrounding states but also for the criminal groups that interact in this region. Many Balkan states have been through and currently are in deep democratic transition and it is difficult to break away from their historical past. Although many law enforcement agencies in this region stand out for their professionalism, the impact of consecutive wars presents decisive factors for the triumph or failure of law enforcement institutions against various crimes in this European area. The last war was waged in Kosovo, which ceased in June 1999, has a significant importance in the increase of criminality in Kosovo. After 1999, due to poorly controlled borders, lack of legislation, creation of a new police, and the establishment of the justice system, many criminal groups from the field of narco-criminality took advantage of this situation by creating organized criminal networks for the purpose of trafficking narcotic substances and psychotropic substances from the country of origin, transiting through Kosovo, and continuing towards the country of destination which was in Western Europe. The current internal processes that Kosovo is facing are economic and social development, which are still far from regional and European development structures, which as a result of poverty and lack of perspective, for a significant part of Kosovan society, are resulting with a high crime rate. The geostrategic position of the Republic of Kosovo in the Balkans, as well as the created post-war conditions, enables various criminal groups to carry out organised crime activities. High levels of unemployment and poverty, high levels of corruption in state institutions, and lack of free movement outside Kosovo contribute to creating appropriate conditions for the development of criminality in general and organised crime in particular. In support of various analyses conducted during the research, is the author has noticed that the Republic of Kosovo, compared to EU countries, has a lower level of criminality, while compared to countries in the region where the criminality level is higher.

Beyond the Social Distance and Cultural Similarities: Turkish Citizens and Syrians in Şanlıurfa

In Şanlıurfa, Syrians and residents have a historical background and cultural similarities such as language and kinship. Nevertheless, the number of Syrian refugees is very high in the city and residents are distant to Syrians. Şanlıurfa case study aims to analyze the variation in social distance of residents toward Syrian refugees. This study argues that the number of migrants in a country (or in a neighborhood) is more important than cultural similarities when explaining social cohesion. In addition, based on multiple regression analysis, the study suggests that under such circumstance, there are mainly three determinants to explain variation in social distance, which are related to the perception and/or beliefs of Şanlıurfa residents, such as perceived crime and social disorder; their beliefs about Syrian refugees’ personalities; and their linguistic (in)tolerance ( increase in criminality (perceived crime) and erosion in identity (and maybe norms, that is social disorder)).

Political Economy of Militancy and the Increase in Criminality in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Retrospective View

Militancy in the oil-rich Niger Delta has not only hindered Nigeria’s socio-economic development and political stability, but also has created the conditions that altered existing social order in the area. This has increased instability, environmental devastation and disrupted social hierarchy in the area. The primary objective of the study was to establish the nexus between militancy and growth of criminality in Niger Delta and provide evidence of social class formation driven by proceeds of criminal activities. Political economy approach was utilized to explain capitalist relations, resource extraction and class conflict taking place in the area. It also identified the background to militancy and its metamorphosis from an agitation for socioeconomic justice to political economy construct. The study used the historical/descriptive research method with a sample population of 450 individuals drawn from the study population comprising the nine states in the Niger Delta. The study relied on primary and secondary data derived from semi structured questionnaires and text documents which were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. The study revealed the relationship between militancy and criminality in the Niger Delta region. The study concluded that there is a nexus between militancy, criminality, and environmental devastation in Niger Delta. It also identified crude oil theft as a source of economic activity fueling criminality. The study made recommend the need to engage oil- bearing communities directly as stakeholders in the proceeds of accruals from oil and gas revenue and design a bottom-top development blueprint for the area.

НАРКОТИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ В КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ

New geopolitical realities, which led to the fragmentation of the once unified Soviet state, exposed the borders of the newly formed republics of the southern flank of the post-Soviet space. The proximity to Afghanistan and the availability of a developed transport infrastructure predetermined the further development of drug trafficking coming from Afghanistan in the northern direction. Decades of Afghan drug trafficking have led to significant changes in the Kyrgyz Republic, having a direct impact on all spheres of life of the young state. The rapid growth of crimes related to the storage, transportation and sale of narcotic drugs, the strengthening of the drug mafia, obtaining political patronage in government and law enforcement agencies, a multiple increase in drug addicts, the spread of HIV/AIDS, threatening the gene pool of the republic, overnight elevated that issue to the rank of threats on a national scale. Exactly the same situation arose in neighboring countries, where the increase in criminality was accompanied by the emergence of new challenges and threats to state security from drug cartels financing the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations throughout the post-Soviet space. Under the circumstances, it was only through the collective efforts of States that it was possible to effectively contain the common threat posed by drug trafficking. International organizations that came to the region in the early 1990s and in the 2000s were able to turn the situation in their favor and prevent a further increase in drug expansion from the south.

Lack of professional recognition: main reason for stress in military police.

Military police officers play a crucial role in contemporary society, which is marked by the increase in criminality. Therefore, these professionals are constantly under pressure, both socially and professionally, so occupational stress is something present in their routine. To investigate the stress levels of military police officers in the municipality of Fortaleza and its metropolitan region. This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study, conducted with 325 military police officers (53.1% men; 20> 51 years old) who belonged to military police battalions. The Police Stress Questionnaire was used to identify the stress level, following the Likert scale from 1 to 7; the higher the score, the higher the stress level. The results indicated that the lack of professional recognition is the main stress factor among military police officers (Median = 7.00). Other items were relevant to the quality of life of these professionals, which are: "risks of injuries or wounds resulting from the profession", "working on days off", "lack of human resources", "excessive bureaucracy in the police service", " having the perception that we are pressured to give up free time "," lawsuits resulting from police service," "going to court, relationship with the judicial actors, " and "use of inadequate equipment for the service," respectively (Median = 6. 00). The stress of these professionals is organizational in nature and comes from factors that transcend the violence with which they deal.

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT AS A NECESSARY CONDITION OF WAY OUT OF THE CRISIS FOR SOCIETY

The crisis of the present day, which covered almost all types of life activities, contributes to the development of impoverishment, degradation, leads to an increase of criminality, generates fear, emotional instability in the society. Forced isolation, threat of loss of work and value orientations contribute to the emergence of mental illnesses. Each person is responsible for his actions, thoughts and feelings – for themselves and society. Spiritual development is interpreted as a conscious life activity, transformation of negative qualities, which is considered as a daily inner action. This kind of life activity contributes to the development of unconditioned love, which we interpret as perception of a human being in its entirety without condemnation and pretensions.

LA REFORMA DE LAS LEYES PENALES EN EL MÉXICO DEL S. XXI

The increase of criminality in Mexico is intended to be solved with new laws and reforms to the penal norms apparently protective of human rights. However, the adoption and regulation of figures such as organized crime, the official pre-trial detention and the increase of penalties, reflect more of a criminal law of an authoritarian state.

SOCIAL CHANGE, CRIMINALITY AND COVID-19: THE NIGERIAN CASE STUDY

This study examine how covid-19 has induced social changes and criminality in Nigeria as a result of economic lockdown, restriction on inter-state movement, closure of international borders, restriction of religious worship, restrictions on all forms of marital rites, ban on all burial and funeral activities, suspension of all educational activities, and social interactions replaced by social distancing. Due to this alteration of the normal human life, and since survival is key, hence the issue of criminality. This paper examined cases of criminality in the country during lockdown, government interventions to mitigate the increase in criminality as a result of the pandemic, implication of covid-19 on fashion, determinant, forms and resistance to social change. The paper is qualitative in nature and relied principally on secondary data to achieved the scope of the study, these includes publications sourced from text books, bulletins, journals, government documents, newspapers and internet. The conflict and conspiracy theory of social change was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. The findings in this study showed that the government with the aim to mitigate the spread of the pandemic in the country restricted the movement of its citizens with compulsory sit-at-home, thus affecting the normal life of its citizens, government intervention at the federal, state and local level is grossly inadequate to cushion the effect of the epidemic on the vulnerable citizens of the country, several structural factors helped triggered Nigeria’s current economic crises such as poor public health infrastructure, institutional corruption, weak and underdeveloped digital economy, lack of social welfare programme, leadership problem, over-dependent on oil sector of the economy, lack of saving culture and, high debt profile of Nigeria. The paper recommends that government should create an enabling environment to increase the standard of living of its citizens as poverty fuels criminality, the government should not politicalize the distribution of relief materials to victims in the face of emergencies, since the protection of the welfare and well-being of the people is the reason for governance, need for good governance and the rule of law, and government should improve capacity-building strategies for adequate security of life and property in Nigeria.

Кадровое обеспечение милиции Иркутской губернии в период антибольшевистской власти в 1918–1919 гг

The article aims to study the activities of the police of the Irkutsk province during the Civil War. The object of the study in the article was the units of the people’s (civilian) police, created in early March 1917 and acting on the basis of the Regulation adopted on April 17, 1917 by the Provisional Government. On October 28 (November 10), 1917, the PKIB of the RSFSR issued a new decree «On the Workers’ Police», but after the overthrow of Soviet power in the summer of 1918 in the east of the country, the eastern regions returned to the Regulation of April 17. The functioning of the police in 1918–1919, based on the principles of the Provisional Government and became the object of analysis in this work. The subject of the study is the personnel work carried out during this period in the law enforcement agencies of the Baikal region. Along with general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction etc.), the work used problem-chronological and comparative methods that revealed the dynamics of historical events in Eastern Siberia, their impact on politics, on decision-making, and revealed similarities and differences in the forms, organization and manifestation of police actions operating in eastern Russia in the indicated historical period of time. It is concluded that the activities of the authorities of the Irkutsk province to recruit police units were unskilled. Of course, leaders at various levels, to the extent of their limited resources, tried to strengthen the public order authorities, but the lack of systemic organization of law enforcement work had a negative impact on the activities of the police. Neither the Omsk government, nor the civilian and military authorities of the Irkutsk province, could provide at the proper level not the material supply of the police, nor its personnel support. As a result, the police of the Irkutsk province not only did not defend the authorities against the Bolsheviks, but also could not cope with the functions of law enforcement. The increase in criminal criminality in 1918 and 1919 is recorded by all printed publications of the Irkutsk province of that time, as well as statistical reports of the provincial police.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kriminalitas di Indonesia Tahun 2011-2016 dengan Regresi Data Panel

<p>Criminality in Indonesia is increasing every year, therefore an effort is needed to reduce criminality in Indonesia, one of which can be used by knowing which factors influence the increase of criminality. This paper discusses the factors that influence criminality by using panel data regression analysis. Unemployment, domestic violence cases, narcotics cases, embezzlement cases, and fraud cases have positive effect on the amount of criminality with <em>R</em><em><sup>2</sup></em> of 0,85823 or 85,823%.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong> : </strong>panel regression analysis, crime, Indonesia</p>

Persepsi Kontrol Perilaku dalam Niat Berhenti Mengonsumsi Minuman Beralkohol pada Mahasiswa di Surabaya

Alcohol misuse problem has been a concern all around the world, especially among adolescent. Consume alcohol beverages might cause a several problem both physically and mentally, serious accident, and also an increase in criminality. This study was about to describe perceived behavioral control of individu which can effect someone’s intention to stop drinking alcohol. This study was a qualitative research using phenomenology approachment. The data was collected with in-depth interview technique. Informant in this study was about 7 people and was selected with snowball sampling. The result showed that all of the informant had a perceived behavioral control to support their intention not consumed alcohol beverages. There were 4 informants which had a positive perceived behavioral control whilst the rest of informants had a negative perceived behavioral control. In conclusion, perceived behavioral control may effect someone’s intention to stop drinking alcohol. In addition, peer education as a social support is needed to be an effort in controlling someone’s behavior to stop drinking alcohol beverages.

“Viver em paz no campo é coisa do passado”: deslocamento espacial de ações criminosas e a ressignificação do rural brasileiro

O aumento da criminalidade no Brasil vem se destacando gradativamente nos veículos de comunicação e sendo debatido pelos órgãos governamentais e secretarias de Segurança Pública. Essa expansão da criminalidade, além dos contextos urbanos, também passa a ser observada no campo. Neste sentido, o presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar as representações sociais da mídia sobre o deslocamento da criminalidade para os espaços rurais. Metodologicamente, optou-se por analisar matérias veiculadas nos principais telejornais brasileiros no período de janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o imaginário que se tinha sobre o campo se modifica e hoje esse espaço passa a ser ressignificado pela insegurança e pelo medo. Assim, a criminalidade e violência vêm expandindo suas fronteiras e chegando ao campo, onde passa a ser incorporada nas estatísticas de segurança pública nacional.

Counteraction to Gangsterism in Ukraine in the First Post-war Years (1945-1946)

In 1945-1946 the considerable increase of criminality was marked in a republic. The complex of reasons of political, social, organizational, economic and psychological character influenced on it. An author set that factors, that entailed this criminal phenomenon, were, : post-war devastation, enormous scarcity of goods of daily necessity, presence of far of weapon, that was in a population (as a result of battle actions), hunger that began in 1946, full unstrength of organs of militia, insufficient professionalism of her employees, mass migration of population, is demobilization of millions of servicemen, return of far of people from evacuation, captivity, concentration camps, psychological consequences of war, that formed at certain part of population habit to violence. Did not assist the improvement of work of militia also an erroneous criminal law doctrine, that dominated in jurisprudence of time of the Stalin totalitarian mode that criminality is vestige of the past, not inherent socialism and that is why her increase, - only a defect in-process militia. To the article the far of facts that testify to complication of criminogenic situation in an investigated period and frequent displays of gangsterism in the different regions of republic is driven. The features of the normatively-legal providing of activity of organs of law and order are exposed ; character of changes is educed in organization and skilled composition of militia of Ukrainian SSR in 1945-1946. Basic directions and features of practical activity of organs of internal affairs are analysed in a fight against criminality, the results of counteraction to the militia of gangsterism are shown in an indicated period. An author marks that to the fight against criminality considerable enough attention was spared in this period, activity of militia got better gradually, but on the whole this job performances substantially influenced on reduction of displays to gangsterism some later.

Food Stamps, Income Shocks, and Crime: Evidence from California

Abstract An extensive literature shows that reduced labor earnings lead to an increase in criminality, while another literature suggests that diminished economic conditions via changes in public assistance programs may alter criminal behavior. This study considers electronic benefit transfer (EBT) reforms that may have altered households’ real income, black market activity, and criminality. A natural experiment that relies on plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of EBT reforms across California counties is exploited within an event study design to identify the effect of EBT adoption on arrests. A significant, though transitory, increase in criminal arrests is revealed. Following conversion to EBT delivery, the average county experiences an additional 108 arrests per month, or equivalently an increase of 5 . This increase in arrests lasts up to 6 months before fading out. The increase is most pronounced for crimes motivated by income shortfalls, such as burglary, larceny, prostitution, and robbery. In the average county, income-motivated criminal arrests rise by about 25 arrests, or 10 . Estimates are practically and statistically significant, as well as robust to changes in controls and specification. Findings suggest that income shocks can substantially change criminal behavior and that declining economic conditions can alter criminal behavior through channels other than labor earnings.

China's Sex Ratio and Crime: Behavioural Change or Financial Necessity?

This article uses survey and experimental data from prison inmates and comparable non-inmates to examine the drivers of rising criminality in China. We find that China's high sex ratios are associated with greater risk-taking, greater impatience and greater neuroticism amongst males. These underlying behavioural impacts explain some part of the increase in criminality. The primary avenue through which the sex ratio increases crime, however, is the direct pressure on men to appear financially attractive in order to find a partner in the marriage market. These marriage market pressures result in a higher propensity to commit financially rewarding crimes.

Exploring Race Hate Crime Reporting in Wales Following Brexit

Most countries consist of many diverse races and cultures, based on historical political decisions, wars or economic changes. Throughout Europe over the past decades the policy of free movement for work as part of the EU agreements has encouraged this activity. Indeed this has been a fundamental idea behind the European Union ever since its inception. However, what can the consequences be for those individuals who, encouraged by such policies, find themselves located in a country which has decided to no longer be part of that system? In particular what impact does this decision appear to have on the way those considered to be “racially different” are treated by others? This article explores the impact the recent decision by Great Britain took to leave the EU (so called Brexit) and its impact upon the number of racially recorded hate crimes in Wales. Using examples from terrorist incidents in Europe, along with the Brexit result, as examples, it provides clear evidence that when certain incidents occur in wider society, there is an impact upon the way in which so called non-indigenous people are treated, which results in an increase in criminality. These results will have resonance for other countries with a mixed population, as well as having implications for those agencies involved in the protection and safety of all inhabitants in their country.

Kriminalitet i kaznena politika

In combating and preventing criminality in general, one of the segments is a penal policy. However, prescribing the strict penalties by increasing a special minimum and maximum will not reduce criminality. In particular, it will not be achieved by prescribing the prohibition of mitigation on imprisonment sentence for the most serious crimes. Namely, the causes of criminality need to be treated, such as: economic, social, political, population migration, unemployment and others. Etiology deals with this as a branch of criminology. The criminality is a 'disease of society' and to treat the disease, its causes need to be considered. This work is an attempt to draw attention to the essence of the problem because it is often considered 'populistically' as an increase of criminality and 'lenient sentences' imposed by the courts, which is contrary to doctrinaire principles and jurisprudence.